• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. vol.27 número3

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2018

Share "Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. vol.27 número3"

Copied!
7
0
0

Texto

(1)

Common mental disorders among health care

students

Transtornos mentais comuns em estudantes da área

de saúde

$EVWUDFW $EVWUDFW$EVWUDFW $EVWUDFW $EVWUDFW 2EMHFWLYHV 2EMHFWLYHV2EMHFWLYHV 2EMHFWLYHV

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

...H\ZRUGVH\ZRUGVH\ZRUGVH\ZRUGVH\ZRUGV 0HQWDO GLVRUGHUV 6WXGHQWV +HDOWK RFFXSDWLRQV 0HQWDO KHDOWK 7HDFKLQJ /HDUQLQJ

5HVXPR 5HVXPR5HVXPR 5HVXPR 5HVXPR 2EMHWLYRV 2EMHWLYRV2EMHWLYRV 2EMHWLYRV

2EMHWLYRV 2 HVWXGR REMHWLYRX GHWHUPLQDU D SUHYDOrQFLD GH 7UDQVWRUQRV PHQWDLV FRPXQV 70& QD SRSXODomR GH HVWXGDQWHV GRV FXUVRV GH JUDGXDomR HP (GXFDomR )tVLFD (QIHUPDJHP 2GRQWRORJLD H 0HGLFLQD GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH 3HUQDPEXFR H DQDOLVDU D VXD DVVRFLDomR FRP DOJXPDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GR SURFHVVR HQVLQRDSUHQGL]DJHP 0pWRGRV0pWRGRV0pWRGRV0pWRGRV0pWRGRV 8P HVWXGR WUDQVYHUVDO IRL FRQGX]LGR QRžVHPHVWUHGHFRPWRGRVRVHVWXGDQWHVGRVžHžSHUtRGRVGHFDGDXPGRVFXUVRVHQYROYLGRV8PWRWDOGHDOXQRV UHVSRQGHX DR6HOI 5HSRUWLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH654 H D XP TXHVWLRQiULR VREUH DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GR SURFHVVR HQVLQRDSUHQGL]D JHP 5HVXOWDGRV5HVXOWDGRV5HVXOWDGRV5HVXOWDGRV5HVXOWDGRV $ SUHYDOrQFLD WRWDO GRV WUDQVWRUQRV PHQWDLV FRPXQV IRL GH VHQGR VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH PDLRU HQWUH RV TXHVHVHQWLDPVREUHFDUUHJDGRV25 ,&HRVTXHDILUPDUDPDSUHVHQoDGHVLWXDo}HVHVSHFLDLVGXUDQWHD LQIkQFLDHDGROHVFrQFLD25 ,& &RQFOXVmR&RQFOXVmR&RQFOXVmR&RQFOXVmR(VWHVUHVXOWDGRVVmRLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDVXEVLGLDUDo}HVYROWDGDV&RQFOXVmR SDUDDSUHYHQomRHRFXLGDGRFRPDVD~GHPHQWDOGRVHVWXGDQWHVDVVLPFRPRSDUDFRODERUDUFRPUHIOH[}HVDFHUFDGRSURFHVVR HQVLQRDSUHQGL]DJHP QRV FXUVRV XQLYHUVLWiULRV

'HVFULWRUHV 'HVFULWRUHV'HVFULWRUHV 'HVFULWRUHV

'HVFULWRUHV 7UDQVWRUQRV PHQWDLV (VWXGDQWHV GH FLrQFLDV GD VD~GH 6D~GH PHQWDO (QVLQR $SUHQGL]DJHP

Article based on the Masters thesis “Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders in health care students at Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) and its association with some of the characteristics of the teaching-learning process” by Vera Lúcia Dutra Facundes, defended before the Masters in Collective Health Committee at UFPE on 15 May, 2002.

1 Department of Occupational Therapy, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (PE), Brazil 2 Department of Social Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (PE), Brazil

Financing: Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), process 40040

Conflicts of interests: None

Submitted: 14 April 2004 Accepted: 2 August 2004

Correspondence Vera Lúcia D Facundes

R. Padre Inglês, nº 178/13, Boa Vista 50050-230 Recife, PE

Phones: (81) 3423-6375 (home)/ 2126-8931 (UFPE)/ 9978-9957 (cellular)

Fax: (81) 2126-8590

E-mail: verafacundes@yahoo.com.br

Vera Lúcia Dutra Facundes,

1

Ana Bernarda Ludermir

2

2ULJLQDO YHUVLRQ DFFHSWHG LQ 3 2ULJLQDO YHUVLRQ DFFHSWHG LQ 3 2ULJLQDO YHUVLRQ DFFHSWHG LQ 3 2ULJLQDO YHUVLRQ DFFHSWHG LQ 3

(2)

,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 6WXGHQWLQWHJUDWLRQLQWRDXQLYHUVLW\LVDPXOWLIDFHWHGSURFHVV DFKLHYHG GXULQJ WKH GDLO\ URXWLQH WKURXJK UHODWLRQVKLSV HVWDEOLVKHG EHWZHHQ WKH H[SHFWDWLRQV DQG DELOLWLHV RI WKH VWXGHQWV DQG WKH VWUXFWXUH DQG QRUPV RI WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ $FFRUGLQJWR3RO\GRURHWDOWKLVSURFHVVLQYROYHVWZRLPSRUWDQW

IDFWRUV H[WHUQDO DVSHFWV RI WKH DFDGHPLF DQG VRFLDO HQYLURQPHQW DQG LQWHUQDO DVSHFWV RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO VXFK DVDELOLW\WRIDFHVLWXDWLRQVSV\FKRVRPDWLFSK\VLFDOUHDFWLRQV DQGPRRGVWDWH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHDXWKRUVWKHVHDVSHFWVDUH

UHODWHGWRKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQDEURDGHUPDQQHULQGHSHQGHQW RIWKHVSHFLILFVRIHDFKFRXUVH

,Q WKH ILHOG RI KHDOWK FDUH VRPH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH WHDFKLQJSURFHVVDQGRIWKHUHDOLW\RIXQLYHUVLW\OLIHIRUVWXGHQWV LQVRPHFRXUVHVKDYHEHHQLPSOLFDWHGDVFRQIOLFWJHQHUDWRUV DEOH WR QHJDWLYHO\ DIIHFW VWXGHQW DFDGHPLF SHUIRUPDQFH SK\VLFDO KHDOWK DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO ZHOOEHLQJ

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

RQHIRXUWKRIPHGLFDOVWXGHQWVLQWKH86$SUHVHQWV\PSWRPVRI PHQWDOGLVWUHVV,QDVWXG\FRQGXFWHGLQQLQH$PHULFDQPHGLFDO VFKRROVWKHDXWKRUVIRXQGWKDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIVWXGHQWV UHSRUWHGUHTXLULQJPHGLFDODWWHQWLRQGXHWRYDULRXVKHDOWKSUREOHPV DQG SUHVHQWHG DW OHDVW RQH RI WKH SV\FKLDWULF V\PSWRPV LQYHVWLJDWHG VWUHVV IDWLJXH DQ[LHW\ GHSUHVVLRQ KHDGDFKH DQG HDWLQJ GLVRUGHUV GXULQJ WKH FRXUVH

7KHSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJRIXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVLQRWKHU FRXUVHV RI KHDOWK FDUH VXFK DV QXUVLQJDQG GHQWLVWU\

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

$VWXG\UHFHQWO\FRQGXFWHGDWWKH)HGHUDO8QLYHUVLW\RI6DQWD 0DULD XVLQJ WKH 6HOI5HSRUWLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH 654

VKRZHGWKDWWKHSUHYDOHQFHRIPLQRUSV\FKLDWULFGLVRUGHUVDPRQJ VWXGHQWV LQ WKH ILUVW WR WKH WHQWK VHPHVWHU RI PHGLFDO VFKRRO ZDV 7KH DXWKRUV IRXQG WKDW PHQWDO GLVWUHVV ZDV QRW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK JHQGHU PDULWDO VWDWXV RU SODFH RI UHVLGHQFH DQG DGGHG WKDW WKLV SUHYDOHQFH PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG KLJK HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR WKH IRXQG DPRQJ VWXGHQWVDWWKH)HGHUDO8QLYHUVLW\RI3HORWDV6FKRRORI0HGLFLQH

0LQRU SV\FKLDWULF GLVRUGHUV DOVR NQRZQ DV FRPPRQ PHQWDO GLVRUGHUV &0'V DUH FRPPRQO\ IRXQG LQ WKLV SRSXODWLRQ DQG DIIHFWWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIGDLO\DFWLYLWLHV7KH&0'V\PSWRPVLQFOXGH LQVRPQLD IDWLJXH LUULWDELOLW\ IRUJHWIXOQHVV DQG GLIILFXOW\ LQ FRQFHQWUDWLQJDVZHOODVVRPDWLFFRPSODLQWVEXWGRQRWHQFRPSDVV SV\FKRWLFGLVRUGHUVFKHPLFDOGHSHQGHQFHRUSHUVRQDOLW\GLVRUGHUV

,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\WKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVOLPLWHGWRVWXGHQWV LQ WKH DUHD RI KHDOWK FDUH :H XQGHUVWDQG WKDW LW LV PRUH

SUXGHQW WR FRPSDUH WKHVH VWXGHQWV DPRQJ WKHPVHOYHV VLQFH WKH\KDYHVXEMHFWVLQFRPPRQDQGWKHLUDFWLYLWLHVRIWHQRYHUODS ERWK GXULQJ WUDLQLQJ DQG LQ SUDFWLFH 7KH REMHFWLYHV RI WKLV VWXG\ZHUHWRLGHQWLI\WKHSUHYDOHQFHRI&0'VDPRQJJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV LQ WKH FRXUVHV RI PHGLFLQH QXUVLQJ GHQWLVWU\ DQG SK\VLFDOHGXFDWLRQDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI3HUQDPEXFR83(DQG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ &0' SUHYDOHQFH DQG VRPH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVV

0HWKRGV 0HWKRGV0HWKRGV 0HWKRGV 0HWKRGV 6HWWLQJ 6HWWLQJ 6HWWLQJ 6HWWLQJ 6HWWLQJ

7KH 83( EHORQJV WR WKH JRYHUQPHQW RI WKH VWDWH RI 3HUQDPEXFR 2I WKH JUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV DUH HQUROOHG LQ FRXUVHV LQ WKH DUHD RI KHDOWK FDUH

6WXG\ GHVLJQ DQG GDWD FROOHFWLRQ 6WXG\ GHVLJQ DQG GDWD FROOHFWLRQ 6WXG\ GHVLJQ DQG GDWD FROOHFWLRQ 6WXG\ GHVLJQ DQG GDWD FROOHFWLRQ 6WXG\ GHVLJQ DQG GDWD FROOHFWLRQ

$ SUHYDOHQFH VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WKH PRQWKV RI $XJXVW6HSWHPEHUDQG2FWREHURI

$SLORWVWXG\LQYROYLQJJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVLQWKHDUHDVRIPHGLFLQH DQGRFFXSDWLRQDOWKHUDS\DWWKH8)3(ZDVFRQGXFWHGDLPLQJWR WHVWWKHODQJXDJHXVHGLQWKHLQVWUXPHQWVDQGWKHUHFHSWLYLW\RI WKHVWXGHQWVWRWKHVWXG\7KLVSURFHVVZDVDOVRSDUWRIWKHWUDLQLQJ FRXUVH IRU UHVHDUFK DVVLVWDQWV ERWK UHILQLQJ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH RQ WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVV DQG LPSURYLQJWKHPDQQHULQZKLFKWKHLQVWUXPHQWVDUHDSSOLHG

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´ORVVµ

5HVHDUFK LQVWUXPHQWV 5HVHDUFK LQVWUXPHQWV 5HVHDUFK LQVWUXPHQWV 5HVHDUFK LQVWUXPHQWV 5HVHDUFK LQVWUXPHQWV

6HOI 5HSRUWLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH6HOI 5HSRUWLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH6HOI 5HSRUWLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH6HOI 5HSRUWLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH6HOI 5HSRUWLQJ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH 654 654 654 654 654 7KH6HOI5HSRUWLQJ4XHVWLRQQDLUH654LVDQLQVWUXPHQW GHVLJQHGE\WKH:RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQDQGFRQVLVWVRIWZHQW\ \HVQR TXHVWLRQV IRXU DERXW SK\VLFDO V\PSWRPV DQG VL[WHHQ DERXWSV\FKRORJLFDOHPRWLRQDOGLVRUGHUV7KHVHTXHVWLRQVZHUH

DQVZHUHG LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH SDVW GD\V 2QHRIWKHPRWLYDWLRQVIRUFKRRVLQJWKH654ZDVWKDWLWKDV EHHQYDOLGDWHGLQDQDWLRQZLGHVWXG\FRQGXFWHGLQ%UD]LOLQ

ZKLFK WKH VHQVLWLYLW\ DQG VSHFLILFLW\ ZHUH UHSRUWHG WR EH DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\FRPSDUDEOHWRWKHDQGUHSRUWHG IRUWKHVWDWHRI3HUQDPEXFR,QDGGLWLRQWKLVTXHVWLRQQDLUH

KDVDOVREHHQXVHGLQDVWXG\LQYROYLQJPHGLFDOVWXGHQWVZKLFK

HQDEOHGFRPSDULVRQZLWKRXUUHVXOWV7KHVWXGHQWVZHUHGLYLGHG LQWRWZRJURXSVDFFRUGLQJWR654VFRUHV0HQZLWKVFRUHV HTXDOWRRUOHVVWKDQILYHDQGZRPHQZLWKVFRUHVHTXDOWRRU OHVVWKDQVHYHQZHUHFODVVLILHGDV´QRQVXVSHFWµZKHUHDVPHQ ZLWKVFRUHVHTXDOWRRUJUHDWHUWKDQVL[DQGZRPHQZLWKVFRUHV HTXDOWRRUJUHDWHUWKDQHLJKWZHUHFODVVLILHGDV´VXVSHFWµ

4XHVWLRQQDLUH UHJDUGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH 4XHVWLRQQDLUH UHJDUGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH 4XHVWLRQQDLUH UHJDUGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH 4XHVWLRQQDLUH UHJDUGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH 4XHVWLRQQDLUH UHJDUGLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVV

WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVVWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVV WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVVWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVV

(3)

FRQVLVWLQJPDLQO\RIFORVHGTXHVWLRQVDQGFRQVWUXFWHGDFFRUGLQJ WRDELEOLRJUDSKLFUHYLHZ7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHSUHVHQWVTXHVWLRQV

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

2SWLQJ IRU WKH FRXUVH SULQFLSDO IDFWRU WKDW PRWLYDWHG WKH VWXGHQWVWRFKRRVHWKHFRXUVHZLWKDOWHUQDWLYHVVXFKDVWKH H[SDQGLQJ ZRUN ILHOG LGHQWLILFDWLRQ ZLWK WKH SURILOH RI WKH FRXUVH IDLOLQJ LQ SUHYLRXV XQLYHUVLW\ HQWUDQFH H[DPV DQG RWKHUVIDPLO\LQIOXHQFHVRFLDOVWDWXVRIWKHFRXUVHSHUFHLYHG REVWDFOHV WR SXUVXLQJ WKHLU FRXUVH RI FKRLFH

1XPEHURIHQWUDQFHH[DPVWDNHQIRUDGPLVVLRQWRWKHFXUUHQW FRXUVH HQWUDQFH H[DP RU PRUH WKDQ HQWUDQFH H[DP

7HDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV GLYLGHG LQWR WKH FDWHJRULHV FODVVHV LQ WKHRU\ WKDW DUH WRWDOO\ WHDFKHUFHQWHUHG RU LQYROYH G\QDPLFUHDGLQJZLWKVWXGHQWSDUWLFLSDWLRQGHEDWHVRUVHPLQDUV LQYROYLQJ WKH HQWLUH FODVV SUDFWLFDO FODVVHV LQFOXGLQJ FOLQLFDO SUDFWLFH GHYHORSPHQW IHDWXULQJ GUDPDWL]DWLRQV DQG UROH SHUIRUPDQFH RU LQYROYLQJ FDVH VWXGLHV

7HDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLS FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV UHSHDWHG PHHWLQJVDWSUHGHWHUPLQHGWLPHLQWHUYDOVXVXDOO\ZHHNO\DQGRYHU DGHVFULEHGSHULRGVHPHVWHURUDFDGHPLF\HDUZLWKWKHREMHFWLYH RI IDFLOLWDWLQJ WKH VWXGHQW OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV 5HODWLRQVKLSV ZHUH GLYLGHGE\FDWHJRU\WHDFKHUFHQWHUHGRUZLWKDSUHGRPLQDQFHRI WKLVDSSURDFKDQGRWKHUSUHGRPLQDQWO\VWXGHQWFHQWHUHGRUEDODQFHG EHWZHHQ WHDFKHUFHQWHUHG DQG VWXGHQWFHQWHUHG DVSHFWV

0RGHRIOHDUQLQJLQGLYLGXDOVWXG\SUDFWLFDOOHVVRQVFODV VHVLQWKHRU\RUJURXSVWXG\

:HHNO\DFDGHPLFDFWLYLW\VFKHGXOH&RQVLVWLQJRIFODVVHV PRQLWRULQJLQWHUQVKLSVUHVHDUFKHWFDQGFDWHJRUL]HGDVHLWKHU WRKRXUVRUPRUHWKDQKRXUV

$FWLYLW\RYHUORDGIHHOLQJRYHUZKHOPHGE\DSHUFHLYHGH[FHVV LQ WKH QXPEHU RI DFDGHPLF DFWLYLWLHV

6RXUFHV RI WHQVLRQ LQ WKH FRXUVH VFKHGXOH RI DFDGHPLF DFWLYLWLHV GHPDQGV RI HYDOXDWLRQV UHODWLRQVKLS GLIILFXOWLHV FROOHDJXHVSURIHVVRUVSDWLHQWVRUFOLHQWV3URMHFWRUVHPLQDU SUHVHQWDWLRQV SUDFWLFDO FODVVHV ZLWK FOLHQWV DQG SDWLHQWV

6LWXDWLRQV VXJJHVWLYH RI SV\FKLF VXIIHULQJ SULRU WR WKH H[HFXWLRQRIWKHVWXG\GUXJWUHDWPHQWIRUSV\FKLDWULFGLVRUGHUV DKLVWRU\RISV\FKRWKHUDS\SULRUWRWKHVWXG\RQVHWFXUUHQW SV\FKRWKHUDS\LQSURFHVVGXULQJWKHVWXG\EHJLQQLQJSULRUWR WKHVWXG\RQVHWDQGVSHFLDOVLWXDWLRQVGXULQJFKLOGKRRGDQG DGROHVFHQFH VLWXDWLRQV VXJJHVWLYH RI GLIILFXOWLHV HVSHFLDOO\ UHODWHG WR DFDGHPLF SHUIRUPDQFH RU VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ

6SHFLDOVLWXDWLRQVGXULQJFKLOGKRRGRUDGROHVFHQFHGHILQHG DV SUHVHQW \HV LQ WKRVH ZKR UHSRUWHG WKH IROORZLQJ LOOQHVV WKDW KDV DIIHFWHG VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ IDLOLQJ D JUDGH LQ VFKRRO GLIILFXOW\LQPDNLQJIULHQGVGLIILFXOWLHVLQDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVGXH WR VK\QHVV IHDUV WKDW KDYH DIIHFWHG DFDGHPLF SHUIRUPDQFH RU

VRFLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV LQVRPQLD SK\VLFDO GLVFRPIRUW UHODWHG WR DFDGHPLF HYDOXDWLRQV GLIILFXOWLHV LQ UHODWLQJ WR DXWKRULW\ ILJX UHVGLIILFXOW\LQUHODWLQJWRSDUHQWVSDUHQWWHDFKHUFRQIHUHQFHV UHJDUGLQJ VWXGHQW EHKDYLRU ODFN RI LQWHUHVW LQ DIIHFWLRQDWH UHODWLRQVKLSVRUGLIILFXOWLHVLQUHFRQFLOLQJVWXG\ZLWKSOHDVXUH

'DWD DQDO\VLV 'DWD DQDO\VLV 'DWD DQDO\VLV 'DWD DQDO\VLV 'DWD DQDO\VLV

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

(WKLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV (WKLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV (WKLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV (WKLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV (WKLFDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV

7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVVXEPLWWHGWRWKH(WKLFVLQ5HVHDUFK&RPPLWWHH RIWKH+HDOWK6FLHQFHV&HQWHURIWKH8)3(5HVHDUFK3URWRFROQž &(3&&6DWWDFKHGDQGZDVDSSURYHGLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWK5HVROXWLRQQžRIWKH1DWLRQDO+HDOWK&RXQVHO

5HVXOWV 5HVXOWV 5HVXOWV 5HVXOWV 5HVXOWV

(4)

FRGHSHQGHQW YDULDEOHV DQG WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH QRQDGMXVWHG DQDO\VLVEHWZHHQ&0'VDQGWKRVHYDULDEOHV

2YHUDOO SUHYDOHQFH RI &0'V LQ WKH VWXGLHG SRSXODWLRQ ZDV ,Q WKH ELYDULDWH DQDO\VLV FRQGXFWHG WR LGHQWLI\ DVVRFLDWLRQV RI &0'V ZLWK WKH GHPRJUDSKLF DQG VRFLR HFRQRPLF YDULDEOHV 7DEOH D VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK &0'V ZDV IRXQG RQO\ IRU WKH YDULDEOH ´QRW OLYLQJZLWKSDUHQWVRUUHODWLYHVµS

$PRQJWKH´FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJSURFHVVµ YDULDEOHV7DEOHWKHUHVXOWVUHYHDOHGDKLJKHUSUHYDOHQFH RI &0'V DPRQJ PHGLFDO VWXGHQWV FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH VWXGHQWV LQ WKH RWKHU FRXUVHV 6WXGHQWV LQ WKH DUHDV RI GHQWLVWU\QXUVLQJDQGSK\VLFDOHGXFDWLRQDOVRSUHVHQWHG&0' SUHYDOHQFHUDWHVWKDWZHUHFRQVLGHUHGKLJK DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\

7KH VWXGHQWV ZKR UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH PRVW IUHTXHQW W\SH RI WHDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLS ZDV WHDFKHUFHQWHUHG RU ZLWK D SUHGRPLQDQFH RI WKLV DSSURDFK SUHVHQWHG KLJKHU &0' SUHYDOHQFH DV GLG WKRVH ZKR PHQWLRQHG D ZHHNO\ VFKHGXOH RI DFWLYLWLHV RI PRUH WKDQ KRXUV DQG WKRVH ZKR IHOW RYHUZKHOPHG

$QDO\VLVRIWKH´VLWXDWLRQVVXJJHVWLYHRISV\FKRORJLFDOGLVWUHVV SULRUWRWKHVWXG\RQVHWµYDULDEOHV7DEOHVKRZHGWKDWRQO\

(5)

7DEOH VKRZV KRZ WKH WZR YDULDEOHV ´RYHUORDGµ DQG ´SUHVHQFH RI VSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµ DUH DVVRFLDWH ZLWK WKH YDULDEOHV ´FRXUVHµ ´FRKDELWDQWVµ ´WHDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLSµ DQG ´ZHHNO\ VFKHGXOHµ 7KH ´FRXUVHµ ´WHDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLSµ DQG ´ZHHNO\ VFKHGXOHµ YDULDEOHV SUHVHQWHG VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW DVVRFLDWLRQVZLWK´RYHUORDGµEXWQRWZLWK´SUHVHQFHRIVSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµ

7DEOH VKRZV WKH VLPSOH DQG DGMXVWHG RGGV UDWLRV RI WKH FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ &0'V DQG WKH YDULDEOHV ´FRXUVHµ

´FRKDELWDQWVµ ´WHDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLSµ ´ZHHNO\ VFKHGXOHµ´RYHUORDGµDQG´SUHVHQFHRIVSHFLDOVLWXDWLRQVGXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµ 7KH RGGV UDWLRV DGMXVWHG IRU ´RYHUORDGµ DQG IRU DOO YDULDEOHV LQ WKH WDEOH VKRZHG WKDW ´RYHUORDGµ25 &, DQG´SUHVHQFHRI VSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµ 25 &, ZHUHWKHRQO\YDULDEOHVWKDW UHPDLQHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK &0'V

'LVFXVVLRQ 'LVFXVVLRQ 'LVFXVVLRQ 'LVFXVVLRQ 'LVFXVVLRQ

2YHUDOO &0' SUHYDOHQFH ZLWKLQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ VWXGLHG ZDV 7KLVYDOXHPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGKLJKZKHQFRPSDUHGWR WKHUDWHVIRXQGLQSRSXODWLRQVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGLQLQGXVWULDOL]HG FRXQWULHV DV UHYLHZHG E\ *ROGEHUJ +X[OH\ LQ ZKLFK WKH

SUHYDOHQFH RI &0' YDULHG IURP WR ,Q %UD]LOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ VWXGLHV UDWHV DUH ZLWKLQ WKH H[SHFWHG UDQJH DFFRUGLQJWRVWXGLHVFDUULHGRXWE\GH/LPDHWDODQG/XGHUPLU

ZKRUHSRUWHGSUHYDOHQFHRIDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHSUHYDOHQFHRI&0'VDPRQJPHGLFDOVWXGHQWVDWWKH83( ZDVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWIRXQGLQWKHFLW\RI3HORWDVLQWKH VWDWHRI5LR*UDQGHGR6XODQGDW6DQWD0DULD)HGHUDO

8QLYHUVLW\ 7KH KLJKHU SUHYDOHQFH RI &0'V DPRQJ

PHGLFDO VWXGHQWV FRXOG EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH QXPEHU RI VWUHVV SURGXFLQJ VLWXDWLRQV WKDW WKHVH VWXGHQWV DUH H[SRVHG WR LQ WKH DGPLVVLRQSURFHVVGXULQJWKHFRXUVHVDQGWKURXJKRXWWKH\HDUV 7KHUDWHVRI&0'SUHYDOHQFHIRXQGDPRQJVWXGHQWVLQWKHDUHDV RIGHQWLVWU\DQGQXUVLQJZHUHDOVRKLJK

7KH PXOWLYDULDWH DQDO\VLV VKRZHG WKDW RQO\ WKH YDULDEOHV ´RYHUORDGµDQG´SUHVHQFHRIVSHFLDOVLWXDWLRQVGXULQJFKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµ PDLQWDLQHG VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW DVVRFLDWLRQVZLWK&0'V

3ULRUWRLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHHOXFLGDWLYHSRWHQWLDORIWKHVHYDULDEOHV DQG LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH UHDVRQV IRU WKH IDFW WKDW ZH IRXQG QR FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ &0'V DQG FHUWDLQ RWKHU YDULDEOHV LW LV QHFHVVDU\WRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHK\SRWKHWLFDOH[LVWHQFHRIVDPSOLQJ HUURU ELDV RU FRQIRXQGLQJ IDFWRUV

(6)

HUURU +RZHYHU WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI VWXGHQWV LQ WKH VHPHVWHUV UHSUHVHQWHG WKH VDPSOH RI VWXGHQWV IRU HDFK FRXUVHZKLFKOHGXVWRFDUU\RXWVWDWLVWLFDOWHVWV5HJDUGLQJ WKHFKRVHQVHPHVWHUVVHFRQGDQGVL[WKWKHUHLVDSRVVLELOLW\ RI ELDVHV LQ WKH VHOHFWLRQ 7KH YDULDEOH ´PDLQ VRXUFHV RI WHQVLRQLQWKHFRXUVHµFRXOGKDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHGGLIIHUHQWO\ VLQFHSUDFWLFDOOHVVRQVZLWKFOLHQWVIRUH[DPSOHDUHPXFK PRUH FRPPRQ LQ WKH ILQDO VHPHVWHUV %HLQJ DZDUH RI WKLV TXHVWLRQ IURP WKH VWXG\ RQVHW ZH RSWHG IRU PDLQWDLQLQJ RXUIRFXVRQWKHVHVHPHVWHUVVLQFHVWXGHQWVZKRDUHFORVH WRFRPSOHWLQJWKHFRXUVHDUHDOZD\VLQYROYHGLQRIIFDPSXV DFWLYLWLHVLQWHUQVKLSVFOLQLFDOSUDFWLFHHWFLQVPDOOJURXSV ZKLFK ZRXOG KLQGHU WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH VWXG\ 7KLV OLPLWDWLRQRIWKHVWXG\ZDVFRQVLGHUHGZKHQWKHUHVXOWVZHUH LQWHUSUHWHG $V IRU FRQWUROOLQJ FRQIRXQGLQJ IDFWRUV ZH UHLWHUDWH WKDW WKH LQGHSHQGHQW HIIHFW RI WKH WZR YDULDEOHV ´RYHUORDGµ DQG ´SUHVHQFH RI VSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRGDQGDGROHVFHQFHµ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

'LVFXVVLQJWKHUHIRUHWKHHOXFLGDWLYHSRWHQWLDORIWKHUHVXOWV ZHGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHDVVRFLDWLRQVRI&0'V ZLWK WKH YDULDEOHV ´RYHUORDGµ DQG ´VSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµ ZDV FRQVLGHUDEOH 7KH VWXGHQWV ZKRIHOWRYHUZKHOPHGDQGFRQILUPHGWKHSUHVHQFHRIVSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFH SUHVHQWHG UHVSHFWLYHO\WLPHV&, DQGWLPHV &, PRUH&0'VWKDQGLGWKRVHZKRGLGQRW IHHORYHUZKHOPHGDQGGLGQRWSUHVHQWVSHFLDOVLWXDWLRQV

,Q D VWXG\ FRQGXFWHG E\ &LDQIORQH )HUQDQGH] PHGLFDO

VWXGHQWVIHOWRYHUZKHOPHGDQGLGHQWLILHGWKHJUHDWHUWKDQ KRXUZHHNO\DFWLYLW\VFKHGXOHDVWKHVRXUFHRIWHQVLRQ,QWKH SUHVHQWVWXG\VWXGHQWVLQWKHDUHDVRIPHGLFLQHDQGQXUVLQJ SUHVHQWHGWKHKLJKHVWSHUFHQWDJHVIRUWKH´RYHUORDG´YDULDEOH LQFRQWUDVWWRWKDWIRXQGIRUSK\VLFDOHGXFDWLRQVWXGHQWV:H FDQDOVRDVVXPHWKDWWKHGHJUHHRI´RYHUORDG´LVUHODWHGWRWKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK DFDGHPLF DFWLYLWLHV DUH FDUULHG RXW VRPH SURYRNLQJWKLVVHQVDWLRQRIGLVFRPIRUWLQWKHVWXGHQWV3RO\GRUR HW DO UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH QRUPV DQG ZRUNLQJ VWUXFWXUH RI WKH

XQLYHUVLW\ HQYLURQPHQW DUH H[WHUQDO DVSHFWV HVVHQWLDO WR WKH LQWHJUDWLRQRIVWXGHQWVLQWRXQLYHUVLW\

6WXGHQWVZKRH[SHULHQFHGVFKRROUHODWHGDQGVRFLDOL]DWLRQ GLIILFXOWLHVGXULQJSULPDU\VFKRRORUPLGGOHVFKRROSUHVHQWHG DKLJKHUSUHYDOHQFHRI&0'VDWWKHWLPHRIRXULQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7KLVYDULDEOH´SUHVHQFHRIVSHFLDOVLWXDWLRQVGXULQJFKLOGKRRG DQGDGROHVFHQFHµZDVDVVHVVHGWKURXJKLQGLYLGXDOTXHVWLRQV UHODWHG WR LQWHUQDO DVSHFWV DOVR UHIHUUHG WR E\ 3RO\GRUR HW DODVEHLQJIXQGDPHQWDOWRWKHSURFHVVRIVWXGHQWDGMXVWPHQW

WR XQLYHUVLW\ OLIH $OWKRXJK WKH TXHVWLRQV ZHUH LQWHQGHG WR UHIHU WR VLWXDWLRQV LQ WKH SDVW ZH FDQQRW UXOH RXW WKH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW VXFK VLWXDWLRQV FRQWLQXH LQWR WKH XQLYHUVLW\ \HDUV IXUWKHU UHLQIRUFLQJ WKH LGHD WKDW DWWHQWLRQ VKRXOG EH JLYHQWRWKHVHVWXGHQWV

+DYLQJFRQFOXGHGRXUGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHYDULDEOHV´RYHUORDGµ DQG ´SUHVHQFH RI VSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµZHQRZWXUQRXUDWWHQWLRQWRWKRVHDVVRFLDWLRQV QRWDWWDLQLQJDOHYHORIVWDWLVWLFDOVLJQLILFDQFH

7KHUHZDVDQH[SHFWDWLRQRIILQGLQJDSUHGRPLQDQFHRI&0'V LQ ZRPHQ +RZHYHU WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ ZDV VLPLODU DPRQJ

IHPDOHV DQG PDOHV 7KH ODFN RI DQ DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ JHQGHU DQG &0'V LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ PD\ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW PHQ DQG ZRPHQ RFFXS\ HTXDOSRVLWLRQVZLWKLQWKHVRFLDOVSKHUHRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\

:HREVHUYHGQRGLIIHUHQFHVLQ&0'SUHYDOHQFHEHWZHHQWKH LQLWLDODQGLQWHUPHGLDWHVHPHVWHUV%HQYHJQ~'HLWRV &RSHWWH

DOVRIRXQGWKDWPHGLFDOVWXGHQWVSUHVHQWHGQRGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJ VHPHVWHUV LQ &0' SUHYDOHQFH ZKLFK ZDV FRQVLGHUHG KLJK LQ ERWKJURXSV7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWERWKWKHDGPLVVLRQSKDVHDQG WKHSURFHVVRIDGDSWLQJWRWKHDFDGHPLFUHDOLW\DVZHOODVVRPH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJSURFHVVWKURXJKRXWWKH FRXUVHVPD\DIIHFWWKHHPRWLRQDOZHOOEHLQJRIWKHVWXGHQWV

0RVW VWXGLHV RI PHQWDO KHDOWK LQ PHGLFDO VWXGHQWV KDYH LGHQWLILHGVRPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDVVWUHVVIDFWRUVWKHILUVWSK\VLFDO H[DPLQDWLRQRIDSDWLHQWDQGIHDURIDFTXLULQJLOOQHVVHVRURI EHLQJSRZHUOHVVWRGHDOZLWKFHUWDLQGLVHDVHVDVZHOODVFRPLQJ LQWR FRQWDFW ZLWK GHDWK DQG ZLWK LQQXPHUDEOH SDWKRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV 7KH IDFW WKDW ZH FRYHUHG VWXGHQWV RQO\ XS WR

WKHVL[WKVHPHVWHURIHDFKFRXUVHWKHUHIRUHH[FOXGHGHVSHFLDOO\ LQWKHDUHDRIPHGLFLQHPRVWSUDFWLFDOFOLQLFDOH[SHULHQFHLQ ZKLFKVWXGHQWVPRUHIUHTXHQWO\FRPHLQWRFRQWDFWZLWKGHDWK DQG D JUHDWHU QXPEHU RI LOOQHVVHV

,QYLHZRIWKHVHIDFWVLWLVOLNHO\WKDWWKHYDULDEOHV´RYHUORDGµ DQG ´SUHVHQFH RI VSHFLDO VLWXDWLRQV GXULQJ FKLOGKRRG DQG DGROHVFHQFHµ DUH IDFWRUV WKDW LQIOXHQFH WKH PHQWDO KHDOWK RI XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVVLQFHWKH\UXOHRXWWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIV\VWHPDWLF HUURUV,QDGGLWLRQWKLVDVVRFLDWLRQPHHWVDQXPEHURIFDXVDOLW\ FULWHULD XVHG LQ HSLGHPLRORJ\ DQG WKH DVVRFLDWRQ VWUHQJWK FRKHUHQFHDQGFRQVLVWHQF\DUHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKRWKHUVWXGLHV +RZHYHU WKH WHPSRUDO VHTXHQFH FRXOG QRW EH HPSLULFDOO\ HYDOXDWHG LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH YDULDEOH ´RYHUORDGµ OLPLWLQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\RIHVWDEOLVKLQJDFDXVDOFRQQHFWLRQZLWK&0'V

&RQFOXVLRQV &RQFOXVLRQV&RQFOXVLRQV &RQFOXVLRQV &RQFOXVLRQV

:HFDQQRWRYHUVWDWHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIUHIOHFWLQJXSRQWKH WHDFKLQJ SURFHVV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH PDQQHU LQ ZKLFK DFDGHPLF DFWLYLWLHV DUH GLVWULEXWHG WKURXJKRXW WKH FRXUVH \HDUV )URP RXUSRLQWRIYLHZWKLVUHTXLUHVUHDSSRUWLRQLQJWKHVFKHGXOH UDWKHUWKDQUHGXFLQJLWRSWLPL]LQJDFWLYLWLHVDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\ LPSURYLQJ OHDUQLQJ ZKLOH SODFLQJ IHZHU EXUGHQV RQ WKH VWXGHQWV$WWHQWLRQVKRXOGDOVREHJLYHQWRWKHZD\WHDFKLQJ KDV EHHQ SUDFWLFHG HPSKDVL]LQJ WKH WHDFKHUVWXGHQW UHODWLRQVKLSDVZHOODVWKHWHDFKLQJVWUDWHJLHVZKLFKPRVWO\ ODFN VWXGHQW SDUWLFLSDWLRQ KLQGHULQJ WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ QHFHVVDU\ IRU GHYHORSLQJ WKH SRVWXUH RI LQGHSHQGHQFH DQG VDIHW\UHTXLUHGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRISURIHVVLRQDOOLIH:HDOVR FRQVLGHU LW HVVHQWLDO WR IRFXV RQ WKH SURFHVV RI VWXGHQW DGDSWDWLRQWRXQLYHUVLW\OLIHVLQFHWKRVHZKRSUHVHQWHGSUHYLRXV GLIILFXOWLHVRUSUREOHPVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRSUHVHQWSV\FKRORJLFDO GLVWUHVV GXULQJ WKH DFDGHPLF \HDUV +HQFH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RIPHQWDOKHDOWKVXSSRUWVHUYLFHVLQRUGHUWRSURYLGHIRUVXFK VWXGHQWV SUHYHQWLQJ WKH ZRUVHQLQJ RI V\PSWRPV VWUHQJWKHQLQJKHDOWK\PHFKDQLVPVDQGLQFUHDVLQJWKHDELOLW\ WRGHDOZLWKKHDOWKSUREOHPV

(7)

5HIHUHQFHV 5HIHUHQFHV 5HIHUHQFHV 5HIHUHQFHV 5HIHUHQFHV

3RO\GRUR6$-3ULPL56HUSD01)=DURQL00+3RPEDO.&3'H VHQYROYLPHQWR GH XPD HVFDOD GH LQWHJUDomR DR HQVLQR VXSHULRU 3VLFR86)

&LDQIORQH$5/)HUQDQGH]-0$OJXPDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGRHQVLQRH DSUHQGL]DGRQD)DFXOGDGHGH0HGLFLQDGH5LEHLUmR3UHWR²863² XPHVWXGRMXQWRDRVDOXQRVGHJUDGXDomR0HGLFLQD5LEHLUmR3UH WR

-RUJH06%6LWXDo}HVYLYHQFLDGDVSHORVDOXQRVGHHQIHUPDJHPGX UDQWHRFXUVRQRFRQWH[WRXQLYHUVLWiULRDSRQWDGDVFRPRQRUWHDGRUDV GH FULVHV 5HY (VF (QIHUPDJHP 863

%HQYHJQ~/$'HLWRV)&RSHWWH)53UREOHPDVSVLTXLiWULFRVPHQR UHVHPHVWXGDQWHVGH0HGLFLQDGD8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH6DQWD 0DULD56%UDVLO5HY3VLTXLDWU5LR*G6XO

0LOODQ /5 6RX]D (1 'H 0DUFR 2/1 5RVVL ( $UUXGD 3&9 2 , (QFRQWUR3DXOLVWDGRV6HUYLoRVGH$VVLVWrQFLD3VLFROyJLFDDR(VWX GDQWH 8QLYHUVLWiULR 5HY +RVS &OtQ )DF 0HG 8QLY 6mR 3DXOR

1RWR-56$YDQFLQH0$70DUWLQV0&)1=LPPHUPDQQ9%$WHQ omR j VD~GH PHQWDO GR HVWXGDQWH GH PHGLFLQD 5HY %UDV(GXF 0HG

5REHUWV/::DUQHU7'/LNHWVRV&)UDQN(*DQ]LQL/&DUWHU' 3HUFHSWLRQV RI DFDGHPLF YXOQHUDELOLW\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SHUVRQDO LOOQHVV D VWXG\ RI VWXGHQWV DW QLQH PHGLFDO VFKRROV &ROODERUDWLYH 5HVHDUFK *URXS RQ 0HGLFDO 6WXGHQW +HDOWK &RPSU 3V\FKLDWU\

)LJXHLUHGR502OLYHLUD0$31HFHVVLGDGHVGHHVWXGDQWHVXQLYHU VLWiULRVSDUDLPSODQWDomRGHXPVHUYLoRGHRULHQWDomRHHGXFDomR HP VD~GH PHQWDO 5HY /DWLQRDP (QIHUPDJHP

-RUJH06%5RGULJXHV$5)6HUYLoRVGHDSRLRDRHVWXGDQWHRIHUHFL GRVSHODV(VFRODVGH(QIHUPDJHPQR%UDVLO5HY/DWLQRDP(QIHU PDJHP

%HQMDNXO 3 &KHXQDUURP & 6WXGHQW DGMXVWPHQW SUREOHPV LQ WZR GHQWDO VFKRROV LQ 7KDLODQG - 'HQW (GXF

+HDWK-50DFIDUODQH798PDU063HUFHLYHGVRXUFHVRIVWUHVVLQ GHQWDO VWXGHQWV 'HQW 8SGDWH

*ROGEHUJ'+X[OH\3&RPPRPPHQWDOGLVRUGHUVDELRVRFLDOPRGHO /RQGRQ 7DYLVWRFN

83(>VtWLRQD,QWHUQHW@5HFLIH8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH3HUQDPEXFR F>FLWDGR0DLR@'LVSRQtYHOHPKWWSZZZXSHEU 0HQX SULQFLSDO83( HP Q~PHURV

+DUGLQJ7:GH$UDQJR09%DOWD]DU-&OLPHQW&(,EUDKLP++ /DGULGR,JQDFLR/HWDO0HQWDOGLVRUGHUVLQSULPDU\KHDOWKFDUHD VWXG\RIWKHLUIUHTXHQF\DQGGLDJQRVLVLQIRXUGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV 3V\FKRO 0HG

0DUL -- :LOOLDPV 3 $ YDOLGLW\ VWXG\ RI D SV\FKLDWULF VFUHHQLQJ TXHVWLRQQDLUH654LQSULPDU\FDUHLQWKHFLW\RI6mR3DXOR%U - 3V\FKLDWU\

/XGHUPLU$%,QVHUomRSURGXWLYDJrQHURHVD~GHPHQWDO&DG6D~ GH 3~EOLFD

/XGHUPLU $% 0HOR )LOKR '$ &RQGLo}HV GH YLGD H HVWUXWXUD RFXSDFLRQDODVVRFLDGDVDWUDQVWRUQRVPHQWDLVFRPXQV5HY6D~GH 3~EOLFD

/LPD06%HULD-87RPDVL(&RQFHLomR$70DUL--6WUHVVIXOOLIH HYHQWVDQGPLQRUSV\FKLDWULFGLVRUGHUVDQHVWLPDWHRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ DWWULEXWDEOH IUDFWLRQ LQ D %UD]LOLDQ FRPPXQLW\EDVHG VWXG\ ,QW -3V\FKLDWU\ 0HG

Referências

Documentos relacionados

'HVSLWH WKH SURPLQHQFH RI VXLFLGH DV D OHDGLQJ FDXVH RI GHDWK WKURXJKRXW PRVW FRXQWULHV RI WKH ZRUOG DQG WKH VXEVWDQWLDO HYLGHQFH VXSSRUWLQJ WKH UROH RI ELRORJLFDO IDFWRUV LQ

LQIHVWDWLRQ (OHFWURQ PLFURVFRSLF H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH OHVLRQV UHYHDOHG WKDW FKORURWLF VSRWV )LJXUH ) VKRZHG F\WRSDWKLF HIIHFW RI WKH QXFOHDU W\SH RI %7U9 )LJXUH $ ZKLOH LQ WKH

7KH UHVXOWV RI WKLV VWXG\ VKRZ WKDW WHPSHUDWXUH EXW QRW WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI ZDWHU PD\ EH DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH TXDOLW\ DQG

:H DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ JHQHV LQYROYHG LQ WKHHDUO\VWDJHVRIÀRUDOGHYHORSPHQWLQZRRG\DQJLRVSHUP WUHHV RI WKH JHQXV (XFDO\SWX V :LWK WKLV DLP ZH KDYH XVHG WKH VHTXHQFHV RI

Objetivos: Analisar como se processa a entrada de uma empresa no UPTEC; identificar quais os serviços oferecidos pelo Parque; compreender como se caracteriza a relação entre UPTEC

Analysing the results robustness by stock exchange, we observed that for rms quoted in the NASDAQ stock exchange, which represent nearly 23% of our sample, there were

,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ WKH VWUHVV GLVWULEXWLRQ ZDV DQDO\]HG LQ WKH LQWHUIDFH UHJLRQ RI WKH EODGH DQG GLVF LQ D GRYHWDLO

7KH HOHFWURFKHPLFDO UHGXFWLRQ RI DFWLYDWHG ROHILQV LQ QRQDTXHRXVVROYHQWVLVZHOOGRFXPHQWHGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH ,Q WKH DEVHQFH RI D SURWRQ GRQRU WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI