Abordagem ecofisiológica dos manguezais: uma revisão

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Sávia Soares Pascoalini ¹ Dielle Meire de Santana Lopes ²

Antelmo Ralph Falqueto ² Mônica Maria Pereira Tognella ^2*

1 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória – ES, Brasil

2 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, CEP 29932-540, São Mateus – ES, Brasil

* Autor para correspondência monica.tognella@gmail.com

Submetido em 30/11/2013 Aceito para publicação em 26/05/2014

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O manguezal apresenta elevada produtividade primária que é, em parte, resultado dos mecanismos

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Palavras-chave: )RWRVVtQWHVH,QXQGDomR1XWULHQWHV6DOLQLGDGH

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$SUHVHQWHUHYLVmRIRLUHDOL]DGDFRPRLQWXLWRGH DYDOLDU R HVWDGR GD DUWH GRV HVWXGRV HFR¿VLROyJLFRV para os manguezais mundiais. Para isto, realizamos OHYDQWDPHQWR ELEOLRJUi¿FR QRV SULQFLSDLV SHULyGLFRV RQGHVmRSXEOLFDGRVWHPDVUHODFLRQDGRVjHFRORJLDGHVWH HFRVVLVWHPDEHPFRPRHPUHYLVWDVHVSHFLDOL]DGDVQD

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Os manguezais despertam interesse de especialistas QD iUHD GH HFR¿VLRORJLD YHJHWDO SHOD SDUWLFXODULGDGH GH VXD YHJHWDomR (VWDV GH DFRUGR FRP 7RPOLQVRQ HQIUHQWDP FRQGLo}HV GH HOHYDGD VDOLQLGDGH H WHPSHUDWXUD DPSOD YDULDomR GD PDUp VXEPHWHQGR DV j LQXQGDomR GH¿FLrQFLD GH QXWULHQWHV VHGLPHQWR LQFRQVROLGDGRHQWUHRXWURVIDWRUHVItVLFRTXtPLFRV(VWH DPELHQWHFRPFRQGLo}HVDGYHUVDVGDTXHODVHQIUHQWDGDV SHODV GHPDLV SODQWDV WHUUHVWUHV )$516:257+

Vy IRL SRVVtYHO GH VHU FRORQL]DGR GHYLGR DRV GLIHUHQWHV PHFDQLVPRV PRUIROyJLFRV DQDW{PLFRV

¿VLROyJLFRVHELRTXtPLFRVDSUHVHQWDGRVSHODVHVSpFLHV YHJHWDLV RV TXDLV LQWHJUDGRV FRQWULEXHP SDUD VXD elevada produtividade (POOP et al., 1985; BALL, 1988;

NAIDOO et al., 2002; 2011; PARIDA et al., 2004;

BARR et al., 2009).

$OWHUDo}HVQDWHPSHUDWXUDHPIXQomRGDVPXGDQoDV FOLPiWLFDVSRGHPRFDVLRQDUPRGL¿FDo}HVQDViUHDVGH GLVWULEXLomR H QD GLYHUVLGDGH DWXDO GRV PDQJXH]DLV (VWXGRV UHODFLRQDGRV j REWHQomR GH GDGRVin situ de IRWRVVtQWHVHGLiULDHVD]RQDOVmRHVFDVVRVHUHVWULWRVD SRXFDVHVSpFLHVRTXHGL¿FXOWDSUHYLV}HVIXWXUDVVREUH RFRPSRUWDPHQWRGDVHVSpFLHVSHUDQWHDVPRGL¿FDo}HV climáticas.

3RUWDQWRHVWHVPHFDQLVPRV¿VLROyJLFRVHPSUHJDGRV SRUHVVDVHVSpFLHVYHJHWDLVVmRRIRFRGHVWDUHYLVmRQD TXDODERUGDUHPRVDQiOLVHVGRVSURFHVVRVGHIRWRVVtQWHVH HPFRQGLo}HVGHEDL[DHHOHYDGDVDOLQLGDGHLQXQGDomRH GH¿FLrQFLDGHQXWULHQWHV2REMHWLYRpDYDOLDURVHVWXGRV HFR¿VLROyJLFRVGRVPDQJXH]DLVHLGHQWL¿FDUFDUrQFLDV TXHSHUPLWDPDPSOLDURFRQKHFLPHQWRFLHQWt¿FRGHVWH HFRVVLVWHPDQR%UDVLOHVXDVSRWHQFLDLVFRQWULEXLo}HV SDUDDVPXGDQoDVFOLPiWLFDV

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As espécies de mangue são consideradas plantas C₃, pois não apresentam anatomia de plantas C₄, sua FRPSRVLomRLVRWySLFDį¹³C) varia entre 24,6 e 32,2 %o, VHXSRQWRGHFRPSHQVDomRGR&2₂HVXDWD[DPi[LPD GH IRWRVVtQWHVH HP WHPSHUDWXUD DEDL[R GH & VmR características consideradas típicas de plantas C₃(BALL;

)$548+$5 D E %$// 3$5,'$

HWDO2VHVWXGRVSLRQHLURVGH%DOOH)DUTXKDU D E GHPRQVWUDP TXH DSHVDU GR GHFOtQLR QDDVVLPLODomRFRPDXPHQWRGDVDOLQLGDGHGHSDUD Q0GH1D&OQmRRFRUUHPGLIHUHQoDVQRSRQWRGH FRPSHQVDomRGR&2₂característicos das C₃.

$ IRWRVVtQWHVH p R UHVXOWDGR FRQMXQWR GH WUrV SURFHVVRV R SURFHVVR IRWRTXtPLFR RQGH RFRUUH D DEVRUomRGHIyWRQVHSURGXomRGHFRPSRVWRVUHGX]LGRV

$73H1$'3+QHFHVViULRVDRSURFHVVRELRTXtPLFR TXH SRU VXD YH] p UHVSRQViYHO SHOD DVVLPLODomR IRWRVVLQWpWLFD GR FDUERQR H WDPEpP SHORV SURFHVVRV de trocas gasosas. Estas tratam da entrada de CO₂ para RLQWHULRUGDSODQWDHRHÀX[RGH2₂SDUDDDWPRVIHUD DWUDYpV GRV HVW{PDWRV 62%5$'2 1$,'22 HWDO$OpPGDSDUWHELRTXtPLFDDDVVLPLODomR IRWRVVLQWpWLFDHVWiVXMHLWDjLQWHUIHUrQFLDGDVFRQGLo}HV DELyWLFDVDVTXDLVDVHVSpFLHVYHJHWDLVHVWmRVXEPHWLGDV HTXHSRGHPUHVXOWDUHPOLPLWDomRGDSURGXomRSULPiULD (BALL, 1988; NAIDOO et al., 2002).

$RHVWXGDUDH¿FLrQFLDIRWRTXtPLFDGHPDQJXH]DLV 1DLGRR HW DO REVHUYDUDP TXH HVSpFLHV PDLV WROHUDQWHV j VDOLQLGDGH LQFUHPHQWDP VXD HILFLrQFLD IRWRTXtPLFD FRP R DXPHQWR GD VDOLQLGDGH XPD YH]

TXH SURPRYHP PDLRU DVVLPLODomR GH &2₂ quando FRPSDUDGDV FRP DV HVSpFLHV QmR WROHUDQWHV 6REUDGR WDPEpPYHUL¿FRXRPHVPRFRPSRUWDPHQWRSDUD Avicennia germinans (L.) L., Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. e Rhizophora mangle L., sendo que as SULPHLUDVREWLYHUDPPDLRUDVVLPLODomRGHFDUERQRGR que R. mangle menos tolerante ao sal. O autor relaciona RPDLRUGHVHPSHQKRIRWRVVLQWpWLFRUHDOL]DGRSRUDTXHODV HVSpFLHVDRPHOKRUXVRGHiJXDHPQtYHOIROLDUDSHVDU de apresentarem menor transporte de água.

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$VDOLQLGDGHQRDPELHQWHPDULQKRHQRPDQJXH]DO deve-se, principalmente, ao cloreto de sódio (NaCl) dissolvido na água, correspondente a 86% do total. A FRQFHQWUDomR PpGLD GHVVHV VDLV QD iJXD GR PDU p GH JNJFRUUHVSRQGHQGRDPM de Na⁺ e 558 mM de Cl^-/,%(6eFRQVLGHUDGRRSULQFLSDOIDWRU DELyWLFRDRTXDODVHVSpFLHVGRPDQJXH]DOHVWmRVXMHLWDV 3$5,'$-+$'HVVDIRUPDGLYHUVRVHVWXGRV HP ODERUDWyULR IRUDP GHVHQYROYLGRV SDUD DYDOLDU D FDSDFLGDGHGHFUHVFLPHQWRHRXDJHUPLQDomRGRPDQJXH FRPUHODomRjVDOLQLGDGH

Estas espécies apresentam comportamento distinto HP UHODomR j VDOLQLGDGH 3RU H[HPSORBruguiera parviflora 5R[E :W $UQ H[ *ULII tem seu Pi[LPR FUHVFLPHQWR HP VDOLQLGDGH HP WRUQR GH (PARIDA et al., 2004). Rhizophora mucronata Lam.

WHYHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRPi[LPRHPVDOLQLGDGHVYDULDQGR GHD+233(63((5HWDOHPODERUDWyULR Avicennia marina )RUVN 9LHUK FRQVLGHUDGD PDLV WROHUDQWHjVDOLQLGDGHDSUHVHQWDFUHVFLPHQWRyWLPRHP VDOLQLGDGH GH &/28*+ 63$/',1* HW DO 2010).

Em geral, o mangue tem seu desenvolvimento yWLPRHPEDL[DVDOLQLGDGH&RQWXGRDOJXPDVHVSpFLHV toleram salinidade mais elevada do que outras (BALL, 1988). Espécies do gênero Rhizophora são mais sensíveis ao aumento de salinidade do que aquelas do gênero Avicennia &/28*+$VGLIHUHQoDVHVWmR presentes dentro dos gêneros. Rhizophora apiculata Blume é mais sensível do que Rhizophora stylosa*ULII

%$//HWDO

É notório que as espécies de manguezal são FODVVL¿FDGDVFRPRYHJHWDomRKDOy¿WD720/,1621 3$5,'$ -+$ SRLV FUHVFHP H VH UHSURGX]HP QD SUHVHQoD GH VDO $OJXQV DXWRUHV DV FODVVLILFDP FRPR KDOyILWDV IDFXOWDWLYDV SRLV VHX FUHVFLPHQWR yWLPR RFRUUH HP EDL[D VDOLQLGDGH 720/,16213$5,'$-+$6XVWHQWD VHHVWDKLSyWHVHSRUTXHRDXPHQWRGDVDOLQLGDGHFDXVD GHVHTXLOtEULRVSHORH[FHVVRGHtRQV1D⁺ e Cl^- em diversos yUJmRVYHJHWDLV$VUHVSRVWDVDRVGLVW~UELRVYDULDPGH espécie para espécie dependendo da tolerância.

Normalmente, manguezais diminuem o potencial KtGULFR GRV VHXV WHFLGRV FRP UHODomR DR VHGLPHQWR SHUPLWLQGRFRPLVWRDDEVRUomRGHiJXD720/,1621 VHQGRHVWHRSULPHLURGRVPHFDQLVPRVGHDMXVWHDR H[FHVVRGHVDLV¬PHGLGDTXHDVDOLQLGDGHGRVXEVWUDWR DXPHQWDRFRUUHHIHLWRVLPLODUQDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGH1D⁺ e Cl^-(VWHIDWRQmRpDFRPSDQKDGRSHODHQWUDGDGHtRQV K⁺SDUDHVSpFLHVPHQRVWROHUDQWHVjVDOLQLGDGH(VWXGRV YHUL¿FDUDPDXPHQWRQDUD]mR1D⁺/K⁺ para Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. crescendo em 35 de salinidade.

Entretanto, Avicennia marina mantém menor potencial KtGULFRSRUDEVRUYHUVHOHWLYDPHQWHR.⁺ (NAIDOO et al., ,VWRUHVXOWDHPGLYHUVLGDGHHVWUXWXUDOHIXQFLRQDO OHYDQGR HP DOJXPDV VLWXDo}HV DR HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR GH zonas como proposto por Davis Jr. (1940).

2 DF~PXOR GH tRQV OHYD j FRQVHTXrQFLDV FRPR D GHVHVWDELOL]DomR GDV PHPEUDQDV FHOXODUHV DOpP GH LQGX]LUHP HVWUHVVH R[LGDWLYR SRU PHLR GD IRUPDomR GHHVSpFLHVUHDWLYDVGHR[LJrQLR35,6&2*20(6 ),/+2 ([SHULPHQWRV UHDOL]DGRV SRU 3DULGD et al. (2003), com plântulas de Bruguiera parviÀora HP GLIHUHQWHV VDOLQLGDGHV DSRQWDUDP TXH HP GH VDOLQLGDGH Ki SHUGD SDUFLDO GR HPSLOKDPHQWR JUDQDO GR FLWRFURPR %I H GLVVRFLDomR GH SROLSHSWtGLRV OLJDGRVLQWULQVHFDPHQWHDRIRWRVVLVWHPD,,)6,,(VVDV GLVIXQo}HVDIHWDPGLUHWDPHQWHDDTXLVLomRGHFDUERQR H LQGLUHWDPHQWH R LQFUHPHQWR HP ELRPDVVD$OpP GLVVR KLSHUVDOLQLGDGH SRGH FDXVDU GHVLQWHJUDomR GH FORURSODVWRVHGHPLWRF{QGULDVFRPRREVHUYDGRHPA.

marinaVXEPHWLGDDGHVDOLQLGDGH1$,'22HWDO 2011).

$OpPGHVWHVHIHLWRVRH[FHVVRGHVDOSRGHDOWHUDU D FRQFHQWUDomR GH FORURILOD R TXH SRGH UHGX]LU D FDSDFLGDGH IRWRVVLQWpWLFD 1$,'22 HW DO 1R HQWDQWR 6REUDGR REVHUYRX DXPHQWR QD FRQFHQWUDomR GH FORURILODa e b em Laguncularia racemosa,RTXHLQGLFDWROHUkQFLDjVFRQGLo}HVLPSRVWDV SHODFRQFHQWUDomRGHVDLVTXHQRH[SHULPHQWRQmRIRUDP superiores a 30. Normalmente, o aumento da salinidade YHP DFRPSDQKDGR SHOD UHGXomR QD FRQFHQWUDomR GH FORUR¿ODGHYLGRjIRWRLQLELomRFU{QLFDSRLVRWHRUVDOLQR é superior ao tolerado para a espécie estudada, como YLVWR QRV WUDEDOKRV GH 6REUDGR 1DLGRR HW DO (2002; 2011) e Parida et al. (2003).

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7RGRV HVWHV IDWRUHV DVVRFLDGRV j GHVDWLYDomR GR )6,, OHYDP j GLPLQXLomR GD DWLYLGDGH IRWRTXtPLFD

$ UHGXomR GD HILFLrQFLD IRWRTXtPLFD )_v/F_m) com LQFUHPHQWRHPVDOLQLGDGHpREVHUYDGDSRUYiULRVDXWRUHV para A. marina, B.parviÀora e R. mucronata (PARIDA HWDO+233(63((5HWDO1$,'22HW DO2HVWUHVVHVDOLQRSURYRFDWDPEpPUHGXomR GDFRQGXWkQFLDHVWRPiWLFDHGDFRQGXomRQRPHVR¿OR OLPLWDQGR D IRWRVVtQWHVH SRU EDL[D GLIXVmR GR &2₂ (PARIDA et al., 2004), além de diminuir condutividade KLGUiXOLFD SURYRFDQGR R IHFKDPHQWR GRV HVW{PDWRV (SOBRADO, 2001).

(VWUDWpJLDV GH DEVRUomR GH iJXD HP FRQGLo}HVVDOLQDV

0HVPR FUHVFHQGR HP XP DPELHQWH LQXQGDGR D VDOLQLGDGH HOHYDGD GL¿FXOWD D DEVRUomR GH iJXD SHODV SODQWDV3$/,<$987+HWDO$VVLPDVHVSpFLHV GH PDQJXH WrP PHFDQLVPRV SDUD DEVRUYHU D iJXD FRQWUD IRUWHV SRWHQFLDLV RVPyWLFRV 720/,1621 &UHVFHU HP XP PHLR VDOLQR FULD EDVLFDPHQWH GRLVSUREOHPDVSDUDDSODQWDDUHJXODomRRVPyWLFD HDWR[LGDGHGHVWHVtRQV$VVLPDVSODQWDVWrPGH DEVRUYHURVtRQVLQRUJkQLFRVSDUDQHXWUDOL]DURJUDGLHQWH RVPyWLFR 7RGDYLD R H[FHVVR GHVWHV QR LQWHULRU GD FpOXODWRUQDVHWy[LFRHWHPHIHLWRVQHJDWLYRVVREUHD UHSURGXomRRFUHVFLPHQWRHVREUHYLYrQFLDGDVSODQWDV 0(+/,*

3DUD PDQWHU D DEVRUomR GH iJXD DV SODQWDV GH mangue não apenas precisam restringir a perda de água SRU PHLR GH DGDSWDo}HV PRUIROyJLFDV H ¿VLROyJLFDV HVSHVVDPHQWR IROLDU DXPHQWR GR WHPSR GH UHWHQomR GRQLWURJrQLRHH¿FLrQFLDQRXVRGDiJXDPDVWDPEpP PDQWHU RV SRWHQFLDLV GH iJXD VX¿FLHQWHPHQWH EDL[RV (LOVELOCK; FELLER, 2003; KRAUSS et al., 2008) QRLQWHULRUGDVIROKDV(VWHVDVSHFWRVID]HPFRPTXH DH¿FLrQFLDGHXVRGDiJXDHPDOJXPDVGDVHVSpFLHV GH PDQJXH VHMD FRQVLGHUDGD XPD GDV PDLV DOWDV GH todas as plantas C₃ (BALL, 1986), uma vez que estas QRUPDOPHQWHDSUHVHQWDPEDL[DVWD[DVGHWUDQVSLUDomRH FRQGXWkQFLDHVWRPiWLFD%$//)$548+$5D E %$// /29(/2&. %$//

SOBRADO, 2005).

Entretanto, apesar dessas estratégias, para compensar a elevada osmolaridade de sal no solo, um GRVPHFDQLVPRVELRTXtPLFRVHPSUHJDGRVpRDF~PXOR de solutos compatíveis, a partir do aumento de moléculas SHTXHQDVGHRVPyOLWRVFRPRDJOLFLQDEHWDtQDRXiOFRRLV GHDo~FDU3233HWDO6$.$0272085$7$

2000) que ampliam o potencial osmótico sem alterar o L{QLFR5HGXo}HVQRVSRWHQFLDLVRVPyWLFRVDWUDHPiJXD para dentro da célula e permitem manter o potencial GHSUHVVmR02*+$,(%HWDOQHFHVViULRSDUD REWHUiJXD

$PHOKRUH¿FLrQFLDGRXVRGDiJXDDVVRFLDGDDRV FXVWRV HQHUJpWLFRV GH H[FUHWDU HRX H[FOXLU RV VDLV p jFXVWDGHWD[DVUHGX]LGDVGHDVVLPLODomRGHFDUERQR (BALL, 1988). Quanto maior o teor de sal no local PHQRUVHUiDSURGXWLYLGDGHHLVWRLUiUHÀHWLUQDHVWUXWXUD GRERVTXH

Durante os períodos de elevada demanda HYDSRUDWLYD SODQWDV TXH H[FOXHP VDO SUHFLVDP economizar água por causa da capacidade limitada para H[WUDtODGRVVRORVVDOLQRV%$55HWDO6PLWKHW DOPRVWUDUDPTXHDUD]mRSDUDDUHGXomRGDWD[D GHDVVLPLODomRGHFDUERQRGRPDQJXHQD9HQH]XHODIRL HPSDUWHGHYLGRjVDOLQLGDGHHOHYDGDRTXHFDXVRXPDLRU SRWHQFLDORVPyWLFRQR[LOHPDHUHGXomRGDFRQGXWkQFLD HVWRPiWLFD(PDPELHQWHVKLSHUVDOLQRVRVPDQJXH]DLV DSUHVHQWDPGLPLQXWDVWD[DVGHDVVLPLODomRGHFDUERQR HFRQGXWkQFLDHVWRPiWLFDRULJLQDQGRERVTXHVGHVFULWRV FRPRDQ}HV/8*261('$.(5

2XWUR SUREOHPD HQIUHQWDGR SHORV PDQJXH]DLV GHYLGRjVDOLQLGDGHHDHOHYDGDGHPDQGDHYDSRUDWLYD pVXDYXOQHUDELOLGDGHjHPEROLDRXFDYLWDomRTXHSRGH REVWUXLUDFRQGXWkQFLDKLGUiXOLFD(VVDYXOQHUDELOLGDGH pSULQFLSDOPHQWHSUHVHQWHHPDPELHQWHVKLSHUVDOLQRV SRLV DSUHVHQWDP GLILFXOGDGH HP DEVRUomR GH iJXD /29(//2&.HWDODE0$57,1HWDO (VWXGRV GH 6REUDGR FRPAvicennia germinans, demonstram que as espécies com maior H¿FLrQFLD QR XVR GD iJXD SRVVXHP HVWD FDSDFLGDGH GHYLGRjUHGXomRQDFRQGXomRGHVHLYDQRFDXOH(VWD estratégia é possível porque as espécies reduzem a FRQGXWkQFLDHVWRPiWLFDDSRQWRGHLPSHGLUDHPEROLD QDVFpOXODVGR[LOHPD

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7RPOLQVRQDRGHVFUHYHURWHFLGR[LOHPiWLFR GRPDQJXHMiDVVRFLDFRPRPHFDQLVPRVSDUDHYLWDUD HPEROLD D GLPLQXLomR QR GLkPHWUR FHOXODU +DR HW DO FRPSDUDQGR D SUHVVmR RVPyWLFD QR VROR VRE GLIHUHQWHVVDOLQLGDGHVHPSHUtRGRVGLXUQRVHQRWXUQRV para Rhizophora mangleLGHQWL¿FDPTXHDUHGLVWULEXLomR GDVHLYDEUXWDRXUHYHUVmRGDFRQGXomRRFRUUHSDUDHYLWDU DHPEROLDDOpPGHDPHQL]DUDVDOLQLGDGHQRVHGLPHQWR HPVLWXDo}HVGHEDL[DIUHTXrQFLDGHLQXQGDomR

0HFDQLVPRVGHWROHUkQFLDjVDOLQLGDGH

$VHVWUDWpJLDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUEDL[DVWD[DVGHSHUGD GH iJXD IROLDU WDPEpP OLPLWDP R JDQKR GH FDUERQR ID]HQGRFRPTXHHVSpFLHVTXHWrPDPSODWROHUkQFLDDR VDOFUHVoDPPDLVOHQWDPHQWHFRPDXPHQWRGDVDOLQLGDGH do que aquelas menos tolerantes (BALL, 1986; 1988).

De acordo com suas características, as espécies de PDQJXHSRGHPVHUFODVVL¿FDGDVHPVHFUHWRUDVGHVDO±

aquelas que têm glândulas de sal ou pelos para remover o sal – e não secretoras – que não apresentam mecanismos SDUDDH[FUHomRGRVDO6&+2/$1'(5HWDO 720/,1621 /DUFKHU GHVFUHYH DV KDOy¿WDVFRPRSODQWDVTXHWROHUDPRXTXHUHVLVWHPDR sal. Aquelas que resistem ao sal apresentam mecanismos

¿VLROyJLFRVTXHVmRHYLWDUDHQWUDGDGLOXLUHHOLPLQDUR VDO$VFODVVL¿FDGDVFRPRWROHUDQWHVVHULDPDTXHODVTXH WROHUDPRVDOQRFLWRSODVPD'HDFRUGRFRP6DOLVEXU\

H5RVVHVWDVVHULDPDVKDOy¿WDVYHUGDGHLUDVRX HXKDOy¿WDV6RPHQWHDVWROHUDQWHVVHULDPFDSD]HVGH WROHUDURVHIHLWRVWy[LFRVGRFORURHVyGLRQRFLWRSODVPD /$5&+(56$/,6%85<5266

Popp et al. (1993), revisando os conceitos propostos SRU 6FKRODQGHU H D FODVVL¿FDomR GH /DUFKHU DYDOLDPDFDSDFLGDGHGDYHJHWDomRGHPDQJXH como capaz de evitar a entrada de sais via raiz e as HVWUDWpJLDVGHH[WUXVmRHRXFRPSDUWLPHQWDomRGRVVDLV

&RQFOXHPTXHRVHQWHQGLPHQWRVVREUHRVSURFHVVRVGH H[FOXVmRGRVyGLRHFORURDQWHVGRLQJUHVVRQR[LOHPD QmRVmRWRWDOPHQWHHQWHQGLGRVKDYHQGRHVSpFLHVTXH QmRGHPRQVWUDPGLIHUHQoDVHQWUHDVSUHVV}HVRVPyWLFDV GRVHGLPHQWRGDVUDt]HVGRVFDXOHVHGDVIROKDVFRPR D¿UPDGRSRU6FKRODQGHU3RURXWURODGRD¿UPDP TXH DV HVSpFLHV TXH SURPRYHP D H[WUXVmR GR VDO YLD

glândulas são reduzidas dentro da gama de espécies de mangue.

(P UHODomR j FRPSDUWLPHQWDomR GRV VDLV HVWH IHQ{PHQRpGHVFULWRVHQGRFRPXPHQWUHDVHVSpFLHVGH PDQJXHMiTXHYiULDVDSUHVHQWDPPDLRUFRQWH~GRGH VDLVQDVIROKDVVHQHVFHQWHVTXDQGRFRPSDUDGDVjVQRYDV (POPP et al., 1993). Além disso, estudos realizados pelos autores revelaram que com o aumento da salinidade RFRUUHDFUpVFLPRGHPHWDEyOLWRVVHFXQGiULRVFRPRR manitol, no citoplasma, concomitante ao incremento de sódio e cloro nos vacúolos.

Os gêneros Aegiceras, Avicennia, Acanthus e Aegialitis WrP HVWUXWXUDV JODQGXODUHV GH H[FUHomR GR sal enquanto Laguncularia e Conocarpus têm estrutura DQiORJD jV JOkQGXODV GH VDO 720/,1621 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza e Rhizophora mucronata WDPEpPH[FOXHPVDOQRHQWDQWRQXPSURFHVVRGH¿QLGR FRPRUHDORFDomRGRVVDLVSDUDSDUWHVVHQHVFHQWHVRQGH RVDOpDFXPXODGRQDVIROKDVPDLVPDGXUDVDVTXDLVVmR HOLPLQDGDVSDUDH[FOXLURH[FHVVR67(,1.(

'LIHUHQWHV HVSpFLHV WrP GLVWLQWDV IDL[DV GH WROHUkQFLD ao sal (SUAREZ; MEDINA, 2005) correlacionadas a VXDFDSDFLGDGHGHH[FUHomRHRXHOLPLQDomRGRVVDLV

$TXHODV TXH H[FUHWDP RV VDLV GLDULDPHQWH SRVVXHP FDSDFLGDGH GH FRORQL]DU DPELHQWHV FRP VDOLQLGDGHV mais elevadas, ao contrário daquelas que armazenam RV VDLV SRU SHUtRGRV PDLRUHV SRU FRPSDUWLPHQWDomR RX UHDORFDomR Vy HOLPLQDQGRRV FRP PRUWH GH VXDV estruturas vegetais.

AvicenniaVmRFRQKHFLGDVSRUH[FOXtUHPFHUFDGH GHVDODEVRUYLGRVDSDUWLUGDVXSHUItFLHGDUDL]TXH SRGHDXPHQWDUjPHGLGDTXHDFRQFHQWUDomRGHVDOGD iJXDVHDPSOLD%5$1&+%5$1&+$H[FOXVmR GHVDOpREWLGDFULDQGRVHSUHVVmRKLGURVWiWLFDQHJDWLYD QDFpOXODTXHIRUQHFHSUHVVmRRVPyWLFDVX¿FLHQWHPHQWH QHJDWLYDSDUDDVUDt]HVSDUDDEVRUomRGHiJXDHQTXDQWR WRGRV RV RXWURV tRQV VmR H[FOXtGRV 0221 HW DO 1986). Estes autores avaliaram que, além do processo GHXOWUD¿OWUDomRDH[WUXVmRGRVDOYLDVLVWHPDGHUDt]HV para as espécies de Avicennia é controlada por aspectos DQDW{PLFRV TXH LQYLDELOL]DP R WUDQVSRUWH DSRSOiVWLFR GDiJXDDWpR[LOHPD(VWHWUDQVSRUWHpLPSHGLGRSHOD VXEHUL]DomR GDV FpOXODV GR FyUWH[ GD UDL] H WDPEpP SHODEDQGDGH&DVSDU\GDHQGRGHUPH6XDUH]H0HGLQD

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(2005) mostraram que plântulas de A. geminansIRUDP VLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWH DIHWDGDV SHOD VDOLQLGDGH H WLYHUDP WROHUkQFLD DR VDO HOHYDGD HP FRPSDUDomR FRP RXWUDV HVSpFLHV VHPHOKDQWHV FRPRAegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco e Avicennia marina.

Estudo com Bruguiera gymnorhiza indicou que iUHDPDVVDIROLDUSRUSODQWDHORQJHYLGDGHDXPHQWDUDP FRPRLQFUHPHQWRGDVDOLQLGDGH:$1*/,1

$ VXFXOrQFLD IROLDU SRGH VHU XP PHFDQLVPR SDUD HYLWDU FRQFHQWUDo}HV GH VDO H[FHVVLYDPHQWH HOHYDGDV +$*(0(<(5 XPD YH] TXH R DXPHQWR GR YROXPHGRYDF~RORSHUPLWHDGLOXLomRGRVtRQVVRO~YHLV 5HGXomRGRFUHVFLPHQWRPHQRUDOWXUDGLPLQXLomR GDELRPDVVDHSURGXomRGHIROKDSRGHVHULQWHUSUHWDGD como resultado do investimento em mecanismos de tolerância e/ou resistência ao sal (SNEDAKER, 1982;

68$5(=0(',1$MiTXHDPDQXWHQomRGH tais estratégias reduz a produtividade primária líquida.

6HJXQGR .DWKLUHVDQ H 7KDQJDP DV ÀXWXDo}HV QD VDOLQLGDGH GHQWUR GR DPELHQWH SDUHFHP WHUHIHLWRVPDLVSURQXQFLDGRVGRTXHDKLSHUVDOLQLGDGH FRQWtQXD XPD YH] TXH DV SODQWDV DGXOWDV WrP IDL[D VXSHULRU GH WROHUkQFLD HP UHODomR jV SOkQWXODV ,VVR DFRQWHFHSRUTXHDVSODQWDVPDLVMRYHQVVmRJHUDOPHQWH PDLV VHQVtYHLV DR VDO FUHVFHQGR PHOKRU HP ORFDLV onde as salinidades são menores e, porteriormente, WRUQDPVH PDLV WROHUDQWH 6&+0,7= HW DO (QWUHWDQWRXPDYH]RERVTXHHVWDEHOHFLGRPRGL¿FDo}HV na salinidade podem levar ao colapso do indivíduo adulto por menor plasticidade que as plântulas, como REVHUYDGR HP VLWXDo}HV RQGH KRXYH DOWHUDo}HV QD GLQkPLFD GH LQXQGDomR SURYRFDGDV SRU PRGL¿FDo}HV QDGHVHPERFDGXUDGRULR72*1(//$HWDO 2VDXWRUHVREVHUYDUDPTXHDVDOWHUDo}HVQDVDOLQLGDGH WLYHUDPFRPRUHVSRVWDGDYHJHWDomRDPRUWHGDVIROKDV QDSRUomRPDLVDOWDGDFRSD5HODFLRQDUDPWDOIDWRjV DOWHUDo}HVGRSRWHQFLDORVPyWLFRTXHSRGHPWHURFRUULGR QRVUDPRVWHUPLQDLVLQYLDELOL]DQGRDPDQXWHQomRGDV IROKDV SRU GL¿FXOGDGH QR DSRUWH GH iJXD &RP LVWR os indivíduos adultos tiveram sua estatura diminuída, SHUPLWLQGRVXDVREUHYLYrQFLD

,QXQGDomRHDODJDPHQWR

$VÀRUHVWDVGHPDQJXH]DOVmRUHJXODUPHQWHODYDGDV SHODVPDUpV$FLUFXODomRGDiJXDHOLPLQDVXEVWkQFLDV Wy[LFDVSDUDDYHJHWDomRFRPRRVXOIHWRGHKLGURJrQLR +₂6HR[LJHQDPRVHGLPHQWR.1,*+7HWDO 2VSDGU}HVGHLQXQGDomRGDVÀRUHVWDVVmRGLIHUHQFLDGRV HUHÀHWHPQDHVWUXWXUDGDPHVPD2VERVTXHVGHIUDQMD são constantemente inundados pelo movimento da PDUp YHQWLODQGR H UHPRYHQGR RV FRPSRVWRV Wy[LFRV H RV ERVTXHV GH EDFLD VmR JHUDOPHQWH LQXQGDGRV QDV PDUpVPDLVDOWDV6&+$())(5129(//,HWDO .1,*+7 HW DO ¿FDQGR PDWpULD RUJkQLFD HP GHFRPSRVLomRSRUSHUtRGRPDLRUFDXVDQGRHPDOJXPDV VLWXDo}HVFRQGLo}HVGHDQR[LDSDUDDVUDt]HV

(PFRQGLo}HVGHDODJDPHQWRRPDQJXHGHYHOLGDU FRPSDUFLDORXFRPSOHWDDXVrQFLDGHR[LJrQLRGLVVROYLGR SDUDUHVSLUDomRGDVUDt]HV0&.((6.(/721

$//$:$<(VVDVHVSpFLHVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DPD YHJHWDomRGHPDQJXHGLIHUHPHPVXDFDSDFLGDGHGH PDQWHURWHFLGRGDUDL]DHUDGRDIHWDQGRD¿VLRORJLDH PRUIRORJLDGDVUDt]HV0&.(($KLSR[LDFDXVD GLPLQXLomRQDWD[DGHH[WHQVmRGDUDL]HPAvicennia germinans e Laguncularia racemosa, mas não em Rhizophora mangle$OpPGLVVRDKLSR[LDpUHVSRQViYHO pela morte de raízes de L. racemosa HSHODGLPLQXLomRQR número de raízes laterais nas três espécies neotropicais FLWDGDVDFLPDHWDPEpPSHORDXPHQWRGDSDUWHDpUHD em A. germinans e L. racemosa (MCKEE, 1996).

Bruguiera mucronata apresentou similar tendência, com PDLRUDOWXUDTXDQGRVXEPHWLGDjLQXQGDomRFRQVWDQWH UHYHODQGRPXGDQoDQDDORFDomRGHELRPDVVDSDUDDSDUWH DpUHD+233(63((5HWDO

Estudo realizado com plântulas de Avicennia marina DSRQWRXTXHRHVWUHVVHFDXVDGRDSHQDVSRULQXQGDomR SRGH QmR VHU WmR SUHMXGLFLDO j HVSpFLH 6.(/721

$//$:$< $V SOkQWXODV GHA. marina em FRQGLo}HV GH PDUp EDL[D DXPHQWDP D FRQFHQWUDomR GH R[LJrQLR HP VXDV UDt]HV DWp FRQFHQWUDomR HVWiYHO 4XDQGR VmR VXEPHWLGDV j LQXQGDomR SRU VHLV H KRUDVDFRQFHQWUDomRGHR[LJrQLRQRVSQHXPDWyIRURV H UDt]HV GH VXSRUWH GLPLQXL VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH SULQFLSDOPHQWHTXDQGRHPPDLRUWHPSRGHLQXQGDomR 3RUpPDFRQFHQWUDomRUHVWDQWHGHR[LJrQLRpVX¿FLHQWH

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SDUD PDQWHU PHWDEROLVPR DHUyELFR QR QtYHO GH UDL]

6.(/721$//$:$< (VVD FRQFHQWUDomR é determinada pela capacidade que as raízes têm de DUPD]HQDUR[LJrQLRQDPDUpEDL[DTXHSRGHHVWDUOLJDGD DRDHUrQTXLPDQDVUDt]HVSRLVHPPDUpDOWDRHVSDoR LQWHUQRGHJiVHVWiLVRODGRGRH[WHULRUHKiWUDQVIHUrQFLD GHR[LJrQLRGDHVWUXWXUDDpUHDjVUDt]HV720/,1621 6.(/721$//$:$<

(VWXGRVHPODERUDWyULRFRPSOkQWXODVPRVWUDUDP TXH DV LQXQGDo}HV HP ORQJR SUD]R QmR WrP HIHLWR SHUVLVWHQWH VREUH DV WURFDV JDVRVDV HPAvicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa ou Rhizophora mangle3(=(6+.,HWDO.5$866HWDO -iDLQXQGDomRGHFXUWRSUD]RUHGX]DDVVLPLODomRPi[LPD HUHVSLUDomRQRHVFXURHPSOkQWXODVGHA. germinans, L. racemosa e R. mangle de acordo com os estudos de Krauss et al. (2006). No entanto, os mangues maduros SRGHPVHUPHQRVVHQVtYHLVjLQXQGDomRGHFXUWRSUD]R do que as plântulas (NAIDOO et al., 1998). Apesar GRV DXPHQWRV GD FRQFHQWUDomR GR &2₂ DWPRVIpULFR UHVXOWDUHPHPWD[DVGHFUHVFLPHQWRHOHYDGDVHVWDVVmR PHQRUHVGRTXHDVUHGXo}HVQDVWD[DVGHFUHVFLPHQWR REVHUYDGDV TXDQGR PDQJXH]DLV HVWmR FDGD YH] PDLV LQXQGDGRV)$516:257+HWDO

1XWULHQWHV

O input de nutrientes no ecossistema manguezal é GLIHUHQFLDGRQRVERVTXHVGHIUDQMDHGHEDFLD2VERVTXHV GH IUDQMD VmR H[SRVWRV D GXDV FRQGLo}HV QXWULFLRQDLV GHSHQGHQGRGDVXDORFDOL]DomRSUy[LPRDRPDURXDR ULR %DVLFDPHQWH RV ERVTXHV GH IUDQMD SUy[LPRV DR PDUVmRROLJRWUy¿FRVSRLVUHFHEHPPHQRUGHVFDUJDGH QXWULHQWHVDSDUWLUGRVULRV3RURXWURODGRRVERVTXHVGH IUDQMDQRLQWHULRUGRVHVWXiULRVUHFHEHPJUDQGHDSRUWHGH QXWULHQWHVSURYHQLHQWHVGRÀX[RÀXYLDO2VERVTXHVGH EDFLDUHTXHUHPLQSXWGHQXWULHQWHVDSDUWLUGDVFKXYDVH do escoamento terrestre SDUDPHOKRUGHVHQYROYLPHQWR SRLVVmRLQXQGDGRVDSHQDVQDVPDUpVDOWDV$VEDFLDV GHVHQYROYHPVH H[XEHUDQWHPHQWH QRV ORFDLV RQGH D SUHFLSLWDomRpPDLRUGRTXHDHYDSRWUDQVSLUDomRORFDO LVWRpQmRRFRUUHPHVWDo}HVFRPGp¿FLWKtGULFR6HD HYDSRWUDQVSLUDomRpPDLRUGRTXHDSUHFLSLWDomRHVVHV ERVTXHVWHPFUHVFLPHQWRUHGX]LGRSRLVDOpPGHOLGDU FRPGp¿FLWQXWULFLRQDOVXSRUWDPWDPEpPDVFRQGLo}HV

GH HOHYDGD VDOLQLGDGH RX DWp PHVPR KLSHUVDOLQLGDGH 6&+$())(5129(//,HWDOTXHHPDOJXPDV VLWXDo}HVSRGHPUHVXOWDUHPiUHDVGHDSLFXPTXHVmR UHJL}HVKLSHUVDOLQDVVHPYHJHWDomR

0XLWDV iUHDV GH PDQJXH]DO HP ORFDLV GLIHUHQWHV GR JORER VRIUHP FRP D UHGX]LGD GLVSRQLELOLGDGH GH QXWULHQWHV SULQFLSDOPHQWH QLWURJrQLR H IyVIRUR VHQGR HVWHV RV PDFURHOHPHQWRV GH PDLRU OLPLWDomR DR FUHVFLPHQWR GD YHJHWDomR $/21*, 1RUPDOPHQWH HVVDV iUHDV VmR ERVTXHV GH EDFLD SHUPDQHQWHPHQWHDODJDGRVFRPDUHQRYDomRGHiJXD VyRFRUUHQGRQDVPDUpVPDLVH[WUHPDVGRDQR$OpP disso, apresentam salinidade acima daquela da água do PDU-XQWDPHQWHDRUHGX]LGRIRUQHFLPHQWRGHQXWULHQWHV SURFHVVRVPLFURELDQRVFRPRDWD[DGHGHFRPSRVLomR H UHWHQomR GH QXWULHQWHV QD UL]RVIHUD SRGHP UHGX]LU D GLVSRQLELOLGDGH GH QXWULHQWHV SDUD D DEVRUomR SHODV plantas (NAIDOO, 2006).

'HILFLrQFLD GH 3 HVWi H[WUHPDPHQWH OLJDGD j GLPLQXLomR GH WUDQVSRUWH GH iJXD SRLV GLPLQXL R IXQFLRQDPHQWR GH FDQDLV GH iJXD DTXDSRULQDV TXH QHFHVVLWDP GH IRVIRULODomR SDUD R IXQFLRQDPHQWR /29(/2&. HW DO D (VVD GH¿FLrQFLD OHYD j UHGXomR GD FRQGXWkQFLD HVWRPiWLFD H FRQGXWLYLGDGH KLGUiXOLFD GLPLQXLomR GD UDPL¿FDomR GD SDUWH DpUHD e alongamento celular, reduzindo o crescimento das árvores. Portanto, em locais limitados por P os processos GHFROHWDHWUDQVSRUWHGHiJXD VmR SRQWRV FKDYHSDUD UHVWULQJLUDSURGXWLYLGDGHQHVVHVERVTXHV/29(/2&.

HWDODE1$,'22

$GH¿FLrQFLDHP1WDPEpPLQLEHRFUHVFLPHQWR em altura das árvores. Esse elemento é utilizado na LQFRUSRUDomR GH ELRPDVVD FRPS}HP SURWHtQDV SURGXomR GH VROXWRV FRPSDWtYHLV H SDUWLFLSDP QD FRPSRVLomR GH 58%,6&2 HQ]LPD UHVSRQViYHO SHOD UHGXomR GR &2₂ 3223 HW DO 0$57,1 HW DO 1RUPDOPHQWH LQGLYtGXRV FRP GH¿FLrQFLD HP1DSUHVHQWDPPHQRUiUHDIROLDUPHQRUH¿FLrQFLD IRWRTXtPLFD H WD[D IRWRVVLQWpWLFD %RVTXHV OLPLWDGRV SRU 1 TXDQGR IHUWLOL]DGRV WrP VXD PHOKRULD HP SURGXomRSULPiULDTXDQGRPDLVFDUERQRpDORFDGRQD iUHDIROLDUTXHSRGHOHYDUHPDOJXQVFDVRVDRDXPHQWR HPWD[DIRWRVVLQWpWLFD/29(/2&.)(//(5 /29(/2&.HWDOD0$57,1HWDO

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(PH[SHULPHQWRVGHORQJRSUD]RGHPRQVWUDGRSRU )HOOHU HP FRPXQLGDGHV FUHVFHQGR VREUH VRORV FDOFiULRVHP7ZLQ&D\V%HOL]HDGLVSRQLELOLGDGHGH3 IRLRIDWRUHFROyJLFRGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDRFUHVFLPHQWR GDVSODQWDV0HGLQDHWDOWDPEpPDVVRFLDUDP R FUHVFLPHQWR GH¿FLHQWH GHR. mangle, no leste de 3RUWR 5LFR FRP XPD FRPELQDomR GH OLPLWDomR GH 3 HHVWUHVVHKtGULFRVD]RQDO/RYHORFNHWDOFDR estudar manguezais onde P era o nutriente limitante, a IHUWLOL]DomRFRP3UHVXOWRXQXPDXPHQWRGRFUHVFLPHQWR QDFRQGXWkQFLDKLGUD~OLFDGRFDXOHQDWUDQVSLUDomRHQD IRWRVVtQWHVH-iHVWXGRVQR,QGR3DFt¿FRHQR&RQWLQHQWH

$IULFDQR /29(/2&. HW DO PRVWUDUDP YDULDomR QR FUHVFLPHQWR LQGHSHQGHQWH GH VHU R 1 RX 3 RV IDWRUHV OLPLWDQWHV VHQGR 1 DTXHOH QXWULHQWH TXH PDLVIUHTXHQWHPHQWHOLPLWRXRFUHVFLPHQWRGDVSODQWDV 1R PDQJXH]DO RQGH R 1 HUD OLPLWDQWH D IHUWLOL]DomR PHOKRURXRFUHVFLPHQWRGRGRVVHOPDVVHPDOWHUDUD FRQGXWLYLGDGH KLGUD~OLFD HVSHFt¿FD GRV FDXOHV H GDV IROKDV/29(/2&.HWDOE

Estudando espécies de Avicennia gernimans FUHVFHQGR HP GRLV DPELHQWHV FRP VDOLQLGDGHV contrastantes na Australia, Martin et al. (2010) não HQFRQWUDUDPHIHLWRVLJQL¿FDWLYRGDIHUWLOL]DomRFRP3 QRFUHVFLPHQWRGDVSDUWHVDpUHDVHQTXDQWRDIHUWLOL]DomR FRP 1 PHOKRURX R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR GRVVHO DXPHQWDQGRDTXDQWLGDGHGHIROKDVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHGDV iUYRUHVFUHVFHQGRQDiUHDKLSHUVDOLQD$VVLPVHJXQGR HVWHVDXWRUHVSDUHFHTXHDVUHVWULo}HVVREUHDDEVRUomR GHiJXDHPXPDPELHQWHVDOLQRSRGHVHUVXSHUDGDHP FHUWDPHGLGDFRPDIHUWLOL]DomRGH1DXPHQWDQGRR LQYHVWLPHQWRGR1QD5XELVFRHXPDUHGXomRQRFXVWR KtGULFRGRJDQKRGHFDUERQRHPQtYHOIROLDU/RYHORFN H )HOOHU DR DYDOLDUHP D IHUWLOL]DomR GHA.

germinans versus Laguncularia racemosa constataram TXH R DXPHQWR GR GHVHPSHQKR IRWRVVLQWpWLFR HPA.

germinans com N era muito maior do que o de L.

racemosaIHUWLOL]DGRFRPRPHVPRQXWULHQWH

2 QXWULHQWH)RVIDWR32₄^3-) em solos de mangue SRGHVHULPRELOL]DGRHLQGLVSRQtYHOSDUDXVRGDSODQWD

$VVLP RV RUJDQLVPRV TXH VROXELOL]DP 3 SRGHP WHU LPSOLFDo}HVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDRFUHVFLPHQWRGDVSODQWDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HP DPELHQWHV RQGH RV QXWULHQWHV VmR limitados (REEF et al., 2010).

0XGDQoDVFOLPiWLFDV

Os ecossistemas costeiros, como o manguezal, VmRH[WUHPDPHQWHVXVFHSWtYHLVjVDOWHUDo}HVFOLPiWLFDV

$/21*, (ODV SRGHP DIHWDU WDQWR D SODQWD TXDQWRRVSURFHVVRVELRTXtPLFRVGRVRORSHORDXPHQWR dos níveis de CO₂, temperatura, nível médio do mar H PDLRU IUHTXrQFLD GH WHPSHVWDGHV (VWHV VmR WRGRV aspectos possíveis que podem causar um impacto VLJQL¿FDWLYR VREUH D ¿VLRORJLD GR PDQJXH H VREUH R IXQFLRQDPHQWRGRHFRVVLVWHPD5(()HWDO

$XPHQWR GD FRQFHQWUDomR GH &2₂ DWPRVIpULFR SRGH FDXVDU DXPHQWR HP DVVLPLODomR IRWRVVLQWpWLFD H FUHVFLPHQWRGDVSODQWDVGHPDQJXHHPEDL[DVVDOLQLGDGHV FRPRREVHUYDGRHPSOkQWXODVGHRhizophora apiculata e Rhizophora stylosa FXOWLYDGDVHPODERUDWyULR%$//

HW DO 1R HQWDQWR GLIHUHQoDV LQWHUHVSHFt¿FDV em resposta ao aumento de CO₂HVXDUHODomRjVRXWUDV PXGDQoDVFOLPiWLFDVSRGHPDOWHUDUSDGU}HVGH]RQDomR dentro de estuário (ALONGI, 2008).

$ORQJLSURS}HTXHRDXPHQWRGDWHPSHUDWXUD DWPRVIpULFDDOpPGHH[SDQGLURVOLPLWHVODWLWXGLQDLVGR HFRVVLVWHPD GLPLQXLULD D DVVLPLODomR IRWRVVLQWpWLFD em áreas áridas e aumentaria em áreas de elevada SOXYLRVLGDGH (P DGLomR R DXPHQWR GH WHPSHUDWXUD SRGHOHYDUDPXGDQoDVQDFRPSRVLomRGDFRPXQLGDGH GHYLGR jV GLIHUHQoDV HQWUH DV HVSpFLHV HP PDQWHU D WHPSHUDWXUD IROLDU DOJXQV JUDXV DEDL[R GDTXHOD GR DU /8*2 HW DO %DUU HW DO HVWXGDQGR indivíduos de Rhizophora mangleQD)OyULGDYHUL¿FDUDP TXHHPVLWXDo}HVRQGHDWHPSHUDWXUDGRDUH[FHGHXRV

& KRXYH GHVDWLYDomR IRWRVVLQWpWLFD LQGX]LGD SHOR LQFUHPHQWRQDWHPSHUDWXUDRTXHFRQWULEXLXSDUDUHGX]LU DWD[DGHDVVLPLODomRGHFDUERQR

(PUHODomRDRDXPHQWRQRQtYHOGRPDU0FIDGGHQ HW DO VXJHUHP TXH FHUFD GH D GRV manguezais mundiais podem ser perdidos no período de 2000 a 2080, devido ao aumento em torno de 36 a FPGRQtYHOPpGLRUHODWLYRGRPDU1RHQWDQWRiUHDV GHPDQJXH]DOSRGHPVREUHYLYHUDRDXPHQWRGRQtYHO GRPDUGHSHQGHQGRGDWD[DGHDF~PXORGHVHGLPHQWR HPUHODomRjWD[DGHPXGDQoDGRQtYHOGRPDUFRPR ressaltado por Alongi (2008) e Soares (2009). Além GLVVRPDQJXH]DLVFRPSUHVHQoDGHiUHDVGHDSLFXPWrP

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DSRVVLELOLGDGHGHPLJUDUHPGLUHomRDHVVDVSODQtFLHV FRPRREVHUYDGRHP*XDUDWLED%UDVLO62$5(6

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