Classifying Hand Gestures using Back Propagation Neural Network

&ODVVLI\LQJ+DQG*HVWXUHVXVLQJ%DFN

3URSDJDWLRQ1HXUDO1HWZRUN

)DWLPD6XIL

Department of Information Technology

Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India

-DVNLUDQNDXU

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chandigarh Engineering College,Landran,Mohali,Punjab,India

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

.H\ZRUGV*HVWXUHUHFRJQLWLRQ%311$FFXUDF\)$5)5506(SUHFLVLRQ , ,1752'8&7,21

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¶VKDQG JHVWXUH,QWKHWHVWLQJSKDVHWKHIHDWXUHVDUHH[WUDFWHGLQWKHVDPHZD\DVLQWUDLQLQJSKDVH>@

,, 0(7+2'2/2*< A. Feature Extraction using Scale Invariant Feature Transform Algorithm

6,)7LVDQDOJRULWKPWRILQGDQGWUDFNORFDOIHDWXUHVRIDQLPDJHWRSHUIRUPUHOLDEOHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ7KHIHDWXUHV ZKLFKDUHH[WUDFWHGIURP6,)7DUHGHWHFWDEOHHYHQXQGHUWKHYDU\LQJLOOXPLQDWLRQDQGQRLVHFRQGLWLRQV>@ 6,)7ZRUNVDVIROORZV

(YDOXDWHWKH*DXVVLDQVFDOHVSDFH LQSXWXLPDJH

RXWSXWYVFDOHVSDFH

RXWSXWZ'R*

ORFDWHFDQGLGDWHNH\IHDWXUHVGGLVFUHWHH[WUHPDRI'R* LQSXWZ'R*

RXWSXW^[G\GıG`DGLVFUHWHH[WUHPDORFDWLRQDQGVL]H ,PSURYHFDQGLGDWHNH\IHDWXUHORFDWLRQZLWKVXESL[HODFFXUDF\ LQSXWZ'R*DQG^[G\GıG`

RXWSXW^[\ı`

FOHDQEDGNH\SRLQWVEHFDXVHRIQRLVH LQSXWZ'R*DQG^[\ı`

RXWSXW^[\ı`OLVWRIGLVWLOOHGNH\IHDWXUHV FOHDQLPEDODQFHGNH\SRLQWVORFDWHGRQHGJHV LQSXWZ'R*DQG^[\ı`

RXWSXW^[\ı`

$OORWDUHIHUHQFHRULHQWDWLRQWRHYHU\NH\IHDWXUH

LQSXW˜PY˜QYVFDOHVSDFHJUDGLHQWDQG^[\ı`OLVWRINH\IHDWXUHV RXWSXW^[\ıș`RULHQWHGNH\SRLQWV

'HYHORSWKHNH\IHDWXUHGHVFULSWRUV

LQSXW˜PY˜QYVFDOHVSDFHJUDGLHQWDQG^[\ıș`GHVFULEHGNH\SRLQWV RXWSXW^[\ıșI`OLVWRIHODERUDWHGNH\IHDWXUHV

B. Genetic algorithm

9LWDOVROXWLRQVWRRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPVXVLQJRSHUDWRUVOLNHVHOHFWLRQPXWDWLRQDQGFURVVRYHU>@DUHFDUULHG RXWE\XVLQJJHQHWLFDOJRULWKP,WUHTXLUHVDILWQHVVIXQFWLRQWRJHQHUDWHEHVWVROXWLRQV,WDFFRPSOLVKHVLWVWDVN DVXQGHU

%HJLQZLWKDQLQLWLDOWLPH

W

LQLWLDOL]HDXVXDOO\JHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOV ,QLWSRSXODWLRQ3W

FKHFNILWQHVVRIDOOSULPDU\LQGLYLGXDOVRISRSXODFH

HYDOXDWH3W

FKHFNIRUWKHFRPSOHWLRQFRQGLWLRQWLPHILWQHVVHWF ZKLOHQRWWHUPLQDWLQJGR

LQFUHPHQWWKHWLPHFRXQWHU W W

FKRRVHDVXESRSXODWLRQIRUJHQHUDWLQJRIIVSULQJ

3 VHOHFWSDUHQWV3W

UHMRLQWKHJHQHVRIVHOHFWHGSDUHQWV

GLVWXUEDQGXQVHWWOHWKHPDWHGSRSXODWLRQ

PXWDWH3W

FRPSXWHLWVQH[WILWQHVV

HYDOXDWH3W

FKRRVHWKHVXUYLYRUVIURPRULJLQDOILWQHVV

3 VXUYLYH33W

RG

HQG*$

,,, %$&.3523$*$7,211(85$/1(7:25.

A. Overview of BPNN

,QDQDOJRULWKPIRUOHDUQLQJLQPXOWLOD\HUQHWZRUN%DFNSURSDJDWLRQ RUJHQHUDOL]HGGHOWDUXOHZDV EXLOWE\%U\VRQDQG+R7KLVDOJRULWKPLVEHVWWRLGHQWLI\WKHGLVWDQFHRIDWUDLQLQJDOJRULWKP7KHWUDLQLQJGDWD LVXVHGWRDGMXVWZHLJKWVDQGHGJHVRIQHXURQV7KLVLVGRQHWRPLQLPL]HWKHQHWZRUNFODVVLILFDWLRQHUURUVRI VFKHPLQJ,WLVVORZ±JRLQJDQGXQGHPDQGLQJWKDQJUDGLHQWGHVFHQWDQGLVDQHDVLHVWDOJRULWKPWROHDUQ%DFN SURSDJDWLRQLPSOHPHQWVE\XVLQJWKHJUDGLHQWGHVFHQWPHWKRGWRDIHHGIRUZDUGV\VWHP

)LJ%DFN3URSDJDWLRQ1HXUDO1HWZRUN

B. Feed forward training of input patterns

±(DFKKLGGHQXQLWHYDOXDWHVLWVDFWLYDWLRQIXQFWLRQZKLFKLVEURDGFDVWHGWRRWKHURXWSXWQRGH

C. Back propagating of errors

±(DFKRXWSXWQRGHFRQQHFWVLWVDFWLYDWLRQZLWKWKHUHTXLUHGRXWSXW

±%DVHGRQWKHVHFKDQJHVWKHHUURULVSURSDJDWHGEDFNWRSUHYLRXVQRGHV

D. Adjustment of weights

±:HLJKWVRIDOOMRLQVHYDOXDWHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHIDXOWVZKLFKZHUHWUDFHGEDFN

7KLVDOJRULWKPXVHVJXLGHGOHDUQLQJIRUWKHQHWZRUNWRFRPSXWHDQGWKHQWKHHUURUGLIIHUHQFHRIDFWXDODQG SUHGLFWHG UHVXOWV LV FDOFXODWHG %DFN SURSDJDWLRQ DOJRULWKP KHOSV WR GHFUHDVH WKLV HUURU XQWLO WKH $11 XQGHUVWDQGVWKHWUDLQLQJGDWD7KHWUDLQLQJVWDUWVZLWKUDQGRPZHLJKWVDQGWKHIRFXVLVWRIL[WKHPVRWKDWWKH HUURUZLOOEHWHUPLQDWHG>@,IDQHXUDOQHWZRUNFRQVLVWVRI3SURFHVVLQJXQLWVWKHQLQSXWRXWSXWIXQFWLRQLV GHVFULEHGDV

N /P:

ZKHUHP {m,) LVWKHLQSXWYHFWRUWRWKHV\VWHP

: ZL7ZM7:Q77

:KHUHLQYHFWRUVZLZM:QDUHWKHLQGLYLGXDO3(ZHLJKWYHFWRUVJLYHQDV

ZL

:W ZM

ZQ

,9 5(68/7$1$/<6,6

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

DXSORDGHGLPDJHIRUUHFRJQLWLRQEJUH\VFDOHRILPDJHIRUSL[HOUHGXFWLRQ

FVHJPHQWHGLPDJHGKLVWRJUDPRILPDJHLQJUDSKLFDOIRUP

0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1

co ordinate genes values

y

co

or

dinat

e

gene

s

oint

s

timi ed esults at 1

HNH\SRLQWORFDOL]DWLRQIUHGXFHGLPDJH

)LJYDULRXVVWHSVIRUJHVWXUHUHFRJQLWLRQVKRZQLQDERYHILJXUHV

&DWHJRULHV 0HDQVTXDUHHUURUXVLQJ

$11 $FFXUDF\XVLQJ$11

&DW

&DW

&DW

&DW

7DEOH5HVXOWVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJSUHYLRXVPHWKRG

&DWHJRULHV 0HDQVTXDUHHUURUXVLQJ

%311 $FFXUDF\XVLQJ%311

&DW

&DW

&DW

&DW

&DW

&DW

7DEOH5HVXOWVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJSURSRVHGPHWKRG

7DEOH5HVXOWVFDOFXODWHGE\DERYHSDUDPHWHUVXVLQJ%311

7KHRSWLPL]HGUHVXOWVDUHIROORZHGE\FODVVLILFDWLRQXVLQJ%311ZKLFKUHWXUQVWKHEHVWSRVVLEOHRXWSXWLQWHUPV RIDFFXUDF\DQGPLQLPDOFODVVLILFDWLRQHUURUV

7KHUHVXOWVFDOFXODWHGDUHEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUV

1. Accuracy

Accuracydefines the FORVHQHVV D PHDVXUHG YDOXH WR WKH WUXH YDOXH ,Q WKLV SURSRVHG ZRUN RXU V\VWHP KDV DFKLHYHGDFFXUDF\E\XVLQJ%311DVDJHVWXUHFODVVLILHU,QFRPSDULVRQWRWKHSUHYLRXVDSSURDFK$11 WKDWDFKLHYHGDFFXUDF\7KHJUDSKRIERWKWKHDFFXUDF\PHWKRGVVKRZVWKDWRXUV\VWHPLVPRUHDFFXUDWH 7KHDFFXUDF\YDOXHVREWDLQHGIURPJUDSKVDUHVKRZQLQWDEOHDQGWDEOHUHVSHFWLYHO\

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101

100

101

102

N E ITEA TI NS

A

A

EVI S A A

)LJDFFXUDF\SUHYLRXV

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

100

101

102

N E ITEA TI NS

A

A

A A

NN A

)LJDFFXUDF\SURSRVHG

2. FAR(False Acceptance Rate)

&DWHJRULHV )$5 )55 35(&,6,21

&DW

&DW

&DW

&DW

&DW

$V\VWHPV)$5LVWHUPHGDVWKHUDWLRRIWKHQXPEHURIIDOVHDFFHSWDQFHVDQGWKHQXPEHURIUHFRJQLWLRQWULDOV 7KHYDOXHVDFKLHYHGIRUQXPEHURILWHUDWLRQVXVLQJSURSRVHGPHWKRGDUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOH

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

106

105

104

103

N E ITEA TI NS

A SE A ET AN E AT E

A SE A E TAN E ATE

NN A

)LJ)$5SURSRVHG

3.FRR(False Rejection Rate)

$V\VWHPV)55FDQEWHUPHGDVWKHUDWLRRIWKHQXPEHURIIDOVHUHMHFWLRQVRYHUWKHQXPEHURILGHQWLILFDWLRQ WULDOV7KH)55JUDSKLVVKRZQEHORZDQGWKHYDOXHVREWDLQHGIRUDFDWHJRU\IRUYDULRXVLWHUDWLRQVLVGHSLFWHGLQ WDEOH

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 106

105

104

103

N E ITEA TI NS

A S E E JE T I N A TE

A SE EJE TI N ATE NN A )LJ)553URSRVHG 4. Precision 3UHFLVLRQLVVWDWHGDVWKHUDWLRRIWKHQXPEHURIUHVHPEOLQJUHFRUGVRYHUWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIQRQUHVHPEOLQJ DQGUHVHPEOLQJUHFRUGVDWWDLQHG2XUSURSRVHGV\VWHPREWDLQHGDSUHFLVLRQRIQHDUDERXW

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100

101

102

N E ITEA TI NS

E

IS

I

N

E ISI N NN A )LJSUHFLVLRQSURSRVHG ,9 (;3(5,0(176$1'',6&866,21 7KHIROORZLQJILJXUHVVKRZVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHWUDLQHG%DFN3URSDJDWLRQ1HXUDO1HWZRUNGHWHUPLQHGE\ YDOLGDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH QXPEHU RI LWHUDWLRQV DQG WKH PHDQ VTXDUHG HUURU 7KH EHVW YDOLGDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFHHVWLPDWHGLVDWHSRFKRIVKRZQLQILJ7KLVUHVXOWFDQEHDFFHSWHGGXHWRWKHVPDOO PHDQVTXDUHHUURU+RZHYHUWKHUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVLOOXVWUDWHVWKDWWKHFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWHTXDOVWR ZKLFKFDQEHVHHQIURPILJEHWZHHQWKHRXWSXWDQGWKHWDUJHWIRUWUDLQLQJZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKHERWKRXWSXW DQGWDUJHWDUHYHU\FORVHZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVH[FHOOHQWILW:HFDUULHGRXWH[SHULPHQWVZLWKGLIIHUHQWXVHUVKDQG LPDJHVWRHYDOXDWHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHRQJRLQJKDQGJHVWXUHFODVVLI\LQJPHWKRGUHSUHVHQWHGLQILJ(DFK XVHUWDNHVWKUHHVHFRQGVWRFDUU\RXWKLVJHVWXUHV7KLVKDQGJHVWXUHFODVVLILFDWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGRQ:LQGRZV ZLWK 0$7/$% 5D7KH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP ZDV HYDOXDWHGEDVHG RQ WKH DFFXUDF\ ZKLFKFDOFXODWHVWKHDELOLW\WRFRUUHFWO\FODVVLILHGXVHU¶VKDQGJHVWXUHVWRWKHLUFRUUHVSRQGLQJLQSXWXVHU¶VKDQG JHVWXUHVZLWKIDVWHUUHVSRQVHWLPH

(SRFKV

)LJ%311WUDLQLQJSHUIRUPDQFH

)LJ5HJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVXVLQJ%311

)LJ$ERYHILJXUHGHVFULEHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHUHFRJQLWLRQV\VWHPWUDLQLQJPRGXOHJHQHUDWHFODVVLILFDWLRQ%311XVHVWKHLQEXLOW IXQFWLRQOLNH/HYHQEHUJ0DUTXDUGWWRFDOFXODWHWKHPHDQRIWKHHUURU

9 &21&/86,21$1')8785(6&23(

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

>@ 5HGG\.6LYDUDMHVK36ZDUQD/DWKDDQG05DMDVHNKDUD%DEX+DQG*HVWXUH5HFRJQLWLRQ8VLQJ6NHOHWRQRI+DQGDQG'LVWDQFH

%DVHG0HWULF$GYDQFHVLQ&RPSXWLQJDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ

>@ 6XDUH]-HVXVDQG5RELQ50XUSK\+DQGJHVWXUHUHFRJQLWLRQZLWKGHSWKLPDJHV$UHYLHZ520$1,(((,(((

>@ .LP7LHQ 1JX\HQ 1JX\HQ 7UXRQJ7KLQK DQG 7ULQK 'XF&XRQJ $ 0HWKRG IRU &RQWUROOLQJ :KHHOFKDLU 8VLQJ +DQG *HVWXUH

>@ -DODE +DPLG $ DQG +HUPDQ 2PHU +XPDQ FRPSXWHU LQWHUIDFH XVLQJ KDQG JHVWXUH UHFRJQLWLRQ EDVHG RQ QHXUDO QHWZRUN,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\7RZDUGV1HZ6PDUW:RUOG16,716:WK1DWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ,(((

>@ =KRX<LPLQHWDO+DQG*HVWXUH5HFRJQLWLRQ%DVHGRQWKH3DUDOOHO(GJH)LQJHU)HDWXUHDQG$QJXODU3URMHFWLRQ&RPSXWHU9LVLRQ

$&&9:RUNVKRSV6SULQJHU,QWHUQDWLRQDO3XEOLVKLQJ

>@ /L =LVKHQJ HW DO (YDOXDWLRQ RI PHGLFDO LPDJH UHJLVWUDWLRQ E\ XVLQJ ' 6,)7 DQG SKDVHRQO\ FRUUHODWLRQ$EGRPLQDO ,PDJLQJ

&RPSXWDWLRQDODQG&OLQLFDO$SSOLFDWLRQV6SULQJHU%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ

>@ :X &KLK+XQJ :HL/XQ &KHQ DQG &KDQJ +RQJ /LQ 'HSWKEDVHG KDQG JHVWXUH UHFRJQLWLRQ0XOWLPHGLD 7RROV DQG

$SSOLFDWLRQV

>@ -XVWLQD-3DQG6DQJHHWKD6HQWKLONXPDU$6XUYH\$QDO\VLVRQ9LVLRQ%DVHG+DQG*HVWXUH5HFRJQLWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO

>@ +$/-%$5$0.,$++$-$/$%,QFUHDVHGFDSDFLW\RILPDJHEDVHGVWHJDQRJUDSK\XVLQJDUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUN$,3

&RQI3URF

>@ -DJGLVK /DO 5DKHMD 8PHVK .XPDU +XPDQ )DFLDO ([SUHVVLRQ 'HWHFWLRQ ,PDJH 8VLQJ %DFN 3URSDJDWLRQ 1HXUDO 1HWZRUN

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\,-&6,79RO1R)HESS

>@ $%RVFK$=LVVHUPDQDQG;0XQR]6FHQHFODVVLILFDWLRQXVLQJK\EULGJHQHUDWLYHGLVFULPLQDWLYHDSSURDFK,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ

$QDO\VLVDQG0DFKLQH,QWHOOLJHQFHYROQRSS