❆▲▲❆◆ ❏❖◆❊❙ ❈❖❙❚❆ ❊ ❙■▲❱❆
❊str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❇✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦
❈♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❆rt✐❣♦s ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s
❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❊str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❇✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦
❈♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❆rt✐❣♦s ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s
❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❆▲▲❆◆ ❏❖◆❊❙ ❈❖❙❚❆ ❊ ❙■▲❱❆
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ❯❘▲ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞❛✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛ três ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✭●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ❨❛❤♦♦✦✱ ▼❙◆✮ ❡ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✭❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❡ ❈✐t❡✲ ❙❡❡r✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐♠♦s ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛rt✐✲ ❣♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❇❉❇❈♦♠♣ ✕ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❉❇▲P ✕ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✫ ▲✐❜r❛r② Pr♦❥❡❝t✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③ ♥❡st❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ t❡st❛❞❛s ❡♠ t♦✲ ❞♦s ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♥♦ss♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s✳ ◆♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss t❤❛t ✉s❡s r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ q✉❡r✐❡s s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ t♦ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s ❢♦r ✜♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❯❘▲ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❢✉❧❧✲t❡①t✱ ♦r ♦❢ ❛♥② r❡❧❡✈❛♥t r❡❧❛t❡❞ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❧✐❜r❛r② ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣✳ ❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s ❜② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t q✉❡r② str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤r❡❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s ✭●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ❨❛❤♦♦✦✱ ▼❙◆✮ ❛♥❞ t✇♦ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ♦♥❡s ✭❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❛♥❞ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✜✈❡ ✉s❡r s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ❞✐st✐♥❝t r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s t❛❦❡♥ ❢r♦♠ ❇❉❇❈♦♠♣ ✕ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▲✐❜r❛r② ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❉❇▲P ✕ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✫ ▲✐❜r❛r② Pr♦❥❡❝t✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✱ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r t❡st❡❞ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s ❢♦r t❤✐s t❛s❦ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ♦✉r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r✲●♦♦❣❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❡✲r❛♥❦✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❖✉r st✉❞② ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢❛❝t♦rs ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧✲t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤❡❞ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s✳
❱✐✈❡r é ❜✉s❝❛r ✐♥❝❡ss❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ■st♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❧❛s✦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ às ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♠❛♠✳ ❊s♣♦♥t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧❡❣r❛♠✲s❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st♦✉ ❢❡❧✐③ ❡✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦ ♠❡ ❡♥tr✐st❡❝❡✳
❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦✱ ♠ã❡✦ ❙❡✉ ❛❝♦♥s❡❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✉t❛ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳ P❛✐✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s✳ ❈❛r♦s ✐r♠ã♦s✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐çã♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❤♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês✿ ❛♠❛r✲♥♦s ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♠❡✉s ♣❛r❡♥t❡s✳ ❉❡st❛❝♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s✳ ▼ár❝✐❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ ❇r❛♥❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✳ ◆✐q✉✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❱♦✈ó✱ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ é ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❣r❛✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳
●r❛t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡st♦✉ às ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐s♣õ❡♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐♣❛r ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❛♠✐❣♦s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❡t❡r♥♦s ❡ ❛♦s ✐♥❡sq✉❡❝í✈❡✐s✿ ❈r✐st✐❛♥♦✱ ❙❡❧♠❛✱ ❈❛r♦❧✐♥❛ ❡ P❡r✐♥✐✳ ❖❜r✐✲ ❣❛❞♦✱ ❑❛r❧❛✱ ❇ár❜❛r❛✱ ❍✉❣♦✱ ❘♦❞r②❣♦✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ ❡st✐✈❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ▲❇❉✦ ❈♦♠ ✈♦❝ês✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❧❡❣r❡✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✦
▲❡♠❜r♦ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡✐s✿ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼♦r❛❞✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐❛ ❞❛ ❯❋▼●✱ ❈◆Pq ❡ ❈❆P❊❙✳
❆♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ▲❛❡♥❞❡r ❡ ▼❛r❝♦s ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳
➚ ❉❡✉s✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳✳✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✼
✷✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ❡ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✸ P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✶✹
✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✷✵
✹✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✹ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❘❡♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❈✉st♦ ❞❛s ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✻ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✹✷
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ♣♦r ■❞✐♦♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✹✽
❆ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✺✷ ❆✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ❆✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ❆✳✸ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ❆✳✹ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ▼✉✐t♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✻✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ■t❡♥s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛
❉❊❇②❊ ✕ ❉❛t❛ ❊①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❇② ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ▼✉✐t♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✻ ❊✜❝á❝✐❛ ✈❡rs✉s ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❊①tr❛í❞❛s ✈❡rs✉s ◆ú♠❡r♦ ▼á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ✸✾
✻✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✹✳✶ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✷✷ ✹✳✷ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❨❛❤♦♦✦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✷✸ ✹✳✸ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ▼❙◆ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✷✸ ✹✳✹ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✷✹ ✹✳✺ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✷✹ ✹✳✻ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❈❙●✬ ❡ ❈❙●✑ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛
❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✼ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❈❙●✬ ❡ ❈❙●✑ ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s
✈❡rsõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❘❈❙●✬ ❡ ❘❈❙●✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✽ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❡ ❞♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❝♦♠ ❛
♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥❡st❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✾ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❈❙●✬ ❡ ❈❙●✑ ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✈❡r✲
sõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❘❈❙●✬ ❡ ❘❈❙●✑ ❡♠ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r sã♦ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶✵ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s
r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❈❙●✬ ❡ ❈❙●✑ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ r❡str✐t♦ ❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶✶ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s
r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❈❙●✬ ❡ ❈❙●✑ s❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❡qüê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❯❘▲s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ r❡str✐t♦ ❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❘❈❙●✬ ❡ ❘❈❙●✑ ✸✼ ✹✳✶✸ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❘❈❙●✑ ❡ ❘❈❙●✬ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛
❣❛♥❤♦s ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✶✹ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ k = 40❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡
k =k′ ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✹✳✶✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r✲●♦♦❣❧❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✉❥❛ ❯❘▲ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞❛ ❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ r❡❣✐str♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✻ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❘❈❙●✬ ❡ ❘❈❙●✑ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛✲
çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ■❘❈❙●✬ ❡ ■❘❈❙●✑ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s t♦❞❛s ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ♥❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ✜♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐❞✐♦♠❛s ✐♥❣❧ês ❡ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês ♣❛r❛ ✉♠
✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ★ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦
♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❲❋✭✪✮✱ ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s s❡♠ ❯❘▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦ é ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✻✳✶ ▼❆Ps ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r✲●♦♦❣❧❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
❆✳✶ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ❆✳✷ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❨❛❤♦♦✦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦
✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ❆✳✸ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ▼❙◆ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❆✳✹ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊str✐t♦
✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❆✳✺ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❊s✲
tr✐t♦ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❆✳✻ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✺✹ ❆✳✼ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❨❛❤♦♦✦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✺✹ ❆✳✽ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ▼❙◆ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✺✹ ❆✳✾ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✺✺ ❆✳✶✵ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✺✺ ❆✳✶✶ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡✲
①í✈❡❧ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ❆✳✶✷ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❨❛❤♦♦✦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡✲
①í✈❡❧ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ❆✳✶✸ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ▼❙◆ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡①í✈❡❧
✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
❆✳✶✹ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡✲ ①í✈❡❧ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❆✳✶✺ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❋❧❡✲
①í✈❡❧ ✫ ▲✐✈r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❆✳✶✻ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ▼✉✐t♦
❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ❆✳✶✼ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❨❛❤♦♦✦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ▼✉✐t♦
❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ❆✳✶✽ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ▼❙◆ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ▼✉✐t♦
❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ❆✳✶✾ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ▼✉✐t♦
❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ❆✳✷✵ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❛ ▼❆P ♥♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ▼✉✐t♦
❋❧❡①í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s é ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❡ss❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♥❛✲ q✉❡❧❛s ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s✱ ♥❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ❞✐r❡t♦ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❯❘▲✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✶ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝❛s♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦✲
r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s à ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛r✲ t✐❣♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✳ ❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛r ♣❡❧♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ t❡①t♦✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ♥♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦❞❡ s❡r q✉❡✱ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ s❡❥❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ❛ ❡❢❡t✉á✲❧♦✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛t❛❧♦✲ ❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ❛ ❯❘▲ ❛♣♦♥t❛✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✱ ♠❛s✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❲❡❜✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✐♥✈á❧✐❞❛✳ ◆❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛r ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦♥t❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ t❡①t♦ s❡r✐❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
❯♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ t❡①t♦ é✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❛ ❲❡❜ ❡ ✐♥s♣❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s ❛té ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❯❘▲ q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ t❡①t♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥✲ s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡s♣❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s
✶◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ r❡❢❡r✐r♠♦s ❛♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ❡st❛r❡♠♦s ♥♦s r❡❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉
t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♣ró♣♦s✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯❘▲s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ t❡①t♦s ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ út✐❧ ♥❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ t❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛♠ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡ss❡s ❛rt✐❣♦s✳
❆ ✐❞é✐❛ é ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❥á q✉❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ✈❛st♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛ ❲❡❜✱ t❡st❡s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❜♦❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤á ♦✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r t❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s r❡✲ ❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ út❡✐s q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛ç❛♠ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡t♦r♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✉♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ t❡s❡✱ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❛rt✐❣♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦ ♦✉✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣á❣✐♥❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♦✉ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦✮ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡♠ ❛ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❥á ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r út❡✐s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ é q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❲❡❜ ✭❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✮ ♦✉ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ s✐t❡ ♦✉ ❜✐❜❧✐✲ ♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✐t♦r❛✮✱ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛❣❛r ♣♦r ❡❧❡✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ tr❛t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♥✉❛♥❝❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐♠♦s ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝✉❥♦ r❡❧❛t♦ tr❛③ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s r❡s✉♠✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✶ r❡s✉♠❡ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✷ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✸ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡st♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ♦✉tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①♣❡✲ r✐♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❡ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛r r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳ ❈♦♠ t❛✐s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♦❜t✐✈❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❡✜❝á✲ ❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ t❡st❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ❋♦r♥❡❝❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✈❡♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ♥❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s✳ ❚❛❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ✉♠ tr❛❞❡✲♦✛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s✱ ❤á ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♦❜t❡r s✉❝❡ss♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ♦ ✐❞✐♦♠❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
◆♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡stá ❡♠❜❛s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❣✐str♦s ❞♦ ❝❛tá✲ ❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❇❉❇❈♦♠♣ ✕ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✷ ✕
❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞❛ ❉❇▲P ✕ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❇✐❜❧✐♦✲ ❣r❛♣❤② ✫ ▲✐❜r❛r② Pr♦❥❡❝t✸ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s
❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✳ ❙❡❧❡✲ ❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❯❘▲ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✱ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛♠♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠♦s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❞❡ s❡t❡ t✐♣♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ três ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✭●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ❨❛❤♦♦✦ ❡ ▼❙◆✮ ❡ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✭❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❡ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❯❘▲s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s t❡①t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✳
◆♦ss♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r t❡①t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♠❛✐s ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ t❡st❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s sã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞♦ ●♦♦✲
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✹
❣❧❡✱ ❣❛♥❤♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♦s ♥♦ss♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ár❡❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡✲ ❝❡♥t❡s ✭❲❛❧t❡rs✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦❜r❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❲❡❜ ❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳
❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ sã♦ ✭❙✐❧✈❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✿
✶✳ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ❯❘▲ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s t❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s✳
✷✳ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✿ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛té✲ ❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉s✉á✲ r✐♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣❡r✜s✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✳
✸✳ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝í✜❝❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳
✹✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡s✲ ♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ tr❛❞❡✲♦✛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛♣❡❝t♦s ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
✺✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✿ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠✱ ✐❞✐♦♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
✶✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
✭✷✵✵✺✮ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ✉s❛r ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❣✉✐❛r ♦ ❝♦✲ ❧❡t♦r ❛té ♣á❣✐♥❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧❡t♦r❡s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡✲ r❛t✉r❛ ✭▼❡♥❝③❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ P❛♥t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❈♦❧❡t❛ t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❚❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❲❡❜ s♦❜r❡ tó♣✐❝♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ✉s❛r ❝♦❧❡t♦r❡s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ♣♦r ✐t❡♥s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ r❡q✉❡r ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛❞✈♦❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ✈❛st♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❥á ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐✲ ❧✐t❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦✱ ♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❛ ❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳
❆❧❣✉♥s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❍P❙❡❛r❝❤ ❡ ▼♦♣s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣♦r ❍♦✛ ❡ ▼✉♥❞❤❡♥❦ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❛rt✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✳ P❛♣❡r ❙❡❛r❝❤ ❊♥❣✐♥❡ ✭P❛❙❊✮✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❖♥ ❡ ▲❡❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ✉s❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♥❛ ❲❡❜✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s tê♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ◆♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳
▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ q✉❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❡st❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ♥❛ ❲❡❜ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ t❡♥❤❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é q✉❡ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❲❡❜✳ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ sã♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✻
❡ ❇r♦❞❡r ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡ ❡ ●✐❧❡s ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ❈❤✉ ❡ ❘♦s❡♥t❤❛❧ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❜t✐✈❡♠♦s s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦ ♣r♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ é r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛✐s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❢❛③❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ r❡str✐t❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞♦s ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ q✉❡ ♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡✳ ❊♠ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❲❡❜ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❯❘▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❲❡❜✳ ❚❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
❈♦♠❜✐♥❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✲ ♣♦st❛s é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡t❛✲s❡❛r❝❤ ✭❙❡❧❜❡r❣ ❡ ❊t③✐♦♥✐ ✭✶✾✾✺✮❀ ❍♦✇❡ ❡ ❉r❡✐❧✐♥❣❡r ✭✶✾✾✼✮✮✳ ❊♠ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♠♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡ ❡ ●✐❧❡s ✭✶✾✾✾❜✮ s✉❣❡r❡ ❡ss❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
Pr♦❝❡ss♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥❛ ❲❡❜ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡ t❡r♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❧✐st❛ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❝✉❥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳
✷✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ❡ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ✏✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡stã♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ sã♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡✧✳ ❯♠ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s sã♦ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦s✳ ▼❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦s sã♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
❁♦❛✐❴❞❝❃
❁t✐t❧❡❃❉❊❇②❊ ✲ ❉❛t❛ ❊①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❇② ❊①❛♠♣❧❡❁✴t✐t❧❡❃ ❁❞❛t❡❃✷✵✵✷❁✴❞❛t❡❃
❁t②♣❡❃❚❡①t❁✴t②♣❡❃
❁❝r❡❛t♦r❃❆❧❜❡rt♦ ❍✳ ❋✳ ▲❛❡♥❞❡r❁✴❝r❡❛t♦r❃ ❁❝r❡❛t♦r❃❇❡rt❤✐❡r ❆✳ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✲◆❡t♦❁✴❝r❡❛t♦r❃ ❁❝r❡❛t♦r❃❆❧t✐❣r❛♥ ❙♦❛r❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛❁✴❝r❡❛t♦r❃ ❁✐❞❡♥t✐❢✐❡r❃❞❦❡✷✵✵✷♠❡t❛✹✵✷✵✵✶❁✴✐❞❡♥t✐❢✐❡r❃ ❁❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡❃❡♥❣❁✴❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡❃
❁❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡❃❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✷✵✵✷❁✴❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡❃ ❁✴♦❛✐❴❞❝❃
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦
✷✳ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✽
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❉✉❜❧✐♥ ❈♦r❡✶✳ ◆❡❧❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜✲
❝❛♠♦s ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ tít✉❧♦✱ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❖s ♠❡t❛❞❛✲ ❞♦s✷ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡♠ s✐✱ ♠❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❯❘▲ q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦r r❛③õ❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s✱ t❛❧ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♠❛ ❯❘▲ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✲ t❛❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ✐♥✈á❧✐❞❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❲❡❜✳
❯♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✭t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✮ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲ ❞❛❞♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❞❛ ❇❉❇❈♦♠♣ ✕ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭▲❛❡♥❞❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ é ♦ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ❝♦rr❡s✲ ♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❛ ♥♦ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❞✐③❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡stá ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
❆❧❣✉♥s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ sã♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦✳ ❯♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❊ss❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ s❡❥❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡✱ ❛♦ s❡r❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛s✱ s❡❥❛♠ r❡t♦r♥❛✲ ❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐t❡♥s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡stã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ✉♠❛s às ♦✉tr❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r r❡❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥❛✈❡❣✉❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❣✉✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❛✐s r❡❧❛çõ❡s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐✲ ❡♥tí✜❝♦s é ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡ ❞❡♣❛r❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✳ ❚❛❧ s✐t✉❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ ❞❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞♦s ♠❡t❛✲ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉❣❡r✐r ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴❞✉❜❧✐♥❝♦r❡✳♦r❣
✷◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r♠♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡st❛r❡♠♦s ♥♦s r❡❢❡✲
✷✳ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✾
♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡ t✐r❛ ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❝♦♥✲ s✉❧t❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✈❛st♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ sã♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦♥❞❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ é r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❲❡❜ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s✉♣r✐r ❛ ♥❡❝❡s✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ s❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❲❡❜✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ t❡♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦✳
❆ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s r❡✲ t♦r♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦st❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s✉❜♠❡t❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r✲ ♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛s✳ ❚❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
P❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛♦ r❡t♦r♥❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥s♣❡çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧❛✳ ❙ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❘❡✲ ❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❯❘▲ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✳ ❆ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ é ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♠❡❞✐r q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♣♦r ✐♥s♣❡çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✳ ❊♠ ♥♦ss♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞♦s ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ❡st✐♠❛♠♦s ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ é ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❛s ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❡✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❡ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ✭❏❛✐♥✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳
