Achieving nuclear zero: Brazil’s contribution to the international efforts against nuclear weapons

efforts against nuclear weapons

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About the Author

Contents

1. Introduction...4

2. Brazil’s contribution to nuclear zero

b) Tlatelolco and beyond...7

c) Joining forces with like-minded countries...10

d) The humanitarian approach, a change of perspective...11

3. Conclusions...13

4. Bibliography...15

1. Introduction

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1 As opposed to India, Israel, Pakistan and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) – which are not part of the NPT and, thus, are considered de facto NWS.

2 As of March 2015, the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) database registers 191 states parties to the NPT, including the DPRK. Although there are divergent views as to whether North Korea is still a party to the NPT, this paper will not include it among the member states. Hence, the total number of NPT states parties considered here is 190 (5 NWS and 185 NNWS).

3 India, Israel, Pakistan never signed the NPT and the DPRK pulled out of the treaty, in 2003, invoking the withdrawal clause.

4 According to The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists’ Nuclear Notebook (2015), there were more than 64,000 nuclear warheads at the apex of the nuclear arms race in 1986. Currently, the global nuclear stockpile is estimated in more than 16,000 warheads (Norris and Kristensen, 2014a).

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2. Brazil’s contribution to nuclear zero

a) Safeguards and non-proliferation assurances

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b) Tlatelolco and beyond

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The Treaty of Tlatelolco effectively brought contributions to the contracting parties, increasing

confidence among the countries of the region, serving as a preventive measure of disarmament

and as an instrument to demand negative security assurances from the NWS in favor of the

signatories. It also served as an important example to the rest of the world, offering a model

arrangement to be replicated and improved in other regions.

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Figure 1 - Nuclear-Weapon-Free Areas Source: UNODA website

1. Treaty of Tlatelolco (Latin America and Caribbean, 1967) 2. Treaty of Rarotonga (South Pacific, 1985)

3. Treaty of Bangkok (South Asia, 1995)

4. Treaty of Pelindaba (Africa, 1996)

5. Treaty of Semipalatinsk (Central Asia, 2006) 6. Single-state NWFZ (Mongolia, 1992) 7. Antarctic Treaty (1959)

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c) Joining forces with like-minded countries

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10 This fact was recently pointed out by Wildfire (2014).

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d) The humanitarian approach, a change of perspective

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12 The first NSS was convened by the U.S. President, Barack Obama, in Washington in 2010. With the purpose of strengthening nuclear se-curity and reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism, the meeting promoted a discussion on measures to better safeguard weapons-grade uranium and plutonium and break up nuclear black markets. A second summit was held in Seoul, Korea, in 2012 and a third one took place in The Hague, the Netherlands, in 2014. The fourth, and likely the last, edition of the NSS is expected to occur in 2016, in the U.S.

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The debate on nuclear weapons and their elimination became hostage to strategic jargons and

military reasoning that tends to ignore the impact that the detonation of nuclear bombs would have

on people, cities and the environment. Thus, the humanitarian approach challenges the perspective

of the NWS by addressing the perspective of the victims. It cuts out the distance afforded by

abstract reasoning and place the concern with human suffering at the center of the debate.

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3. Conclusions

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Policy Recommendations

1. Submarine Safeguards

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2. Stick to LEU for Naval Nuclear Propulsion

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3. Review Article 18 of the Tlatelolco Treaty

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14 To date, 162 countries are states parties to the Mine Ban Treaty.

15 Currently, the Convention on Cluster Munitions counts 84 member states.

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4. Step up Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zones group identity

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5. Ret hink Alliances

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6. Reinforce the NAC

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7. Strengthen the commitment to the Humanitarian Initiative

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17 For the past 17 years, the CD has not been able to achieve consensus on a program of work and a framework for implementing it. Every year, the sessions of the Conference conclude without any progress on substantive issues.

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8. Increase Awareness in Brazil about the Atomic Bomb Survivors and Their Stories

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4. Bibliography

Primary sources

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