Identificação por RFID
Nuno Borges Carvalho André Zuquete
nbcarvalho@ua.pt andre.zuquete@ua.pt
Objectivos
RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification)
• Princípios de radiocomunicações dos RFID,
• Protocolos de interacção com os RFID
• Sistemas de exploração usando RFID
2
1
aParte: Introdução
• Conceitos gerais, terminologia
• Evolução histórica dos RFID
• Exemplos de utilização prática dos marcadores RFID
• Problemas práticos existentes (custo, detecção, privacidade, etc.)
• Padrões existentes (ISO 14443, ISO 15693, ISO 14223, etc.)
• Frequências de trabalho licenciadas
• Arquitectura de exploração de RFID
• Middleware para RFID
Programa 2
aParte: Comunicação por
radiofrequência com os RFID
• Conceitos gerais de comunicações rádio
• Principais componentes de rádio comunicações
• Conceitos básicos de propagação
• Conceitos de RFID passivos e activos
• RFID por acoplamento magnético
• RFID por transmissão RF
• Futuro da tecnologia RFID
• Não idealidades e potenciais problemas devido à massificação da tecnologia
Programa
3
aParte: Protocolos de interacção com os RFID
• Conceitos gerais, terminologia
• Armazenamento de dados nos marcadores
• Algoritmos de singularização e anti-colisão
• Protocolos de interacção entre marcadores e leitores
• Funcionalidades relativas a segurança e privacidade
Programa
4
aParte: Sistemas de exploração
• Casos práticos de uso
• Palestras da Indústria Portuguesa
• Exemplos reais
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Componente Prática
1. Utilização de kits de RFID, tanto passivos como activos.
2. Implementação de sistemas de RFID, por exemplo:
o Teste e Validação de um sistema RFID passivo para controlo de acessos o Teste e Validação de um sistema RFID activo para identificação em
armazéns
o Controlo de fluxos de bens em ambientes domésticos.
o Teste da robustez do funcionamento de RFID’s em condições não ideais
Avaliação
• Componente prática (projecto/apresentação, 50% da nota final).
• Componente teórica (exame final, 50% da nota final)
Bibliografia
RFID Sourcebook. Sandip Lahiri. IBM Press, 2005.
ISBN-10: 0131851373, ISBN-13: 978-0131851375 RFID Essentials (Theory in Practice). Bill Glover, Himanshu
Bhatt. O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2006.
ISBN-10: 0596009445, ISBN-13: 978-0596009441
History – The information age
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Today’s Internet is usually a mean to
connect people using a computer terminal….
Future Internet or Internet of things is expected to allow communications among everything ….
History – The information age
From a market point of view, it is expected that the internet of things will grow significantly in the next few years….
History – The information age
2 bio
6.5 bio
10000 bio
1 bio
From a market point of view, it is expected that the internet of things will grow significantly in the next few years….
History – The information age
Total number of locations with RFID readers
453,000
144,000 30,710
2,750 0
100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000
2007 2012 2017 2022
Total number of RFID readers deployed
6,268,500
1,161,800 176,280
7,630 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000
2007 2012 2017 2022
Source - www.bridge-project.eu
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RFID is actually a way to identify things and in the future to sense data using Radio Frequency ….
RFID Applications are huge, and only now we start to give the first steps in this direction ….
History – The information age
Search & Find Trust Linking Information
RFID in medical applications ….
History – The information age
RFID in sports ….
History – The information age
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RFID in our daylife ….
RFID in the kitchen ….
History – The information age
RFID in transports….
History – The information age
Examples
– Norwegian company – Meat manufacturer – Employs 6.800 people – Annual sales €2 billion
– Organized as a cooperative owned by approximately 30,300 farmers
– 41 municipalities in 18 counties
Problem: Today nobody knows where, which and how many Returnable Transport Items (RTI) are spead along the supply chain
Source: Nortura
12 – Benefits
• Automatical RTI lifecycle control
• Documentation of RTI lifecycle (cold, freezing cold, washing, etc)
• Real time inventory
• Prediction of RTI need – Process management project
• RFID tag inside 80000 crates with GRAI
• 73 RFID readers
• Employee ID coupled with GS1 GRAI
• Each person gets performance feedback – ROI: 3 months
Source: Nortura
– Portuguese company – Bookstore
– 50,000-square-foot store – Receiving more than
200,000 products per week
Source: Byblos
Problem: Problems for localising products resulting in high costs of inventory and poor customer service
Examples
• Solution
– 250,000 books, games and videos tagged
– 40 RFID-enabled kiosks – 13 incorporates RFID security
gates
– 14 RFID point-of-sale (POS) reading stations
– 10 RFID Handhelds
Source: Byblos
Examples
• Benefit
– 30% less stock
– Possibility to handle more customer at POS
– Faster localisation of items – Faster reposition and re-
ordering of sold items – Possibility of daily and full
inventory
Source: Byblos
Examples
14 – German SME company
– A leading children’s wear manufacturer – Founded in 1959
– Employs around 50 people – Produces over 1 million garments
per year
Problem: Poor stock turn over
Source: Lemmi
• Solution
– 100 % of merchandise is tagged
– Integrated Solution: RFID fully integrated into ERP
• Benefits
– Increase efficiency on all steps of SC – Increase quality of deliveries from
production to customers
– Precise information on goods in transit – Strengthen relationships with customers – Easy to use for all employees
Source: Lemmi
Examples
• Payback
– Stock turnover before tagging:
5,000 to 10,000 items per day – Stock turnover after tagging:
20,000 items per day – Increase of 250%-300% in
receipt and shipment of goods
Source: Lemmi
Examples
• Austrian company
• Orthopädisches Spital Speising is part of Vinzenz groupe
• Total number of beds: 2221
• Hospital patients per year: 112359
• Workers in the hospitals: 4535 Introduction of RFID in instrument
cycle of a hospital
Examples
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Benefits
• Detection of specific medical equipment and inventory within the hospital
• Better process transparency
• Automated documentation
• Simplification of logistics operations
• Automation of ordering
• Quality improvement in the process chain
• Risk reduction in the area of application
• Reduce storage costs
• Increase the cost-efficiency
• Patient safety
• World's largest food company:
• 2007 sales – $98 billion
• 130 operating Markets
• 450+ factories in 87 countries
• 250,000 employees
• 130+ main brands
Examples
Main brands adopting RFID …
History – The information age
The risks of RFID….
History – The information age
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Security and Identity Ownership …
History – The information age
The principle of RFID …
History – The information age
Reader module
Antenna Tag
Host
The principle of RFID …
History – The information age
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