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`nop_{)gjn*

K \^`nnj_jn]m\ndg`dmjn \jngdqmjn _d_{od^jn j^jmm` kmdi^dk\gh`io` kjmh`dj

. ?jg`^dji\_jm_`gdqmjn* L`nnj\nlp`\h\hjngdqmjn( kmdi^dk\gh`io`jnh\dn]`gjn`m\mjn*

/ Ann\ k`nlpdn\ ajd m`\gdu\_\ kjm h`dj _` `iom`qdno\n _jhd^dgd\m`n a\^` \ a\^`( `h oj_j j o`mmdoÖmdj

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!

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=j g\_j _j LJH@( j IdidnoÅmdj _\ A_p^\Ä~j %IA?& h\ioÅh _`n_` -553 jpomjn kmjbm\h\n m`g\^dji\_jn \jn gdqmjn `n^jg\m`n( ^jhj j Lmjbm\h\ J\^dji\g

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j]m\n_`gdo`m\opm\(_`k`nlpdn\`_` m`a`mÇi^d\ì%>N=OEH(.,,4&*

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`_p^\Ä~j ]{nd^\ m`bpg\m ` _\ `_p^\Ä~j _` ejq`in ` \_pgojn UH WYLWHYHgfV KVZ WSHUVZ KLLUZPUVL UHHTWSPHgfV KLH[P]PKHKLZLT ZHSH KL H\SH ^jh jn\gpijnì*

%>N=OEH(.,,4(_`no\lp`_\k`nlpdn\_jm\&*

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`indij( h\ip\dn _` km{od^\ _` `indij( `iom` jpom\n* Ann`n h\ip\dn `no~j m`g\^dji\_jn | ajmh\Ä~j _` kmja`nnjm`n( kjdn km`o`i_`h ^jiomd]pdm k\m\ \ jmb\idu\Ä~j _j `indij i\n _da`m`io`n _dn^dkgdi\n `n^jg\m`n* Aiom` `g`n( kj_`h n`m

`i^jiom\_jn h\ip\dn _` I`oj_jgjbd\ _` Aindij _` ?dÇi^d\n ` _` BÉnd^\ k\m\

kmja`nnjm`n _jn _da`m`io`n iÉq`dn _` `indij( jn lp\dn `no\m~j `h aj^j i\ k`nlpdn\

\lpd m`g\o\_\*

?jhjn` kj_` j]n`mq\m( a\g\m`h gdqmj `n^jg\mjp _d_{od^jndbidad^\ m`a`mdm)n`

\ ph \hkgj ^jiepioj _` j]m\n _`nodi\_\n \j om\]\gcj `n^jg\m( n`e\h \lp`g\n _`nodi\_\n \jn \gpijn( n`e\h \lp`g\n _`nodi\_\n \jn kmja`nnjm`n* =nndh( k\m\

0 Kkmjbm\h\_dnomd]pd |n`n^jg\n_``indijapi_\h`io\g ` hÅ_dj gdqmjn_d_{od^jn`\^`mqjn_` j]m\n gdo`m{md\n( j]m\n ^jhkg`h`io\m`n `_d^dji{mdjn* K LJH@ Åa`doj`h ^d^gjnomd`i\dn \go`mi\_jn* =^\_\

\ij( j Bpi_j J\^dji\g _` @`n`iqjgqdh`ioj_\ A_p^\Ä~j_dnomd]pd gdqmjn k\m\oj_jn jn \gpijn( m`ká`

` ^jhkg`h`io\ jn gdqmjn m`podgdu{q`dn k\m\ jpom\n `o\k\n* %Eiajmh\Äá`n _dnkjiÉq`dn `h cook6++rrr*ai_`*bjq*]m+kmjbm\h\n+gdqmj)_d_\od^j(\^`nnj`h,3+,2+.,-1&*

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`io`i_dh`ioj^jhjkjgÉod^\kà]gd^\*

!

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^jgj^\`h_`no\lp`\m`g\Ä~j`iom`jngdqmjn`\ajmh\Ä~j kmja`nnjm`n*

.*- KOHERNKO AO?KH=NAO6?KJ?AEPKO A OECJEBE?=@KO

@`ijhdi\_jn pnp\gh`io` ^jhj gdqmjn _d_{od^jn( `nn\n j]m\n `no~j km`n`io`n _` ajmh\ o~j dio`in\ i\ ^pgopm\ `n^jg\m lp` i~j ijn k`mbpio\hjn h\dn

^jhj npmbdm\h ` k\m\ lp` npmbdm\h* O`bpi_j ?jhÇidj( ij o`soj 4PKc[PJH <HNUH!

k\m\jmb\idu\mj`indij c\qd\i`^`nnd_\_`_jngdqmjn_d_{od^jn* =admh\`g`6 íKngdqmjn _d_{od^jn n`m~j( kjmo\ioj( _` _jdn bÇi`mjn6 q`m_\_`dmjn gdqmjn _` o`soj k\m\ jn

\gpijn( ` gdqmjn)mjo`dmjn %GLEMOK@QMOGG& k\m\ jn kmja`nnjm`n( k\m\ lp` \km`i_\h \ n`mqdm)n` ]`h_\lp`g`nì* %?KIzJEK( -552( ?\k*TTTEE( k* 02,&*

K gdqmj _d_{od^j o`h `s`m^d_j ph k\k`g api_\h`io\g i\ `n^jg\mdu\Ä~j ` Å

^jind_`m\_j ph dinomph`ioj k\m\ \psdgd\m j kmja`nnjm \ om\inhdodm j ^jic`^dh`ioj(

ajmh\n _` k`in\h`ioj( d_`jgjbd\n( q\gjm`n* I\n j lp` Å \ ^pgopm\ `n^jg\m( lp`

_`adi` j gdqmj _d_{od^j ^jhj ph _jn n`pn j]e`ojn; L\m\ m`nkji_`m\ `nn\ lp`no~j(

kj_`)n`m`^jmm`m\jom\]\gcj_` Bjmlpdi( lp``s\hdijp \nm`g\Äá`n^jhkg`s\n`iom`

\ `n^jg\ `\^pgopm\( i`^`nn{md\nk\m\n` ^jhkm``i_`m\ dhkjmo}i^d\ `jndbidad^\_j _jnh\ip\dn`n^jg\m`n*

L\m\ j \pojm( _`q`)n` ^jhkm``i_`m í\ ^pgopm\ `ilp\ioj hpi_j cph\i\h`io` ^jinompÉ_j( hpi_j _\n dinodopdÄá`n ` _jn ndbijn ij lp\g( _`n_` \ jmdb`h( n` ]\ic\j di_dqÉ_pj cph\ij( o~jnjh`io` kjmn`m cph\ij( ` lp`^jinodopd

^jhjn`ajnn`np\n`bpi_\h\omduì%BKNMQEJ( -55/( k*-24&*

= k\modm_`nn\ ^jhkm``in~j( j \pojm^jinomÖd j ^ji^`doj _` ^pgopm\ `n^jg\m lp`n`\km`n`io\_\n`bpdio`ajmh\6

W***X ph\ î^pgopm\n`bpi_\ï ^jh m`g\Ä~j|^pgopm\ _`^md\Ä~jjp _` diq`iÄ~j(

ph\ ^pgopm\ _`mdq\_\ `om\inkjno\ np]jm_di\_\ \ ph\apiÄ~j _` h`_d\Ä~j

!!

_d_{od^\`_`o`mhdi\_\k`gjndhk`m\odqjnlp`_`^jmm`h _`no\apiÄ~j( ^jhj n` qÇ \om\qÅn _`no`n kmj_pojn ` _`no`n dinomph`iojn ^\m\^o`mÉnod^jn

^jinodopÉ_jn k`gjn kmjbm\h\n ` dinompÄá`n jad^d\dn( h\ip\dn ` h\o`md\dn _d_{od^jn( o`h\n_`_`q`m`n`_``s`m^É^djn( ^jiomjg`n( ijo\n( ^g\nndad^\Äá`n

` jpom\n ajmh\n kmjkmd\h`io` `n^jg\m`n _` m`^jhk`in\n ` n\iÄá`n*

%BKNMQEJ( -55/( k*/0&*

O`bpi_j Bjmlpdi( í\ ^pgopm\ Å j ^jio`à_j np]no\i^d\g _\ `_p^\Ä~j( np\

ajio` ` np\epnodad^\Ä~j àgodh\6 \ `_p^\Ä~j i~j Å i\_\ ajm\ _\ ^pgopm\ ` n`h `g\ì*

%BKNMQEJ( -55/( k*-0&* Mp\i_jn`a\g\ _`om\inhdnn~j_`^pgopm\(ad^\ ^g\mj lp` í\

`n^jg\ i~j `indi\ n`i~j ph\ k\mo` `som`h\h`io` m`nomdo\ _` op_jjlp` ^jinodopd \

`sk`mdÇi^d\^jg`odq\( \ ^pgopm\qdq\_`ph\^jhpid_\_` cph\i\ì* %BKNMQEJ( -55/(

k* -1&* L\m\j\pojm6

=`_p^\Ä~j`n^jg\mi~jn` gdhdo\\a\u`mph\n`g`Ä~j`iom`jnn\]`m`n`jn h\o`md\dn ^pgopm\dn _dnkjiÉq`dn iph _\_j hjh`ioj( `g\ _`q`o\h]Åh( k\m\

ojmi{)gjn `a`odq\h`io`om\inhdnnÉq`dn` `a`odq\h`io` \nndhdg{q`dn|nejq`in b`m\Äá`n( `iom`b\m)n` \ ph dh`inj om\]\gcj _` m`jmb\idu\Ä~j( _`

m``nompopm\Ä~j( jp _`íom\inkjndÄ~j_d_{od^\ì* W***Xo\gÅjk\k`g( kjm`s`hkgj(

_jn h\ip\dn ` _` oj_jn jn h\o`md\dn _d_{od^jn( h\n o\h]Åh j _jn

`s`m^É^djn`n^jg\m`n( _\ngdÄá`n( _jn_`q`m`n( _jn^jiomjg`nk`mdÖ_d^jn( _jn ndno`h\n _` m`^jhk`in\n ` n\iÄá`n kmjkmd\h`io` `n^jg\m`n* %BKNMQEJ(

-55/( k*-3&*

Ann\n m`a`mÇi^d\n k`mhdo`h `n^g\m`^`m lp`noá`n m`g\odq\n \jn h\ip\dn

`n^jg\m`n(`h`nk`^d\gnj]m`\i\opm`u\_`nn`n\mo`a\ojnlp`a\u`h k\mo`_\^pgopm\

`n^jg\m* Kn gdqmjn `n^jg\m`n n~j `h k\mo` m`npgo\_j _` ph kmj^`nnj _` _d_\odu\Ä~j lp`\a`o\ \n ^\m\^o`mÉnod^\n _`\km`n`io\Ä~j` jmb\idu\Ä~j_jn^jio`à_jn( jp n`e\(

_`q`)n` ^jind_`m\m ph\ adi\gd_\_` `nk`^Éad^\ lp` `no{ km`n`io` ijn ^jio`à_jn(

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`hlp\glp`mh\o`md\g podgdu\_ji\`n^jg\*

=nndh(jngdqmjn\km`n`io\h \jn\gpijn`kmja`nnjm`n ph ^jic`^dh`iojlp`

m`npgojp _` \Äá`n ^pgopm\dn nj]m` jn ^jio`à_jn _\ ^pgopm\( ^jhj m`\admh\_j kjm P`ds`dm\6 íAno`n ^jio`à_jn `n^jg\m`n( `no` n\]`m `n^jg\m m`npgo\ _` ph kmj^`nnj

^jioÉipj _` n`g`Ä~j ^pgopm\g ` _` `g\]jm\Ä~j _d_{od^\ ` \km`n`io\ ^jhj

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.,,5( k*0/&*

!"

=nndh( ^jhjj]e`oj_\^pgopm\ `n^jg\m( jn gdqmjn`n^jg\m`n kj_`h `skm`nn\m

^jhj j ^jic`^dh`ioj `n^jg\mdu\_j n` jmb\idu\( lp` `g`h`iojn _\ ^pgopm\ n~j kmdqdg`bd\_jn jp jhdod_jn `h ^\_\ hjh`ioj cdnoÖmd^j( lp\dn n~j jn hj_jn _`

`indi\m ` \km`i_`m q\gjmdu\_jn( lp` ^ji^`kÄá`n n~j q\gjmdu\_\n ` n` ^jinodop`h dio`i^dji\gh`io` `h j]e`oj_`om\inhdnn~j|nijq\n b`m\Äá`n* J`nn` n`iod_j( ad^\

`qd_`io`\^jhkg`sd_\_`_jgdqmj`n^jg\m^jhjj]e`oj_``nop_j*

I\n i~j nÖ kjm dnnj* K gdqmj _d_{od^j o\h]Åh Å _`adid_j ^jhj ph\

h`m^\_jmd\ ^ji`^o\_\ ^jh \n _dh`iná`n ^pgopm\g( kjgÉod^\ ` `^jiÜhd^\7 j]e`oj kmj_pud_j( _dnomd]pÉ_j ` ^jinphd_j( hpdojn n~j jn `g`h`iojn `iqjgqd_jn i`nn`

kmj^`nnj _` kmj_pÄ~j \oÅ \ np\ ^jh`m^d\gdu\Ä~j ) _`n_` \ `_dojm\ ` j \pojm lp`

kmj_pu`h jgdqmj( jbjq`mij`\na\hÉgd\nlp`^jhkm\h( \oÅjkmja`nnjmlp``n^jgc`

`j\gpijlp`podgdu\*

O`bpi_j =kkg`( kj_`)n` a\g\m \ m`nk`doj _\ ^pgopm\ _` _p\n h\i`dm\n _da`m`io`n6 í^jhj ph kmj^`nnj qdqd_j( ^jhj \lpdgj lp` N\thji_ Sdggd\hn _`ijhdijp ph\ ajmh\ bgj]\g _` qd_\7 jp `io~j ^jhj ph\ h`m^\_jmd\ì %=LLHA(

-551( k*4.&* J\ kmdh`dm\ q`mo`io`( \ ^pgopm\ Å ph kmj^`nnj nj^d\g kjm h`dj _j lp\g qdq`hjn ijnn\n qd_\n ^jod_d\i\n( \omd]pÉhjn n`iod_jn |n ^jdn\n ` ^jhk\modgc\hjn ndbidad^\_jn7 ` i\ n`bpi_\ q`mo`io` n~j `ia\odu\_jn jn kmj_pojn _\ ^pgopm\

kmj_pud_jn`^jinphd_jn*

=di_\ n`bpi_j j \pojm( í`no\ _dnodiÄ~j kj_` n`m h\iod_\ \k`i\n ij iÉq`g

\i\gÉod^jì( ph\ q`ulp`^jdn\n ^jhjjngdqmjnn~j k\mo`_` ph kmj^`nnj nj^d\g h\dn

\hkgj* Ann\ ^jhkg`sd_\_` íW***X a\u ^jh lp` j `nop_j _jn kmj_pojn ^pgopm\dn _jhdi\io`n ) adgh`n( gdqmjn( o`g`qdn~j( hànd^\ ) n`e\ _`^d_d_\h`io` `n^jmm`b\_dj(

kjmlp` c{ ^jiepiojn _` m`g\Äá`n kjm om{n _` ^\_\ ph\ _`nn\n ^jdn\nì* %=LLHA(

-551( k* 4.)4/&*

@`nn\ ajmh\( j \pojm ^c\h\ \ \o`iÄ~j k\m\ \n _dad^pg_\_`n lp` n`

\km`n`io\h i\n k`nlpdn\n lp` `iqjgq`h jn gdqmjn `n^jg\m`n( kjdn Å i`^`nn{mdj

^jhkm``i_`m \n m`g\Äá`n lp` ^jinodop`h `nn` j]e`oj( di^gpndq` `ilp\ioj h`m^\_jmd\* Jj `io\ioj( _`q`)n` m`^jic`^`mlp` Å i`^`nn{mdj `iam`io\m j _`n\adj(

kjdn( k\m\=kkg`6

W***X n~j jn gdqmjn _d_{od^jn lp` `no\]`g`^`h bm\i_` k\mo` _\n ^ji_dÄá`n

h\o`md\dn k\m\ j `indij ` \ \km`i_du\b`h i\n n\g\n _` \pg\ _` hpdojn

!#

k\Én`n \om\qÅn _j hpi_j ` ^jind_`m\i_j lp` n~j jn o`sojn _`no`n gdqmjn lp` am`lp`io`h`io` _`adi`h lp\g Å \ ^pgopm\ g`bÉodh\ \ n`m om\inhdod_\*

%=LLHA( -551( k*4.&*

Ano\ \admh\Ä~j a`do\ k`gj \pojm lp\ioj \j a\oj _` lp` jn gdqmjn _`adi`h bm\i_` k\mo` _j `indij ` \km`i_du\b`h kj_` n`m ^jhkm``i_d_\ ^jh h\dn kmjapi_d_\_`lp\i_jn``s\hdi\j^ji^`doj_`ajmh\`n^jg\m`np\m`g\Ä~j^jhjjn h\ip\dn`n^jg\m`n*

K ^ji^`doj _` ajmh\ `n^jg\majd pn\_j kjmRdi^`io( H\cdm` ` Pcdi lp`( k\m\

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^jinodopdÄ~j _\ `n^jg\* O`bpi_j jn \pojm`n( Å km`^dnj íW***X _`]mpÄ\m)n` nj]m`

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\ ajmh\ `n^jg\m _` nj^d\gdu\Ä~j Å c`b`hÜid^\( `no{ `h ^mdn` ` kj_` n`m lp` \

`n^jg\q`ic\\_`n\k\m`^`m^jhjph\dinodopdÄ~jnj^d\g*

O`bpi_j Rdi^`io( H\cdm` ` Pcdi( \ ajmh\ í\io`n _` lp\glp`m^jdn\ Å \lpdgj lp` i~jÅ ^jdn\ i`h d_`d\( Å ph\pid_\_`lp` i~j Å _\ dio`iÄ~j ^jin^d`io`ì* L\m\

jn\pojm`n6

B\g\m_`ajmh\ `n^jg\mÅ( kjmo\ioj( k`nlpdn\mj lp` a\u \ pid_\_` _` ph\

^jiadbpm\Ä~j cdnoÖmd^\k\mod^pg\m( ^md\_\`h _`o`mhdi\_\najmh\Äá`nnj^d\dn

`h ^`moj k`mÉj_j( ` \j h`nhjo`hkj `h jpom\n om\inajmh\Äá`n podgdu\i_j kmj^`_dh`ioj o\ioj _`n^mdodqj lp\ioj î^jhkm``indqjï* %REJ?AJP DQ @J'%

.,,-( k* 5&*

K hj_`gj_``n^jg\ i\lp\g ph kmja`nnjmom\inhdo` n`p ^jic`^dh`ioj k\m\

q{mdjn \gpijn\j h`nhjo`hkjnpmb` ^jhj ph\ ajmh\`n^jg\m( ^jhj k\mo`_`ph\

ijq\jm_`hnj^d\g lp`n` ^jinodopdp i\ nj^d`_\_`am\i^`n\ ijnnÅ^pgjnTREE `TREEE*

L\m\ jn\pojm`n( í\ajmh\ `n^jg\mi~j Ånjh`io` ph `a`doj( ph\^jin`lpÇi^d\( h\n k\mod^dk\_`nn\ ijq\jm_`hì %REJ?AJPDQ@J'% .,,-( k* -0&* Ag`n^c\h\h \\o`iÄ~j k\m\ja\oj_`lp`6

?jgj^\moj_\n \n ^md\iÄ\n) í\oÅ h`nhjjn kj]m`nì) `h `n^jg\n( \k\m`^`

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?jhj k\mo` _` ph kmj^`nnj m`g\^dji\_j | ^jinodopdÄ~j _jn ndno`h\n

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%O=RE=JE(.,,5&*

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