138 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
The Discursive Dynamics in Teacher Education: Authoritative
Discourse or Internally Persuasive Discourse?
/ A dinâmica discursiva
na formação de professores: discurso autoritário ou internamente
persuasivo?
Maria Cecília Camargo Magalhães Maria Otilia Guimarães Ninin Ângela Brambilla Cavenaghi Themudo Lessa ABSTRACT
This article, based on the socio-cultural-historical theoretical perspective, discusses the activity in which individuals engage as constitutive of the social roles they occupy. It aims to trigger discussion of discursive dynamics in the context of critical-collaborative teacher education, focusing on internally persuasive and authoritative discourse (BAKHTIN, 1981) and their co-occurrence in situations of negotiation of meanings. This distinction is relevant because it is possible to understand different argumentative enunciations or not, conducted by educators in training, which approach or distance themselves from those cast by their trainers or isolated voices of theoretical practice, indicating possibilities of creation or reduction of dialogic expansion. From the emphasis on internally persuasive discourse, this article highlights the critical - collaborative argumentation role in training educators. Examples selected from a corpus of research collected in public school in São Paulo subsidize the discussion supported by Bakhtin (1981) and Vygotsky (1998; 2001).
KEYWORDS: Authoritative discourse, Internally persuasive discourse; Teacher education; Enunciation; Dialogic expansion and contraction; Negotiation of meanings
RESUMO
Este artigo, apoiado na perspectiva teórica sócio-histórico-cultural, discute a atividade na qual sujeitos se envolvem como constitutiva dos papeis sociais que exercem. Objetiva desencadear discussão acerca da dinâmica discursiva em contextos de formação crítico-colaborativa de professores, focalizando os discursos de autoridade e internamente persuasivo (BAKHTIN, 2010) e sua coocorrência nas situações de negociação de significados. Tal distinção constitui-se relevante por permitir compreender diferentes enunciados argumentativos ou não, proferidos por educadores em formação, que se proximam ou se distanciam daqueles proferidos por seus formadores ou por vozes teóricas isoladas da prática, indicando possibilidades de criação ou diminuição da expansão dialógica. A partir da ênfase no discurso internamente persuasivo, procura-se destacar o papel crítico-colaborativo da argumentação na formação de educadores. Exemplos selecionados de um corpus de pesquisa coletado em escola pública de São Paulo subsidiará a discussão, por sua vez, apoiada em Bakhtin (2010) e Vygotsky (1998; 2001).
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Discurso internamente persuasivo; Formação de professores; Enunciação; Expansão e contração dialógicas; Negociação de significados
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo – PUC/SP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; CNPq; cicamaga@gmail.com
Universidade Paulista – UNIP/SP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; otilianinin@terra.com.br
139 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014. Introduction
This article focuses on Continuing Teacher Education (teachers, coordinators
and directors) as reflective practitioners, in school contexts, in the relationship between
academia and the public school. Founding the research on projects developed by
participants of the Research Group LACE - Language in Activity in School Context, the
focus is on the understanding of the organization of language as constitutive of critical -
collaborative production of meaning in the interactions between the participants of the
training activities.
Inserted into a socio-historic-cultural theoretical perspective, this research is
based on the writings of Vygotsky (1998; 2001), discussing the fundamental role of
language and dialectical relations embedded in social practices in the historical unit,
society and culture for the constitution of humans, which emphasizes the concepts of
otherness and dialogism. It is also supported by the discussion of Bakhtin‟s dialogism
and otherness in the self–other–others relation, in social, historical, and cultural contexts
as enablers which widen enunciative places, in the multitude of voices of polyphony
and in the configuration between what is said and how it is said, that “each and every
word expresses the „one‟ in relation to the „other‟” (VOLOŠINOV, 1986, p.86). Brait
(1997) points out that, on the one hand, Bakhtin‟s dialogue is defined in general as an
adversarial relationship between the different discourses of participants in interactions “that shape a community, a culture, a society” (p.98)1 and, on the other, it refers to the “relations established between self and other in discursive processes historically established by the subject, which establish it and are established by these discourses”
(p.98). 2
The structure of this article was designed to critically understand the ways in
which argumentative organization of language, in the relational movement between
participants of the formation discourses, enable contradictory understandings to be
reflected in the relationship between theory and practice and on the
socio-historical-cultural bases that support it. Therefore, we aim at the development of an informed and
intentional act (agency) by the educator in the contexts of teacher training as well as the
1
Text in original: que configuram uma comunidade, uma cultura, uma sociedade. 2
140 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
understanding of how authoritative discourse and internally persuasive discourse
(BAKHTIN, 1981) co-occur in situations of negotiation and of meaning production.
The discussion in this respect are of fundamental importance for this article, since it
allows us to understand how participants in training contexts advance in their
understanding of ways of acting on the relationships in the school environment and how
issues of power that affect the way their voices are neutralized in discursive situations
that, although seeming to be internally persuasive, help to disperse the situation of
negotiation. It is important to remember that for both Vološinov and Vygotsky “Any
true understanding is dialogic in nature. Understanding is to utterance as one line of a
dialogue is to the next. Understanding strives to match the speaker‟s word with a
counter word” (VOLOŠINOV, 1986, p.102; emphasis in original). Therefore, we
question (1) what it means to build critical collaborative contexts (2) how discourse is
organized in these contexts. The discussions about the organization of language for
building critical collaborative contexts are supported by data from projects developed
by participants of the Research Group LACE.
1 The Argumentative Organization of Language in Critical Collaborative Training Contexts
Much has been discussed about how researchers and school professionals can,
from training proposals that share the knowledge of the university and the school
contexts, create environments that re-signify understanding and praxis: Firstly, by
rethinking and restructuring the courses for educators and the creation of enabling
environments for future professionals to understand the theory-practice relationship
from the praxis; secondly, by revisiting the concepts of teaching and learning for, based
on a conception of language as constitutive of the subject, establishing discussion
forums that promote dialogue among professionals.
As Magalhães (2011, p.13) says, there is a pressing need for “extension projects
and/or research in the school context, whose goal is to create collective spaces for
learning and development.”3 The question that arises here is how to go into the school
context and establish bonds that foster the construction of critical-collaborative
3
141 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
relationships so that participants in both contexts understand their experiences, concepts
and values, situating them in a socio-historical-cultural and political framework that
enables development. In this respect, the critical-collaborative research (PCCol),
emphasized in this article, highlights the ways of questioning the responsible for the
discursive organization, in an intentional perspective, allowing them to look critically at
and understand the socio-historical bases that support their actions, choices and their
meaning. This understanding of the discursive action gives way to a discussion that
favors acting beyond ourselves (NEWMAN, 1996, p.36) in a socio-historical
perspective.
Thinking and acting, as already pointed out, does not exist in vacuum, in the
micro school context, but it is an act always inserted in a macro context, in enunciative
relations, situated in socio-historical contexts of the experiences of the participants. As
Bakhtin points out,
Our speech, that is, all our utterances (including our creative works), is filled with others' words, varying degrees of otherness or varying degrees of "our-own-ness" [...] These words of others carry with them their own expression, their own evaluative tone, which we assimilate, rework, and re-accentuate (1986, p.89).
Thus, the more those involved consider the object under discussion in their own
utterance and the others‟, the more chances there are to reach new possibilities of
understanding. In this respect, Smyth (1992) had already argued that the authoritative,
hierarchical and transmissive organization of the school functions as a “straitjacket” for
the participants as their ways of being, thinking and acting are related both to the
scenario that each brings within themselves, as a result of their own history, and to the
tension that emerges from the schools‟ daily social-historically situated contradictions.
As this researcher points out, even if the curriculum is focused on the formation of a
critical - reflective professional, the context, usually transmissive formations, the focus
on individualism, the issues of power and the spatiotemporal organization of the school
constitute a situation of enunciative impediment for changes to occur.
Therefore, there is a neutralizing movement in the school that needs to be broken
to make way for a space in which discursive exchanges foster the development of
142 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
which the researchers and participants of the schools organize the language of
relationships to understand the historically crystallized practices and transform them
into instruments for negotiating meanings in training situations. In other words, the
focus is on ways of interacting and organizing speech for the production of new
meanings in relationships. Such considerations are highlighted by Vygotsky‟s (2001)
discussion on the construction of dialectical and dialogical relations for socialization
and questioning of the socio-historically constituted senses of the participants. The
objective is, as Vološinov points out (1986), to provide the means by which their own
discourse and the others‟ and their speech may be intentionally understood through
otherness.
Vygotsky's discussion on the role of formative intervention emphasizes the
importance of understanding how language is produced and produces relations between
human beings and how human production affects and is affected by the participants in
these relationships (VYGOTSKY, 1998). In this perspective, the discursive dynamics
has as its central question the ways to critically negotiate/collaborate meanings,
highlighting the contradiction as a driving force for the development between
participants with different social, historical, cultural and political constitutions. As
Liberali and Magalhães stress,
The context that supports the understanding of senses and sharing of meanings is cognitively and affectively complex, as in relating to each other through shared meanings, humans are selecting, adapting, reducing, expanding their senses so they can find ways to act collaboratively. This is the essence of collaboration: Taking risks as understanding the sharing of meaning as an exercise of conflict, sharing, ownership rejection, acceptance, confrontation and combination of the various senses exposed by the group. As pointed out by Moran & John-Steiner (2003), it is the history, culture and society acting as a constraint and as expansion of each one (2009, p.45).4
4Text in original: O contexto que apoia a compreensão de sentidos e compartilhamento de significados é
143 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
In other words, for Vygotsky, collaborating involves a dialectical movement
between participants, socially, historically and politically constituted, in the contexts of
their experiences as intentionally responsible for overcoming limitations, individualism
and alienation. It is important to remember that the Vygotskian focus was on the school
and on the discussion of the establishment of zones of proximal development (ZPD)
that enabled this dialectical movement in which the participants acted to understand
each other and create contexts for dealing with divergent ideas.
Magalhães and Fidalgo (2007) show that, in a complementary manner to
Vygotsky, Vološinov (1986) emphasizes language as socially constituted by different
forces and voices that involve multiplicity and struggle, linguistically marked at the
enunciation, as a semiotic tool that enables us to understand the responsive actions of
the participants related to utterances of others in a specific communication sphere.
Holquist (1990, p.40) points out that Bakhtin assigns dialogical characteristics of
language in context as in a battlefield of meanings constructed by the participants of the
discourse.
Thus, in both perspectives, language is not just an instrument of transmission but
the constitution of the self and of the other in social-historical inserted discourses. The
discourse, in that context, consists of multiple voices and the process of meanings
production is laden with tensions, since it is always contradictory, as it is done from the
social place that every human being occupies in a discourse community. As Bakhtin
points out (1981, p.280), “The word in living conversation is directly blatantly, oriented
toward a future answer-word: It provokes and answer, anticipates it and structures itself in the answer‟s direction.” In other words, an enunciation situation is not neutral, but it is guided by the speaker to a given audience and, by enunciating, that speaker idealizes
possible interlocutors and possible answers to his enunciation. In the contexts of teacher
training, this aspect is evident when, for example, the trainers‟ discourse is taken by the
participants and reframed or reproduced by them.
As stated by Brait (1997), social values are always in confrontation whatever the
communication situation is, allowing us to understand them from the perspective of “Plurilingualism,5 from the conflicts within the same system and the different existing
144 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
records within that complex,” and in the dialogism perspective in its double dimension: “permanent dialogue not always symmetrical and harmonious, exists between different discourses that shape a community, a culture, a society [...] and the relations established
between the self and the other in discursive processes historically initiated by the subject”(p.98). 6
Considering the way, in the discursive dynamics, in which the voices come into
contact, Bakhtin establishes two categories for the word of others and says:
Another's discourse performs here no longer as information, directions, rules, models and so forth-but strives rather to determine the very bases of our ideological interrelations with the world, the very basis of our behavior; it performs here as authoritative discourse, and an internally persuasive discourse. [...] The struggle and dialogic interrelationship of these categories of ideological discourse are what usually determine the history of an individual ideological consciousness (1981, p.342).
By authoritative discourse we understand that monologic discourse that seeks to
impose itself in relation to others, without openness to questioning, negotiation of
meanings, with well-demarcated hierarchical characteristics. It is a discourse that “approaches us from without; it is distanced, taboo, and permits no play with its framing context (Sacred Writ, for example). We recite it. It has great power over us, but only
while in power; if ever dethroned it immediately becomes a dead thing, a relic”
(BAKHTIN, 1981, p.424). The internally persuasive discourse shows openness to the
dialogical relations, seeking the expansion of meanings. Bakhtin emphasizes that the
authoritative word “enters our consciousness as a compact and indivisible mass” (1981,
p.343), while the “internally persuasive discourse - as opposed to one that is externally
authoritative - is, as it is affirmed through assimilation, tightly interwoven with „one's
own word‟” (1981, p.345).
word uttered in that place and at that time will have a meaning different than it would have under any other conditions; all utterances are heteroglot in that they are functions of a matrix of forces practically impossible to recoup, and therefore impossible to resolve. Heteroglossia is as close a conceptualization as is possible of that locus where centripetal and centrifugal forces collide; as such, it is that which a systematic linguistics must always suppress.”
6
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The internally persuasive discourse is organized as “half-ours and half-someone else‟s” (BAKHTIN, 1981, p.345) and its creativity consists precisely in organizing, in a given context and under socio-historically tensions imposed by it, this mass of our
words and others forming a new discourse still and always unfinished, but dialogical.
Discussing this discourse, Bakhtin (1981, p.348) points out that “One's own discourse
and one's own voice, although born of another or dynamically stimulated by another,
will sooner or later begin to liberate themselves from the authority of the other‟s
discourse,” acquiring new form and meaning in the social world.
In training activities the knowledge of the educator and researcher come into
ideological conflict, being from scientific or everyday sphere, to organize into new
knowledge and new meanings, influenced by a discourse of authority that is present,
often by the research trainer himself/herself, from the way theories are presented, but
also by internally persuasive discourse triggered by both the trainer and by participants
of the interactive activities. The extent of these discourses depends on the ways in
which a participant will be able to signify their practice and their theoretical
conceptions, as the spaces for the argumentation and negotiation of meaning may be
broad or narrow. The authoritative discourse of the trainer, for example, can be
understood by the participant/educator as a sole and absolute truth with regard to
pedagogical decision making, working as a muting/neutralizer of the participant‟s voice,
removing opportunities for negotiation of meaning to occur on socially and historically
situated conflicts and contradictions.
The discursive issues discussed in this section concern us, since the contexts
created for the conflicts to be worked on are directly related to the ways the arguments
organized or not the language in negotiation situations. The focus on the authoritative
and internally persuasive discourses allows us therefore to proceed to the understanding
of the discursive dynamics occurring in activities in school contexts connected to
LACE's research group, as already indicated in the introduction.
2 The Discursive Dynamics in Teacher Training
In this section, the discussion of arguments as enablers of building internally
146 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
understanding of the subjects on activities they develop in order to reframe them. The
examples, selected from research in two contexts, reveal the discursive dynamics
present in teacher training contexts, showing how language is structured, how and what
questions drive the argumentation and negotiation of meanings.
2.1 The Discursive Dynamics in the Context 1
In the first example,7 selected from the research conducted in two public schools
in the Greater Sao Paulo area that work in partnership - directors and coordinators of
both schools in fortnightly meetings - the focus of the discussion lies in internally
persuasive discourse. Questions developed over the discussion and the ways in which
each participant shows the internalization of the voice of the other, articulating it in their
own speech.
The presented data were collected during the development of a research that
aimed to discuss the critical -collaborative research within school management. Two
directors and two coordinators were involved in the research, working together,
sometimes in a school and other times in the other, in 2005, for the purpose of
reorganizing the school context to a critical - collaborative approach to action.
The passage selected is from a meeting between the two directors, one
pedagogical coordinator and the researcher, initiated by a controversial question that
triggers the presentation of argumentative utterance seeking to critically understand the
meaning of to delegate in the school context.
Excerpt 1
D12 What do you mean when you tell us to delegate to others? We have already discussed this, but it is important to us.
P3 What do you guys think? What is to delegate?
C1 Well, to delegate is to tell someone to do something for us. To tell, no.To ask.
It‟s better. Wasn’t it this, D2?
P4 So let's think about this. You said tell, and then you switched to ask. Why did you switch?
C2 Because it‟s a little unethical to tell, isn’t it? And a little unpleasant. It's not because I'm the coordinator that I can tell people to do things.
7
147 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
P5 But let's think about what the language is saying to us. If we consider those three aspects of reflection - technical, practical and critical - how is it to delegate?
D23 Hum, P, it is quite difficult. [...] I think the technical aspect would be to tell people what to do and which way I want it done. (Laughs) I‟m one of the technical
guys. I‟m always bossing people around ... In the practical aspect, it would be to let the person do it his/her way, I think, and critical / critical / I still don‟t know.
P6 Great. So let‟s thereafter think: How would that be if we considered that we are worried about this critical issue?! You do not want to order, command, compel
the person to do something. And you also do not want to abandon the person, let the person suffer to do so and then you will see if it's alright... Is it possible for you follow what the person does? You guys remember when we talked about this?
C3 Well, it could be as you told us, some time ago, about giving a job to someone and following the process in which that person does that task, because there you will see how the person does it and if they know or not know how to do it, if they have difficulties or not, and help, if needed, to learn what they can learn to do it alone and, in his/her own way. I had never thought of that, to follow them like this.
D13 This can be good, because then we will get what we have talked a lot about, that is, to have a school where people participate more. That isn’t that autonomy, P? Even the community could participate more and it would be so good for the school, P. [...]
The negotiation of meanings begins at the moment D1 (in D12) creates a space
for argumentation, presenting a question that arises from another one submitted by the
researcher and for which there doesn‟t seem to be a shared meaning. The discursive
organization present in this excerpt appears in the form of questions in its modalized
form (NININ, 2013) and plays the role of opening spaces for the voices of the
participants to give new points of view or toarticulate their voice into the others‟. The
movement generated by modalized questions favors the insertion of questions (What do
you guys think?) of divergent views (Why did you switch?), the presentation of another
argument (how would that be if we considered that we are worried about this critical
issue?!), giving confidence to the respondent in the sense of his/her not feeling
previously assessed. The utterances delivered by the researcher continue to be
interrogative, not providing answers for the question presented in D12. What we have,
therefore, is the creation of opportunities for the participants to seek explanations for the
conflict initiated.
Observing the participant C, in C2, who asks for confirmation of her opinion to
the researcher (Because it’s a little unethical to tell, isn’t it?), it is possible to infer that
the discourse of authority is known by her: The one crystallized in the school
148 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
the others can and should do. It‟s also worth noting that the researcher uses a
hypothetical situation discussed earlier (in P5, If we considered…), of a modalized
question and of a question that seeks to recover previous discussion (in P6) to trigger a
discussion that aims at finding the meaning of to delegate attributed by the participants.
What we find next is a discourse that starts as authoritative (C3- as you told to us) but
seems already transformed into internally persuasiveby the participant. It is authoritative
because it was presented as an "untouchable monument, which must be accepted,
assimilated and repeated " (ROJO, 2008, n.p.). 8 In this regard, Bakhtin (1981) points
out that despite the profound difference between internally persuasive discourse and the
discourse of authority, they can, rarely, unite in a single word, at the same time
authoritative and internally persuasive: "the authoritative word [...] that does not know
internal persuasiveness, in the other internally persuasive word that is denied all
privilege, backed up by no authority at all, and is frequently not even acknowledged in
society [...] not even in the legal code" (p.342).
The internally persuasive speech stands out also in the interactional sequence
C3and D13, when the participant C retrieves the meaning of follow, referring to a way to
collaborate with someone on the development of his work, in a critical perspective -
because to follow here means to provide a learning context for yourself and others - and
also when D1, appropriating the voice of C, increases the significance (in D13 - This
can be good).
Bakhtin sees a decisive significance in the evolution of individual consciousness
to the extent that the person distinguishes his/her own speech from that of others, from
his/her own thoughts from those of others (BAKHTIN, 1986). In the example
discussed, there is a constant discourse movement that starts from fixed meanings which
seek, in the dialogic interanimation, to be articulated into other voices. The structure of
this discourse, therefore, is open, not finite, revealing that the context of participants
exerts influence to meaning. Thus, the word of the other, which initially characterizes as
authority, acts as a starting point, as a strategy to think and, therefore, to trigger the
negotiation of meanings.
The example that follows, retrieved from the same training activity presented in
excerpt 1, allows us to stress the internally persuasive discourse and its argumentative
8
149 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
character. The discussion alternates between participants who have differing
viewpoints, looking for some negotiation. What we have in this utterance situation is a
discussion triggered by the need to understand the theory-practice relationship, based
initially on the authoritative argument presented by D2 when seeking support in the
voice of the researcher. The discussion occurs between three participants: Two directors
and a pedagogical coordinator, without the intervention of the researcher.
Excerpt 2
D26 P, is that related to / that’s socio - constructivism, isn’t it? Because I remember when we did that activity with learning theories, when we talked about mediation.
C7 Vygotsky, right, P. We‟ve already read a lot about him. In the trainings, they are always giving texts about that and there is a lot about it in the PCN. You know that this was all in the exam that teachers took, right? They talked a lot about this at the
time, but I guess it’s not enough just to talk. And they need to know how to apply it.
D29 No, C, but I think it doesn’t help giving them theory to read. We have to study it all, and we have to go and do things during HTPC, using things to discuss about that so that later they can relate them to their practices.
C8 Yes, that’s true, D1. You are right. This reading text thing is not something that works well during HTPC, because they like practical things. We have already
seen this, right? And in the review they said that too. I don‟t know if you remember, but
in the review they said they wanted to study many things. These things that we use during HTPCs now. And there is, why, they asked for projects, they asked interdisciplinary, text production techniques. All this is related to socio - constructivism,
isn’t it?
Intertwining ways of thinking about pedagogical practice at school, the
participants bring to their discourses voices of others present in earlier times of training,
but with a view for advancing their understanding of the meanings. While pointing to
the practices as socio-constructivist (in D26), they show the contradiction,
socio-historically located, which reveals a mistaken or simplistic understanding of the
relationship between theory and practice, signified only from the identification of the
theoretical framework, as in D2 - that’s socio-constructivism, isn’t it?; or in the
arguments that reveal points of view, as in C7- They talked a lot about this at the time,
but I guess it’s not enough to just talk. And they need to know how to apply it; or even in the argument in D19- but I think it doesn’t help giving them theory to read. This
contradiction is still present in the arguments revealed in the voice of C (in C8), when
150 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014. wanted to study. There seems to be an authoritative discourse emanating from practices
already introduced at school which, somehow, is dictated by the current educational
paradigm –what‟s important is to be socio-constructivist; on the other hand, there also
seems to be a movement to understand this authoritative discourse and make it
internally persuasive - in the sense that "being socio-constructivist" should be reframed
in the school. For Bakhtin,
Authoritative discourses may embody various contents: authority as such, or the authoritativeness of tradition, of general acknowledged truths, of the official line and other similar authorities. These discourses may have a variety of zones (determined by the degree to which they are distanced from the zone of contact) with a variety of relations to the presumed listener interpreter (the apperceptive background presumed by the discourse, the degree of reciprocation between the two and so far (1981, p.344).
In other words, the ways in which each participant in the discursive dynamics
attributes significance to these authoritative words are related to their socio-history, the
context in which it operates and the relationships established with other participants in
this context. In Bakhtin's view, the consciousness of the participants involved in the
discursive dynamics awakens, not in isolation or independently, but as part of a world
which is populated by the words of others.
2.2 The Discursive Dynamics in the Context 2
It is also in our interest to discuss training moments which are characterized,
somehow, as promoters of argumentation, but, due to the very discursive dynamics, the
internally persuasive discourse seems to disperse the negotiation situation of meanings
and, thus, the possibility of argumentation, giving rise to the authoritarian discourse that
requires, as Bakhtin points out (1981, p.343), “unconditional allegiance.” The next
example, 9 selected from a training meeting, in a project involving researchers, policy
staff and faculty of a Full-Time State Primary School - EETI, emphasizes this question.
The participants are two researchers, F1 and F2, the director, her deputy, about 10
teachers and a coordinator C,who, in the beginning of the project, was a literacy teacher.
9
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The focus of discussion is on the reflection on a reading practice crafted in one
of the training meetings, focusing on the discussion of the reading process and the
choices made by the researcher in this practice experienced by the participants. The
selected excerpt begins with the statement of one of the trainers (F1), seeking to resume
a previous discussion.
Excerpt 3
F11 Students need to learn the processes of reading and writing, that‟s what
we're doing here... so they take control of the text organization, and if it‟s a narrative or a description ... and this is a central issue ...we'll discuss here about everything we did last class. What we did was to focus on the process of reading and writing, and what process that is. Can we resume that?
F21 We present this little book here, you guys got to know of this book? C1 But we talked about it during HTP.
F22 You talked about what during HTP?
C2 I talked about the text, talked about the front cover/and/how it was presented by the illustration first /and/then the type of text, vocabulary, right? All the dynamics that you guys presented / I took them to HTP.
F12 But why doing this, did you tell them?
C3 ... no, I didn’t.
F23 You guys remember, I can ask those who were here, right? C is resuming what
was shown: First the images, right? Then we read the power point slide; what happens there was one thing we did, as C told us, we were trying to figure out the whys of things, instead of simply repeating this activity another way; to analyze, we will think of what would be a planning process that a teacher would do to plan these activities?(... ) So, I'll show you guys a power point presentation to recover the
planning process of the activity, not the activity/it‟s the planning, how can a teacher think in order to organize the activities? Why doing it one way and not another?
C4 On that part where she goes from a narrative of the stanza, we commented that
we would not do everything, but I don‟t remember exactly why [do what he did]?
F24 Ahhhh! That question you will/will think of it, what we can say now is that this is an earlier question and perhaps halfway you will find it out.
F25 So, the first question that we made was / why did you choose the narrative poem "The secret of gecko?”Then, it‟s / guessing / N, as if you were interviewing the person that did it, and you ask /why did you choose the narrative poem? Before I tell her the criteria, do you want to think about why you think she was thinking when she did it?
At the beginning of the extract, the statement made by F2 as a complement to
F1‟s (We present this little book here, you guys got to know of this book?) trigged an
authoritarian discourse. In response to C1 (But we talked about it during HTP), already
introduced by an adversative - to justify an action possibly agreed on for HTP - and thus
152 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
(You talked about what during HTP?), which, presented abruptly, breaks the affective
relationship and suggests an evaluative dialogue that creates tension. It is characterized
as authoritative in the sense that there is a single form, a fixed discourse that cannot be
modified to be presented on the book in question, one taken as correct response based
on a previous discussion. And this is what happens when we look at what C2 says (…All
the dynamics that you guys presented / I took them to HTP.) in response. In other
words, C2 understands what F2 is saying as an imposition, and more: The voice of F2 has
become an unquestionable truth to be passed on to teachers. Such imposition that marks
an asymmetry of roles among the participants of the training group imposes a distance
between them, minimizing the space to agree/disagree, to expose views and negotiate
them. The strength of this type of statement is precisely on making the other party
accept and not question what is said.
The discursive dynamics of the sequence presented does not allow space for
participants to describe actions more clearly, express doubts and disagreements about
what was done by the researcher and for the contradictions about what had been done in
Collective Hours – teachers‟ training area. Disregarding the coordinator‟s response, C3
(no, I didn’t) is revealed in the subsequent proposal for F23 on the purpose of the task
to be performed.
As pointed out by Magalhães (2011), Vygotsky‟s discussion on the central
importance of language as the organizer of dialectical relationships among participants
in discussion in the school context in order to create collective spaces for learning and
development has no place in this dialogue. Instead of creating a space in which the
coordinator presented her understanding of the reproductive process given by the
repetition of the act of the researcher, what we have here is an authoritative discourse
that inhibits the advancement of the participant, as there is no place for stating the
reasons for the choices that led them to consider the action of the researcher as an action
to be repeated. What we have here, in other words, is the consideration of an action
hierarchically imposed, making the space for discussion and critical learning diluted.
In F23, we highlight an interesting way to present an authoritative discourse as if
it were internally persuasive. Observing, for example, the passages in which F2 says
"we will think of what would be a planning process that a teacher would do to plan
153 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014. process of the activity,” and “how can a teacher think in order to organize the
activities? Why doing it one way and not another?,” it seems that the trainer suggests a
discursive dynamics which considers the diverse voices of the participants (we will
think), but then dismisses these voices (I'll present) and concludes stating that there is
"one way" to plan the activities. The controversial question is at the end of the
statement.
To sum up, F23 anticipates what had been done, without allowing the
coordinator to have space to describe the action, to present the next task. In this
sequence, no possible learning was created, since the authoritative discourse requires
the recognition of the other without the possibility of defense.
In Bakhtin's view, the areas of voice use are reduced, and even when F2 (in F25)
says, "do you want to think about why you think she was thinking when she did it?"
what we effectively have is what was said earlier, "Before I tell her the criteria." In
other words, the criteria had previously been established, unquestionable truths, which
would interpose those presented by the participants if they would encourage them to do
so. In a Vygotskian perspective, this discursive dynamics does not create a dialectic
relationship between the participants who favored new moves in the ZPD. The
contradiction is not established, therefore, preventing the negotiation of meanings.
Final Thoughts
The discussion presented here aimed to highlight discursive ways of meaning
production in contexts of teacher education founded on the Vygotskian and Bakhtinian
perspective, taking as crucial (1) the importance of the ways to conduct meaning
negotiation and of contradictions and socio-historically located conflicts, characteristic
of the dialectical movement; (2) the relevant role of internally persuasive discourse as
the generator of propitious contexts for the development of argumentative processes in a
critical collaborative manner.
The examples were selected to show researchers the central importance of
courses for educators to create a discursive dynamics that allows understanding of the
relationships established among the participants. The focus is to understand if and how
154 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
participants to understand themselves and others in interactions. Based on Vygotsky,
the focus, therefore, lies on building critical - collaborative relationships so that all
participants understand their experiences, concepts and values, and situate them in a
social, historical, cultural and political framework that enables development.
The discussion, elucidated by the theoretical perspective, shows that an
argumentative context in teacher education can be organized in different discursive
ways, from which different results to participants derive, as revealed in the analysis
presented here. It‟s important to consider that the discursive dynamics based on the
internally persuasive discourse - for its organization favors the presence and
interweaving of diverse voices-, allowed participants to progress towards the production
of shared meanings, expanding the ways of reasoning and reframing training practices.
In contrast, authoritative speech closed negotiating possibilities, alienated the
participants involved, leading them to repeat what was considered authoritative,
neutralizing their own voices.
From the point of view of the construction of spaces for the development of
argumentation and negotiation/critical collaboration, the importance of strengthening
the role of authoritative and internally persuasive discourse is worth highlighting, for, as
we have seen, it is in the interconnection of these two discourses that training practices
occur, and it is precisely through them that participants develop critical modes of
participation.
Although this article has analyzed only two examples of teacher education
contexts, the deliberate focus on authoritative and internally persuasive discourse
favored the understanding of how the relationships between trainers and educators may
or may not trigger the negotiation of meanings. In the first context of the research,
marked by an internally persuasive discourse, participants showed how, despite having
different understandings of educational theories and practices, they, during the
discursive dynamic, articulated ways of thinking and appropriating the voices of others
to construct meaning. It was possible to observe how every interaction, “full of
transmissions and interpretations of other people‟s words” (BAKHTIN, 1981, p.338),
was constituted into strategy thinking for the participants, providing them with contexts
to question, agree, or disagree with each other. On the word of the other, as Bakhtin
155 Bakhtiniana, São Paulo, 9 (1): 138-156, Jan./Jul. 2014.
Such discourse is of decisive significance in the evolution of an individual consciousness: (consciousness awakens to independent ideological life precisely in a world of alien discourses surrounding it, and from which it cannot initially separate itself; the process of distinguishing between one's own and another's discourse, between one's own and another's thought, is activated rather late in development. When thought begins to work in an independent, experimenting and discriminating way, what first occurs is a separation between internally persuasive discourse and authoritarian enforced discourse, along with a reaction of those congeries of discourses that do not matter to us, that do not touch us (1981, p.345).
As for the authoritative discourse, better characterized in the second context
presented here, it makes the use of the voices of the participants difficult, eliminating
inconsistencies and controversial points, minimizing the possibility for responsiveness.
Although both - the internally persuasive discourse and authoritative discourse –
are present in the discourse of training, it is important, as already mentioned above, that
the researcher beaware of the sole occurrence of authoritative discourse.
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Translated by Ângela Cavenagh Temudo Lessa –cavenagh@uol.com.br
Received November 23,2013