Módulos Programa
:-Tipos e características dos ecossistemas (terrestres, aquáticos e urbanos)
- Principais processos na dinâmica dos ecossistemas
- Impactos humanos nos ecossistemas
- Alterações globais e impactos nos ecossistemas
- Recuperação de ecossistemas
DINÂMICA DE ECOSSISTEMAS
WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?
Etymologically the word ecosystem derives
from the Greek oikos, meaning "home," and
systema, or "system."
Nineteenth- and early 20th-century ecologists, who were well aware of the complex
interdependence of living and nonliving matter, coined several terms, such as
biocoenosis, microcosm, holocoen, biosystem and geobiocoenosis.
It was not until British ecologist A.G. Tansley proposed the word "ecosystem" (1935) that American Raymond L. Lindeman offered the now classic definition (1942).
Ecosystems are composed of a variety of abiotic and biotic components that function in an interrelated way.
Ecosystem - A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural
community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
COMMENT THIS DEFINITION
DO YOU AGREE?
HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE ECOSYSTEM?
Freshwater lake ecosystem Artic ecosystem Ocean beach ecosystem
Temporary ponds ecosystem
Inventory of Total amount of water: 1,385,990.5 x 1015kg
Data from Chahine, 1992, The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate, Nature, v. 359, p. 373-380;
Estimated Flows of Water in the Global Water Cycle Flows given in units of 1015 kg/year
Residence times
WATER CYCLE RESIDENCE TIME AND ROBUSTNESS
Basic ecological unit composed of living and non-living elements
interacting in an aqueous milieu
Any watery environment, such as rivers, lakes, wetlands, and
estuaries, in which plants and animals interact with the chemical
and physical features of the environment
WHAT ARE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS?
HARMONIZATION
of hydrotechnical infrastructure
INTEGRATION
of various regulations acting in a synergistic way to stabilize and improve the quality of
water resources
REGULATION
REGULATION
BIOTA
BIOTA
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
SUSTAINING AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS FUNCTIONS:
ECOHYDROLOGY APPROACH
“DUAL REGULATION”
Hydrology regulates biota and shaping biota can regulate
hydrology
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS..?
HIGH VARIABILITY IN
SPATIAL, TEMPORAL, BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FEATURES
and...TEMPORARY LAGOONS, PONDS
and...LAKES FROM DAMS
and...ESTUARIES
and...SMALL PONDS / OCEAN
and CHRONIC POLLUTION NEED TO BE PERMANENT?
NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL?
PRESENT STABLE CHARACTERISTICS?
IS A MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM SIZE?
NEED TO BE IN PRISTINE FOR FUNCTIONING?
Marshes are defined as wetlands frequently or
continually inundated with water, characterized by emergent soft-stemmed vegetation adapted to saturated soil conditions.
Mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow in
saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. Mangals are found in depositional coastal
environments with fine sediments, often with high organic content, in areas protected from high energy wave action.
TYPES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
•SWAMP (PÂNTANO)- like a marsh but with bushes and trees growing from the water as well
•PUDDLES (CHARCO) - and body of water that lasts for a few days or more may attract aquatic life
•TIDAL POOL (POÇA DE MARÉ) – A pool of water remaining after a tide has retreated
•POND (LAGO PEQUENO)- a small and shallow body of water with plants growing above water level only on the edges; generally freezes solid during winter. •RIVER (RIO) - a moving body of water that flows from one place to another.
TYPES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
•ESTUARY (ESTUÁRIO) - part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix
•OCEAN (OCEANO) –The entire body of salt water that covers more than 70 percent of the earth's surface
•SALT LAKE (LAGO SALGADO) - A salt lake is a lake which has a concentration of salts higher than sea water
•HYDROTHERMAL VENTS (FONTES
HIDROTERMAIS) - A hot spring on the ocean floor where hydrothermal fluids mix into the overlying ocean.
TYPES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES : CIRCULATION AND PRODUCTIVITY
oligotrophic lake— Low nutrients and transparent water characterize these lakes. There is low productivity, and the benthic fauna is highly diverse but low in number. The basin is typically deep with steep banks. The sediments are typically low in organic matter.
eutrophic lake— This is a lake with high nutrients and, therefore, high primary productivity (algae and plants). Blue-green algae are characteristically extensive in these lakes, especially in summer. The littoral zone is typically broad with abundant plants. Due to high production, there is a great deal of biomass and decomposition in the profundal zone with
CHARACTERISTICS OF ESTUARIES: SALT-FRESHWATER MIX
LOW ESTUARY HIGH ESTUARY
MIDDLE ESTUARY
CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEANS
CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEANS
Af rica 100 Km 1000 KmCHARACTERISTICS OF OCEANS
biomas
Bioma – major regional community of plants and animals with
similar life forms and environmental conditions. It is the largest
geographical biotic unit, and is named after the dominant type
of life form, such as tropical rain forest, grassland, or coral reef.
O número de biomas que são reconhecidos pelos biogeógrafos
variam. Apenas nos EUA podem ser encontradas 150 ecoregiões
diferentes. No entanto, normalmente consideram-se 2 biomas
aquáticos e 8 biomas terrestres.
BIOMAS AQUÁTICOS
► zonas lênticas – águas paradas (ex. lagos)
► zonas lóticas – águas em movimento (ex. rios)
► zona pelágica : (factor determinante
capacidade de natação)
• plâncton – organismos flutuadores
• necton – organismos nadadores
► zona bentónica : (factor determinante
profundidade)
• zona costeira
• zona oceânica
BIOMAS MARINHOS
Diferentes zonas do bioma marinho e principais factores que condicionam as comunidades nas várias zonas
BIOMAS TERRESTRES: VARIAÇÃO EM ALTITUDE
E EM LATITUDE
Ecossistemas urbanos
ACLIMATAÇÃO HUMANA AO
CALOR-ILHAS DE CALOR URBANO
CAPACIDADE DE ACLIMATIZAÇÃO SAÚDE HUMANA
ACLIMATAÇÃO HUMANA AO
CALOR-ILHAS DE CALOR URBANO
COLD EVENTS
Short-term Long-term
1. THE VARIABILITY OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
2. INTERNAL ECOSYSTEMS PROCESSES
3. IMPACTS FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES AND ECOSYSTEMS
PRECIPITATION, AIR TEMPERATURE RIVER DISCHARGE, TIDES, WIND, FOOD WEB WATER-SEDIMENT EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS CYCLES CARRYING CAPACITY POLLUTION DEFORESTATION
EXTREME SHORT-TERM CONDITIONS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN LONG-TERM ONES (AMBROSE, 1984)
HIGHLY DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEMS
DYNAMIC IN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
TIDES WAVES CURRENTS
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT KEY-FACTORS AND SYSTEM FUNCTIONING IS FUNDAMENTAL TO MANAGEMENT
RESIDENCE TIME (T)
