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93 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018

K. Carrara, Radical Behaviorism and Cultural Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74301-1

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About the Author

Kester Carrara holds a productivity fellowship from the CNPq (Brazilian National

Research Council). He has been the general Portuguese language editor for the Acta

Comportamentalia

periodical and is an associate professor (III) at the Psychology

Department of the Faculty of Sciences at the Bauru campus of the São Paulo State

University (Unesp) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. He holds a master’s degree

from the Catholic University of São Paulo (1981) and a Ph.D., from Unesp (1996)

and a postdoctoral qualification (Livre docência) from the same university (2003).

He has also taught undergraduate and graduate courses in education and in

philoso-phy in Unesp’s Faculty of Philosophiloso-phy at the university’s Marília campus. He has

had various articles published in prestigious periodicals and has written books and

chapters of books. He is a frequent reference in the Editora Unesp’s Behaviorismo

Radical: crítica e metacrítica

(Radical Behaviorism: criticism and metacriticism).

He has tutored various undergraduate research projects and students taking

mas-ter’s, Ph.D. and post-Ph.D. courses in the areas of education and philosophy.

Currently, he is a researcher and a teacher/tutor in the Graduate Program in the

Psychology of Learning and Development certified by the Brazilian National

Coordinating Body for Training University-Level Personnel (Coordenação de

Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

– Capes). He was the program’s first

coordinator in the period 2005 to 2007. Since 1974, he has been participating in

research projects in the area of psychology especially with a Behavior Analysis

approach. In his current activities, priority is given to history, theories, and systems

in psychology, the epistemology of Radical Behaviorism, and the Behavior Analysis

of Culture. In the aspect of academic administration, he has been a member of

vari-ous councils and committees and head of the teaching department on several

occa-sions. From 2000 to 2003, he was director general of the Faculty of Philosophy and

Sciences at Unesp’s Marília campus, and on August 17, 2015, he was awarded an

Honorary and Lifelong Accreditation Certificate by the Brazilian Association of

Psychotherapy and Behavioral Medicine for his “contributions to the development

of Behavior Analysis in research, teaching and application and for making the area

better-known in Brazil” (Certificate No. 021/2015).

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A

Altruism, 81

Anti-theory dichotomy, 73 B

Behavior Analysis of Culture, 62, 83, 87–91 Biobehavioral development, 52

Biological economy, 31

Boring and Stevens’s methodological approach, 25

C

Causality, 19, 43 Classical behaviorism, 7

Comte’s/Durkheim’s social physics, 66 Conceptual immobilization, 1 Cultivars, 91

Cultural practices, 89 Cultural variation, 82 D

Darwinian biological evolutionism, 42 Descendants behavioral/psychological phenomena, 90 cultural design, 91 cultural phenomena, 91 cultural practices, 90 hegemonic posturing, 90 leadership, 89 natural resources, 91 power redistribution, 90

social segments/dogmatic religious sects, 90 Descriptive positivism, 41

E

Economic form of thinking, 31 Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 69 F

Frege’s anti-psychologism, 31

Functional relations, 53, 54, 56, 61, 62, 72 H

Human civilization, 89 Human Development Index, 91 Human dignity, 89

I

Internal economy, 6 J

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 61 M

Mach’s “sensations” concept, 47 Machian inspiration, 47 Metacontingency, 83, 85 Methodological behaviorism, 14 Monism-dualism, 6 N Natural instruments, 7 Newtonian model of science, 33 Newtonian-Machian dichotomy, 64

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102 O

Ockham’s razor principle, 88 Ontogenetic level, 82 Operationism Symposium, 46 Order and Progress, 90 P Positivism, 16, 23 Principia Comportamentalis academic performance, 62 aggressiveness, 70 anti-theorist, 69 atheoretical/anti-theoretical, 68 Behavior Analysis, 59 behavior analysts, 76 biobehavioral approach, 70 complex behavior, 60 conceptual misapprehensions, 70 contextualism, 72, 75 determinism, 60 egalitarian society, 76 environmentalism, 66

ethical and methodological impartiality, 73 ethical-moral values, 73 explanatory microsphere, 71 functional characteristics, 67 gradual identification, 60 hypothetical constructs, 70 impartial knowledge, 73 indeterminate behavior, 60 logical argumentation, 70 meta-contingencies, 75 natural sciences, 61, 63 neopositivism/logical positivism, 64 neurological and physiological terms, 68 neutrality, 72, 75 organisms, 77 philosophy of science, 64 phylogenetic evolution, 67 phylogenetic sphere, 63 physical existence, 59 physical structure, 60 physics of thinking, 69 political representation, 74 Popper’s falsifiability testing, 65 pragmatism, 67

presuppositions and principles, 59, 61 public-private dichotomy, 62 Radical Behaviorism’s explanatory

system, 71

rudimentary introspection technique, 70 single-subject design, 61, 62

Skinner’s behaviorism, 68

social and physical environment, 77 social assets, 73

social truths, 66 sociocultural issues, 77 spurious behavior, 60 S-R paradigm, 72

verification and veracity, 64 Psychologism, 16

Psychology and dichotomic thinking anatomical and physiological, 3 anatomical-physiological characteristics, 4 behavioral changes, 4 biological conditions, 2 biological functionality, 9 conceptual immobilization, 1 contiguity and contingency, 9 copy theory, 8 corporeal organization, 8 cultural practices, 3 cultural-behavioral patterns, 5 dyads function, 1 epistemological/ontological leaning, 7 epistemological-ontological issues, 6 general variation and selection

process, 5 genetic transmission, 2

inaccessible immaterial sphere, 7 interlacing, 5

internal representations, 8 internalism-externalism, 7

organism–environment interactions, 3 phylogenetic history, 3

phylogenetic, ontogenetic and cultural process, 4

physical-chemical-biological-social environments, 4

physical-nonphysical dichotomy, 7 scientific disciplines, 8

Skinner’s three-term contingency or Glenn’s metacontingency, 5 substantive duality, 6 technological developments, 7 temporal dimension, 3 theoretical mediation, 1 topographic description, 8 variation and selection levels, 5 Psychology of knowledge, 31 Public policies, 89 Pygmalion effect, 27 Q Qualitative methodology, 25 Index

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R Radical behaviorism, 44, 59, 61–63, 65, 82, 86 Relations adoption, 56 age of theories, 55 altruistic action, 52 behavior analyst, 51 biobehavioral development, 52 cause and effect, 54

chrysalises’ behavior, 55 concept, 53

depositories, 51

empirio-criticism, Skinner’s behaviorism, 56 flask of smelling salts and relational

complexity, 57–59 functional interpretation, 52 human nature, 51

independent and dependent variable, 54 Mach’s conception, 56

mechanical causality, 53 mechanical causation, 52 mental phenomena, 53 organic systems, 53

physical and temporal characteristics, 53 physiological process, 57

Principia Comportamentalis (see Principia

Comportamentalis) principles, 53 social justice, 52

structuralist psychology, 53

teleological explanatory solutions, 55 theoretical-philosophical scenario, 55 S Skinnerean positivism, 42 Social control, 90 Social phenomena, 86 Social-environmental sustainability agency and population, 85 altruism, 81 anatomical-physiological-behavioral adjustments, 84 assessment, 80 biological economy, 85 biological organism, 84 broader social reality, 87 cultural designs, 88 cultural planning, 79 cultural practice, 79–81, 85 cultural variation, 82 designs, 80 economical strategies, 87 group action configuration, 83

hyper-ultra-mega-maxi-metacontingency, 88 interlocking, 86

legitimacy/non-legitimacy, 80 metacontingency, 83, 85 minimal relational units, 86 minimal units of analysis, 87 nonsocial behaviors, 82 ontogenetic level, 82 operant behavior, 82 parsimonious analysis, 87 ramifications, 83 relational individuality, 85 selection level, 82

sensitivity and raising awareness, 81 social phenomena, 86

social recognition, 81 socially consecrated values, 79 structural explanation, 84

three-term contingency paradigm, 82 transparency, respect and equality, 79 Sociology, 21 Sounding, 89 T Theory of reinforcement, 70 Thing-in-itself analytical-logical procedures, 16 anti-metaphysics, 47

arousing awareness of instituted authority, 20 atomic theory, 12

atomist hypothesis, 36

biological and historical phenomenon, 35 cabalistic dimensions, 25

causal derivations, 37 citizenship-based society, 20 clarifications, Mach’s position, 49 Comte’s turbulent trajectory, 18 conceptual confusion, 30 descriptive positivism, 41

digital electro-electronic equipment, 22 dualist condition, 43

Durkheim’s immobilization, 21 effort at objectivity, 22

epistemological-methodological aspects, 34 fatalistic determinism, 21

generalization and discrimination processes, 47 historical contributions, 39 human mind, 12 hypothetical entities, 43 identical activities, 39 identification, 19, 29 ideology, 11, 28, 29

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104

Thing-in-itself (cont.)

imagination and argumentation, 26 intellectual influences, 17 intellectual tensions, 33 intersubjective consensus, 41 introspection, 15 liberal society, 27 logical operationism, 26 logical positivism, 45 Mach’s considerations, 30 mental events, 41 metaphysical speculations, 46 metaphysics, 31

methodological and conceptual implications, 23 methodological behaviorists, 14 micro-macroscopic organization, 36 naturalism, 17 observation-description-integration sequence, 43 orthodox behaviorism, 40 parallel reflections, 32

philosophical and scientific thinking, 15 philosophical-scientific development, 12 philosophy of science, 29

physical and psychic aspects, 47 physical language, 31 physicist-philosopher, 30 positivisms, 17, 23 positivist philosophy, 12 predecessors, 41 progressive/revolutionary thinker, 20 pro-physicalism analyses, 32 psychology’s preferred method, 44 qualitative methodology, 25 quality-quantity issue, 24 quantitative methods, 24 radical behaviorist philosophy, 12 relational descriptivism, 46 research methodologies, 17 scientific analysis, 47 scientific paradigms, 33 scientific-philosophical enterprises, 30 selective pressure, 46 sensory impressions, 16 Skinnerean positivism, 42 social and political organization, 18 social phenomena, 21

stages, knowledge, 18, 19

super-generalizations and metaphysical dogmas, 34

systematic replication, 41

teleological-metaphysical terminology, 38 temporal contextualization, 36

theological and metaphysical explanations, 39 theological and metaphysical knowledge, 16 theoretical formulations, 44

Watson’s behaviorism, 13 Watson’s classic behaviorism and

neo-behaviorisms, 22 W

Walden Two (1977), novel, 75