SÃO CARLOS
2017
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ ❈❆❘▲❖❙ ❈❊◆❚❘❖ ❉❊ ❊❉❯❈❆➬➹❖ ❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆❙ ❍❯▼❆◆❆❙ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ▲■◆●❯❮❙❚■❈❆
❖ P❘❖❈❊❙❙❖ ❉❊ ❈❆❯❙❆❚■❱■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■◆❊❘●❆❚■❱❖❙ ❊ ■◆❆❈❯❙❆❚■❱❖❙ ◆❖ P❖❘❚❯●❯✃❙ ❇❘❆❙■▲❊■❘❖✿ P❖❘ ❯▼❆
❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊▼ ◆❆◆❖❙❙■◆❚➪❚■❈❆
❚❤❛②s❡ ▲❡tí❝✐❛ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛
❇♦❧s✐st❛ ❈❆P❊❙ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❚ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▲✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❇❛ss♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❝r❡❞✐t♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✏♣❛❞rã♦✑ ❞❡✈❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❝✐t❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛q✉✐✱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥❛❞❛ ❞✐ss♦ t❡r✐❛ s✐❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐ríss✐♠♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❛♦ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦✱ ♠❡✉ ♥♦✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ q✉❡✲ r✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡♠ ❡❧❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡ s♦❧✐tár✐♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡r ♠❡✉ ♣♦rt♦ s❡❣✉r♦ ❡ t❡r ❛❣✉❡♥t❛❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s q✉❡✐①❛s ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s✳ ▼❡s♠♦ s❡♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❞❡ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦✱ ✈♦❝ê s❡♠♣r❡ s♦✉❜❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ✜❝❛r ♠❛✐s ❝❛❧♠❛ ❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✳ ❱♦❝ê ♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✱ q✉❡r✐❞♦✦
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠❛❞♦s ♣❛✐s✱ ▼❛r❝✐❛ ❡ ❘♦❜❡rt♦✱ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦✱ ▼❛t❡✉s✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ✭❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦✱ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❛❞♦✮ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ s♦✲ ❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❙❡♠ ❡❧❡s✱ ♥❛❞❛ ❞✐ss♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ▼❡✉s ♣❛♣❛✐s s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❡✱ ❝✉r✐♦s❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♠♣r❡ s♦✉❜❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ ❊s♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s tê♠ r❛③ã♦✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ês✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♠❛❞❛✱ ✏❡✉ ♥❛❞❛ s❡r✐❛✑✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈♦✈ó③✐♥❤❛✱ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐③❛r ❡ t♦r❝❡r ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳ ➚ ❚❡r❡s❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❲❛❝❤♦✇✐❝③✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛✳ ❚❡❝❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✱ s❡♠ s❡✉s ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡✉ ❥❛♠❛✐s ♣❡♥s❛r✐❛ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡r✲ t❛çã♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡r tã♦ ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s❛ ❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦r❛ ✭♥❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡❧❛✮✦
❆♦ ❘❡♥❛t♦ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❇❛ss♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ t♦♣❛❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✉❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡r❛r ♠❡✉ t❡①t♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ t❡✈❡ ♥❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣❡♥✐❛✐s✳ Pr❡❝✐s♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ✉♥✐✈❡r✲ s❛✐s ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡r ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉tr❛ ✏❝❛r❛✑ s❡♠ ✈♦❝ê✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛❧♠❛ ♠❛t❡r✱ ❯❋P❘✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ▲✉✐③ ❆rt❤✉r P❛❣❛♥✐✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛s ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤❛s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❣r❛♠❛tát✐❝❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛❧✱ à ▼❛r✐❛ ❏♦sé ❋♦❧tr❛♥✱ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♠✱ à ▲í❣✐❛ ◆❡❣r✐ ❡ à P❛trí❝✐❛ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡✉s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ♣❡ss♦❛s tã♦ ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s❛s ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
➚ ♣❛t♦t❛✳ Pr❡❝✐s♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥✲ t❛①❡✱ ❱❛❧ ❡ ❉❡♥✐s❡✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ❡s❝r❡✈✐ ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ tã♦ s✐♥❝❡r❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡✦ ➚ ▲❡tí❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❋❛❜✐♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❢❡✐t♦ ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐❞❛s à ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛s✳ ❆♦ ❆❧❡①✱ ❛♦ ❑❛②r♦♥✱ ❛♦ ❉✐♦❣♦ ❡ à ▲✉❛♥❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❢❡st❛s ❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♥s✦ ❱♦❝ês t♦❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡♠❛✐s✦
➚ ▲í✈✐❛✱ ❛♦ ❊♠❡rs♦♥✱ à ❊❧✐❛♥❡ ❡ ❛♦ ❇r✉♥♥♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❢❡✐t♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ s❡r t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ❧❛r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r t✉❞♦✦
❆♦s q✉❡r✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❏♦ã♦ ❡ ❏♦❤♥✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r♦✈❡✐✲ t♦s❛s ❡ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ tã♦ ❜❡♠✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r❛♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛✿ ♠❡✉s s✐♥❝❡r♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s à ❚❡r❡s❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❲❛❝❤♦✇✐❝③✱ ❛♦ ❙ér❣✐♦ ▼❡♥✉③③✐ ❡ ❛♦ ❆q✉✐❧❡s ❚❡s❝❛r✐ ◆❡t♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ❡♥✜♠✱ ❛ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ❱✐❞❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❡ ♣rós♣❡r❛✦
✏◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ✉s♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛✑✱ ❞✐ss❡ ❍✉♠♣t② ❉✉♠♣t② ♥✉♠ t♦♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❞❡♥❤♦s♦✱ ✏❡❧❛ s✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐❢✐q✉❡✿ ♥❡♠ ♠❛✐s ♥❡♠ ♠❡♥♦s✳✑
✏❆ q✉❡stã♦ é✑✱ ❞✐ss❡ ❆❧✐❝❡✱ ✏s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s s✐❣♥✐❢✐❝❛r❡♠ t❛♥t❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳✑ ✏❆ q✉❡stã♦✑✱ ❞✐ss❡ ❍✉♠♣t② ❉✉♠♣t②✱ ✏é s❛❜❡r q✉❡♠ ✈❛✐ ♠❛♥❞❛r ✕ só ✐st♦✳✑
❆❧✐❝❡ ❡st❛✈❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞❛ ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐③❡r ♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✱ ❛♣ós ✉♠ ♠✐♥✉t♦✱ ❍✉♠♣t② ❉✉♠♣t② r❡❝♦♠❡ç♦✉✳ ✏❙ã♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s✳✳✳ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❞❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❢❛③❡r
q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦✐s❛✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❡r❜♦s✳✳✳ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ s❡✐ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛r ♦ ❜❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦✦ ■♠♣❡♥❡tr❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✦ ➱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❞✐❣♦✦✑
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❤á sé❝✉❧♦s ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠♦s ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦s ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ✐♥❡r❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦s ❡①♣r❡ss❛r❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❝❤ã♦Ð→❛
♠ã❡ s❡♥t♦✉ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❝❤ã♦✑✳ ◆♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é q✉❡ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ s✐♥tát✐❝♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈❛ ✭❞✐r❡t❛✮ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ✭❬❝❛✉s❡P❪✮✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❞❛ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡ ✭❙t❛r❦❡✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❙♣❡❧❧✲♦✉t ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❧é①✐❝♦✲❡♥❝✐❝❧♦♣é❞✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❈❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡✳ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❡ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✳ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊✈❡♥t♦s✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
❚❤❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥✱ ❢♦r ❝❡♥t✉r✐❡s✱ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ✉♥❡r❣❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❛❝❝✉s❛t✐✈❡ ✈❡r❜s t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ❝❛✉s❛❧✐t②✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ♥♦t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈❡s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❜❛s❡✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ✏t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ s❛t ♦♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦r Ð→ t❤❡ ♠♦♠ s❛t t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♦♥ t❤❡
✢♦♦r✑✳ ❖✉r ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ✐s ❛ s②♥t❛❝t✐❝ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥ts ❝❛♥ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❛ ✭❞✐r❡❝t✮ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭❬❝❛✉s❡P❪✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ ◆❛♥♦s②♥t❛① ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ✭❙t❛r❦❡✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡s t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ t❤❡ ❙♣❡❧❧✲♦✉t r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧✲❡♥❝②❝❧♦♣❡❞✐❝ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐❝❡♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❈❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆❛♥♦s②♥t❛①✳ ❋✐rst P❤❛s❡ ❙②♥t❛①✳ ❊✈❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❞✈ér❜✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✶ ❖s tr❛ç♦s ❆❜str❛t♦s ♥♦ ▼✐♥✐♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ♥❛ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✷✳✷ ❖s tr❛ç♦s ❛❜str❛t♦s ♥♦ ▼✐♥✐♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✷✳✸ ❖s tr❛ç♦s ❛❜str❛t♦s ♥❛ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✷✳✹ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ✭❈❛❤❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✷✳✺ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❈ ❃ ❚ ❃ ✈ ✭❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞ ✫ ❙✈❡♥♦♥✐✉s✱ ✷✵✶✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✹✮ ✽✷ ✷✳✻ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ P❛t❤ ❃ P❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✷✳✼ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❵♥❛❛r✬ ♥♦ ❤♦❧❛♥❞ês ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✷✳✽ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛s ♣r❡♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❵♥❛✬ ❡ ❵❦❛❥✬ ❡♠ ♠❛❝❡❞ô♥✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✷✳✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✷✳✶✵ ▲❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✷✳✶✶ ▲❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✷✳✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ▲❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❊①❛✉st✐✈❛ ❈í❝❧✐❝❛✿ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✷✳✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ▲❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❊①❛✉st✐✈❛ ❈í❝❧✐❝❛✿ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✷✳✶✹ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵✯♠♦✉s❡s✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✷✳✶✺ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵♠✐❝❡✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✷✳✶✻ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❛ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞♦ ❙✉♣❡r❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❡
❞♦ ▲✐①♦ ▼✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✷✳✶✼ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❛ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ➶♥❝♦r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✷✳✶✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✷✳✶✾ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ P❆❚❍ ✭P❛♥t❝❤❡✈❛✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✷✳✷✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛ç♦s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✷✳✷✶ ❉❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❡st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸
✷✳✷✷ ❉❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✷✳✷✸ ❉❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✷✳✷✹ ❉❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✷✳✷✺ ❉❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✷✳✷✻ ❉❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✿ s❡♠❡❧❢❛❝t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✷✳✷✼ ❘❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞ ❡ ❙✈❡♥♦♥✐✉s ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✷✳✷✽ ❖ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ❈❆❯❙❊ ♥❛ ❢✲s❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✷✳✷✾ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❡ P❛♥t❝❤❡✈❛
✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻
✸✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✸✳✷ ❘❡t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭P❛♥t❝❤❡✈❛✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✸✳✸ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❛ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✸✳✹ ❙✉❜❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❬✐♥✐t❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ✸✳✺ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵❡♠❜❛r❝❛r✬✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ✸✳✻ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵❡♠❜❛r❝❛r✬✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ✸✳✼ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵❡♠❜❛r❝❛r✬✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ✸✳✽ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵❡♠❜❛r❝❛r✬✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✸✳✾ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵❡♠❜❛r❝❛r✬✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✹ ✸✳✶✵ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵❡♠❜❛r❝❛r✬✿ ❡t❛♣❛ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺ ✸✳✶✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❵✈♦❛r✬ ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾ ✸✳✶✷ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵✈♦❛r✬ ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵ ✸✳✶✸ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵✈♦❛r✬ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✶ ✸✳✶✹ ❖s ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥ts ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹ ✸✳✶✺ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦ ❵❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝❡r✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹ ✸✳✶✻ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r✬ ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✻ ✸✳✶✼ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥ts ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✼ ✸✳✶✽ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡s❝❛❧❛r ❞❡ ❵❝❤❡❣❛r✬ ❡ ❵❝❛✐r✬ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✾ ✸✳✶✾ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❵❞❡s❝❡r✬ ♥❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✵ ✸✳✷✵ ❋❛❧❤❛ ♥❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❵s✉❜✐r✬ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s✉❜❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡
❬♣❧❛❝❡❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦✱ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❆❇❘❊❱■❆➬Õ❊❙
✶ ✖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛
✷ ✖ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛
✸ ✖ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛
❆ ✖ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ✈❡r❜♦ tr❛♥s✐t✐✈♦
❆❈❈ ✖ ❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦
❆❉❱ ✖ ❛❞✈ér❜✐♦
❈❆❯❙ ✖ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈♦
❉❆❚ ✖ ❞❛t✐✈♦
❉❊❋ ✖ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦
❉❊▼ ✖ ♣r♦♥♦♠❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐✈♦
❉❊❙ ✖ ❞❡s✐❞❡r❛t✐✈♦
❋❯❚ ✖ ❢✉t✉r♦
■◆❉❋ ✖ ❛rt✐❣♦ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞♦
■◆❋ ✖ ✐♥✜♥✐t✐✈♦
◆❖▼ ✖ ♥♦♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦
❖ ✖ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ✈❡r❜♦ tr❛♥s✐t✐✈♦
P❙❚ ✖ ♣❛ss❛❞♦
P❚❈P ✖ ♣❛rt✐❝í♣✐♦
❙● ✖ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r
❚❖P ✖ tó♣✐❝♦
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐✐✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s ①✐
■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✹
✶ ❈❆❯❙❆▲■❉❆❉❊✱ ❈❆❯❙❆❚■❱❆❙ ❉■❘❊❚❆❙ ❊ ■◆❉■❘❊❚❆❙ ❊ ❖❙ ❉❆✲
❉❖❙ ❉❖ P❇ ✶✼
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✶✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♥♦t❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✶✳✷ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✶✳✷✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈❛s✿ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ ✐♥✲ ❞✐r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✳✸ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐r❡t❛✿ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦✲❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ❞❡ ▲❡✈✐♥ ❡ ❘❛♣♣❛♣♦rt✲❍♦✈❛✈ ✭✶✾✾✺✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✹✻ ✶✳✸✳✷ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♠ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ✐♥❡r✲
❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ P❇✿ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦✲❧❡①✐❝❛❧ ✺✷ ✶✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❈❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❡r❣❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ P❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✶✳✸✳✷✳✷ ❈❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦s ♥♦ P❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✷ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆✿ ◆❆◆❖❙❙■◆❚❆❳❊ ❊ ❙■◆❚❆❳❊ ❉❊
P❘■▼❊■❘❆ ❋❆❙❊ ✼✹
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✷✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♥♦t❛s s♦❜r❡ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✷✳✶✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s s✐♥tát✐❝♦s✱ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ❧é①✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦✿ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ▲❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛✲
çã♦ ❊①❛✉st✐✈❛ ❈í❝❧✐❝❛✱ ❞♦ ❙✉♣❡r❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ❞♦ ▲✐①♦ ▼✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ➶♥❝♦r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✷✳✷ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❡ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ❞❡ ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❧é①✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✷✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❖ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦✿ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❡♥❝✐❝❧♦♣é❞✐❝♦ ✾✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ P♦r ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ tr❛♥s✲♠♦❞✉❧❛r✿ ❛ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❡ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❆s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✸ ❯▼❆ P❘❖P❖❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ◆❆◆❖❙❙■◆❚➪❚■❈❆ P❆❘❆ ❖ ❋❊◆Ô✲
▼❊◆❖ ❉❆ ❈❆❯❙❆❚■❱■❩❆➬➹❖ ◆❖ P❇ ✶✷✽
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✸✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❡r❣❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✸✳✷ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✹
❈❖◆❙■❉❊❘❆➬Õ❊❙ ❋■◆❆■❙ ✶✻✼
❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ✶✼✶
■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
◆♦ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❛❜r❡ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ♦ q✉❡ t❛❧✈❡③ s❡❥❛ ❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❢❛♠♦s❛ ❞♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❞❡ ▲❡✇✐s ❈❛rr♦❧❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❍✉♠♣t② ❉✉♠♣t② t❡♥t❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ❆❧✐❝❡ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r♠♦s ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞✐③❡r✱ ❛ ❣❛r♦t❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♥❝ré❞✉❧❛✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❍✉♠♣t② ❉✉♠♣t② ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♦ ❞✐á❧♦❣♦ ❞✐③❡♥❞♦ q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s sã♦ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ ❡❧❛s ♦ q✉❡ ❜❡♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r♠♦s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❍✉♠♣t② ❉✉♠♣t② ❝✐t❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞♦s ✈❡r❜♦s✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♥♦s ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦✳ ◆ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❢❛③❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦✐s❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❡r❜♦s✳ P♦r q✉ê❄
◆♦ss♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r♠♦s t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈❡r❜♦s ✐♥❡r❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❉❡✈❡♠♦s ❛❧❡rt❛r✱ ❛ ❡ss❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ q✉❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡♥❣❛♥♦s♦✳ ◆ã♦ ✈❛♠♦s ♥♦s ♦❝✉♣❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦s ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ✐♥❡r❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦s✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r❡♠♦s✱ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s s✐♥tát✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡♥♦t❛r✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❡♠♦s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ◆♦ss❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛✲♦❜❥❡t♦ é ♦ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✭P❇✮✳
❆ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é✱ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝♦s ✭❉♦✇t②✱ ✶✾✼✾❀ ❏❛❝❦❡♥❞♦✛✱ ✶✾✽✸❀ P❛rs♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❚❛❧♠②✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❙❤✐❜❛t❛♥✐✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❑r❛t③❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ P②❧❦❦ä♥❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ▲❡✈✐♥ ✫ ❘❛♣♣❛♣♦rt✲❍♦✈❛✈✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❣r❛♠❛t✐❝❛✐s✱ ❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡stõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡ s✐♥t❛①❡ ✭❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❍❛r❧❡②✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ t❛❧ r❡❧❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❡ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ✐r❡♠♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r é ❞❡♥♦✲ ♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦✱ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛r s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s❛✐s✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞✐ss❡♠♦s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♥♦ss❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉✲ ❞❛r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❛rt✐✉ ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✏♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦✐s❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❡r❜♦s✑✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦s ❡①❛t♦s ♠❡s♠♦s tr❛ç♦s s✐♥tát✐❝♦s ❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
✈❡✐❝✉❧❛r❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♥❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦✳
✶✳ ✭❛✳✮ ❆s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s s✉❜✐r❛♠ ♥♦ ❜r✐♥q✉❡❞♦ ✭❜✳✮ ❆ ♠ã❡ s✉❜✐✉ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❜r✐♥q✉❡❞♦
✷✳ ✭❛✳✮ ❆s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❝❛ír❛♠ ♥♦ ❝❤ã♦ ✭❜✳✮ ✯❆ ♠ã❡ ❝❛✐✉ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❝❤ã♦
❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♥♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❤á ♥♦ ♣r❡✲ ❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❵s✉❜✐r✬ q✉❡ ♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❵❝❛✐r✬✳ ■st♦ é✱ ♣♦r q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈❛❄ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛ ❛ss✐♠❡tr✐❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✏♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉✲ ❛❧✐③❛ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ q✉❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛ ❝❡rt♦s ✈❡r❜♦s ❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛r ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♥ã♦❄✑ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦t❛r✱ ❡ss❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠♦t♦r ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ ♥❛s ❞✉❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ✭❝❢✳ ❍❛r❧❡②✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✿ ♣♦r q✉❡ ♥❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈❡r❜♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐❜✐r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s q✉❛❞r♦s ❞❡ s✉❜❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡❄
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❛s ✐♥❞❛❣❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❡r❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥❛❝✉s❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ P❇✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s✐♥tát✐❝♦✲s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❢❛t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r às ♣❡r✲ ❣✉♥t❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❡❧❡♥❝❛❞❛s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❛ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡ s✐♥✲ t❛①❡✱ t❛❧✈❡③✱ ♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡st❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈êss❡♠♦s ✉♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡r ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♦s ❞❡❜❛t❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ❆✜✲ ♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❡①t❡♥s❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧✐❣✉íst✐❝❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❝✐♥q✉❡♥t❛ ❛♥♦s ♥♦s ♠♦str❛ ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣❡rt♦ ❞❡ s❡ ❡s❣♦t❛r❀ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦s ❞❡❜❛t❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧í♥❣✉❛s tê♠ ♥♦s ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛✱ s✐♥tát✐❝❛✱ ♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r❛❣♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡①❛✉st✐✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✈❡r❜❛❧ ❞♦ P❇ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ✐ss♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛✱ ✐♥s❡r✐♠♦s ♥♦ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ s❡✲ ♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭P❛rs♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❍❛❧❡ ✫ ❑❡②s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ P②❧❦❦ä♥❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❍✐❣❣✐♥❜♦t❤❛♠✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♦ ♠é✲ t♦❞♦ ❤✐♣♦tét✐❝♦✲❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❛❞♦t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ t❡s❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦ s✐♥tát✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❛r❣✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡r❜❛✐s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✈Ps ❞❡♥♦t❛♠ ✭❝❢✳ ❚r❛✈✐s✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❘✐tt❡r ✫ ❘♦s❡♥✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❇♦r❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ t❡♠♦s
❝♦♠♦ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ P❇ sã♦ ✭✐✮ tr❛ç♦s s✐♥tát✐❝♦✲s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ✜♥♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ✭✐✐✮ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s à ❧✐♥❡❛r✐③❛çã♦✶✳ ❯♠❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s
❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❛q✉✐ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞❛s r❡❝❛✐ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛♠át✐❝❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❤❛❥❛ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠♦s ❧❛♥ç❛r ♠ã♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛s q✉❡ tr❛t❡♠ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✭P❛rs♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❍✐❣❣✐♥❜♦t❤❛♠✱ P✐❛♥❡③✐ ✫ ❱❛r③✐✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦ s✐♥tát✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ✭▲❡✈✐♥ ✫ ❘❛♣♣❛♣♦rt✲❍♦✈❛✈✱ ✶✾✾✽✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ P✉st❡❥♦✈s❦②✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ❛❞♦t❛♠♦s ❛ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❡ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡✱ ❡❧❛✲ ❜♦r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡ ✭❙t❛r❦❡✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ◆♦ss❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r s❡ ❞❡✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❡st❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♥str✉❝✐♦♥✐st❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ✭▼❛r❛♥t③✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❇♦r❡r✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ P✐❡tr♦s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ✉♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r✐❝♦✱ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♣♦❞❡r ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ss❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❢❛❧❛r♠♦s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛✲ çã♦✳ ❖s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ♣r♦✈ê♠ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✿ ❜♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥ós ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❢❛❧❛♥t❡s ❞♦ P❇❀ ❡ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦✐ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ❞♦ ❥♦r♥❛❧ ✏❆ ❋♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✑✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛t❡❝❛✷✱ q✉❡ r❡ú♥❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦r♣♦r❛✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s
♦ ◆■▲❈✴❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s q✉❡ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ♦s t❡①t♦s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ✐ss♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✱ tr❛t❛r❡♠♦s ❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❥á s❡ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r às q✉❡stõ❡s ❛q✉✐ ❡❧❡♥❝❛❞❛s✳ ❆s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s s❡çõ❡s ❞❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡rã♦ ✉♠ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♠❛✐s ❤✐stór✐❝♦✲✜❧♦só✜❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛♠át✐❝❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❞❛ ◆❛♥♦ss✐♥t❛①❡ ✭❙t❛r❦❡✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❈❛❤❛✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ P❛♥t❝❤❡✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❡ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❋❛s❡ ✭❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❧❣✉✲ ♠❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛♣ós ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ P❇✱ ❛❜r✐♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦✳
✶ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ ♦s tr❛ç♦s ✜♥♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ sã♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
♥❛♥♦ss✐♥tát✐❝♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ t❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❜♦✉♥❞✮✳ ❊s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s tr❛ç♦s ✜♥♦s✱ ❡♠ ♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦s tr❛ç♦s q✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ✭❝♦♠♦ ✏s❡r ✉♠ ✈❡r❜♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛✑✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦s tr❛ç♦s ♥❛♥♦ss✐♥tát✐❝♦s s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss❡s ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❡r❜♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❛♣✉r❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦ ♦❧❤❡♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❡ss❡s ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s✳
✷❁❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❧✐♥❣✉❛t❡❝❛✳♣t✴❛❝❡ss♦✴❝♦r♣✉s✳♣❤♣❄❝♦r♣✉s❂❙❆❖❈❆❘▲❖❙❃
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s❛② ✇❤❛t ❛ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✐s✱ ✇❡ ♠❛② ❢✐rst ❛s❦ ✇❤❛t ❛ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❞♦❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❢✐♥❞ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❞♦❡s t❤❛t✳
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♥♦s ♦❝✉♣❛r❡♠♦s ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s ❛ r❡s♣✐t♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✶✮✱ tr❛ç❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✱ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛r ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦♥t❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s ♠♦❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✭❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✷ ❡ ❙✉❜s❡çã♦ ✶✳✷✳✶✮✱ ✐r❡♠♦s ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♥✉❛♥❝❡s ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❞❡♥♦t❛♠ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐r❡t❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✸ tr❛t❛r❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦✲ ❜r❡ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛t✐✈✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ P❇ ❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❡♠♦s ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✳ P❛rt✐♠♦s ❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r♠♦s✱ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♥♦t❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠
❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛
■♥t✉✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❢❛❧❛ ❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠♦s ❡♠ r❡✲ ❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s sã♦ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s✱ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❡ss❛ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❡ ❞ê ❝♦♥t❛ ❛❞❡✲ q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛♠♦s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝❛✉s❛✐s✸✹✳ ❊ss❛ r❡❧❛çã♦
❤á ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ♣❛r❡❝❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ s❡r ✉♠ ❧♦❝✉s ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ❡①❛♠❡✱ ♣♦st♦ q✉❡✱ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡✲ ❧❛çõ❡s ❝❛✉s❛✐s sã♦ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣r❛♠át✐❝❛ ✭❝❢✳ ❈♦♣❧❡② ✫ ❲♦❧✛✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ P♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦❧❤❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛♠ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝❛✉s❛✐s ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♣❡♥s❛r s♦❜r❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦ss❛s ❝r❡♥ç❛s ♦✉ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳
❊♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ♥♦ss❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ss❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❑r❛t③❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❍✐❣❣✐♥❜♦t❤❛♠✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s✐♥tát✐❝♦✲s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ✭▲❡✈✐♥ ✫ ❘❛♣♣❛♣♦rt✲ ❍♦✈❛✈✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♣♦✐s s❡ t❡♠ ♥♦t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ✏❬✳✳✳❪ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢r❛s❛❧ é ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠
✸❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♥♦s ❛❧❡rt❛♠ ◆❡❡❧❡♠❛♥ ❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❑♦♦t ✭✷✵✶✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✮✱ ✏✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡ t❤❛t t❤❡♦r✐❡s
♦❢ ❝❛✉s❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ♥♦t t❤❡♦r✐❡s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✱ ❜✉t t❤❡♦r✐❡s ❛❜♦✉t ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ ❤✉♠❛♥s ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✑✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s s❡❥❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❢❛❧❛r s♦❜r❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ss❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♥♦çã♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✳
✹ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❵s✐t✉❛çã♦✬ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❧✐✈r❡✱ s❡♠ ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ❛ ❡❧❛ ✉♠❛
❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✳ P♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❵s✐t✉❛çã♦✬ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ✏s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çã♦✑ ✭❝❢✳ ❑r❛t③❡r✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ P♦rt♥❡r✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
t♦r♥♦ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✭♦✉ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✮ ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝❛✉s❛✐s✑✺ ✭❈♦♣❧❡② ✫ ❲♦❧✛✱ ✷✵✶✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✮✳ ❆✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❉♦✇t② ✭✶✾✼✾✮ ❡
P✉st❡❥♦✈s❦② ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝❛✉s❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤♠❡♥t❀ ❑r❛t③❡r ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡✜♥✐✉ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝❛✉s❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s r❡s✉❧t❛t✐✈❛s❀ ❡ ❘❛♠❝❤❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❍❛❧❡ ❡ ❑❡②s❡r ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✉ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛✲ çã♦ ❝❛✉s❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s tó♣✐❝♦s s✐♥tát✐❝♦✲s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦s q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝❛✉s❛çã♦✻✳ Pr❡❝✐s❛r ❡ss❛
r❡❧❛çã♦ é✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣❛ss♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❝❛✉s❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♦r✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❝❛✉s❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥♦s ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝♦s✳ P♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝♦s❄
❊♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❣❡r❛✐s✱ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦s ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s r❡❧❛t❛ ❝❛✉s❛✐s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❇❡♥♥❡tt ✭✶✾✽✼✮✱ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞✉♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥s✼✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❊♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ✏♣♦♣✉❧❛r✑ ❞❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s é ✉♠❛ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❉♦✇t② ✭✶✾✼✾✮ ❡ ❞❡ P❛rs♦♥s ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❢❛❧❛ ❡♠ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛❢❛❝t✉❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❛❞❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s t❡r♠♦s✽✿
❉✳✶ ✭❛✳✮ ❈❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✿ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r ❡ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦❀
✭❜✳✮ ❈❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✿ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r ❞❡✈❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡r ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦❀
✭❝✳✮ ❈❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛❢❛❝t✉❛❧✿ s❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦r ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦✳
✭❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ◆❡❡❧♠❛♥ ❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❑♦♦t ✭✷✵✶✷✮✮
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s r❡❧❛t❛ ❝❛✉s❛✐s sã♦ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s
✺ ◆♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✿ ✏❬✳✳✳❪ ♠✉❝❤ ♦❢ ♣❤r❛s❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❛rr❛♥❣❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❡✈❡♥ts
✭♦r ❡✈❡♥t✲❧✐❦❡ ❡♥t✐t✐❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s✮✑✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s tr❛❞✉çõ❡s ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ♥ós✳
✻◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠♦s ♦s t❡r♠♦s ✏❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✑ ❡ ✏❝❛✉s❛çã♦✑ ✐♥❞✐st✐♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✼ ❖ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞✉♠ é ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦✴❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦✱ ♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s
♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞✉♠✳
✽ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛s ❡ t❛♠♣♦✉❝♦
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✉♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ sã♦ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛♠♦s ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ✭❉✳✶✮ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ♣♦r ✜❧ós♦❢♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♠♦s ❡ss❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❉♦✇t② ✭✶✾✼✾✮ ❡ P❛rs♦♥s ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r❛♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▲❡✇✐s ✭✶✾✼✸❜✮ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝❛✉s❛✐s ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞s♦♥ ✭✶✾✻✼❛✮✳
