• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Sao Paulo Med. J. vol.113 número5

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2018

Share "Sao Paulo Med. J. vol.113 número5"

Copied!
5
0
0

Texto

(1)

G lo ria M a ria C a rd o s o d e A n d ra d e P e n q u e

P ro g ressiv e m u scu lar d y stro p h y - D u ch en n e ty p e.

Controversies of the kinesitherapy treatment

W o r k c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e S e c t i o n o f P h y s i a t r i c s a n d a t t h e M y o p a t h y S e c t i o n ( S M ) o f I N D C - U F R J ( D e o l i n d o C o u t o N e u r o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e - R i o d e J a n e i r o F e d e r a l U n i v e r s i t y ) - R i o d e J a n e i r o , B r a z i l

T h e a u th o rs c a rrie d o u t a s tu d y o f c h ild re n w ith p ro g re s s iv e m u s c u la r d y s tro p h y o f O u c h e n n e ty p e (O M D ), g iv in g s p e c ia l a tte n tio n to p h y s ia tric a l fo llo w -u p , h a v in g in m in d th a t th e p ra c tic e o f e x e rc is e s h a s b e e n d e b a te d v e ry m u c h in th e s p e c ia liz e d lite ra tu re . T h e g o a l o f th is s tu d y is to try to s e ttle th e lim its fo r th e u tiliz a tio n o f k in e s ith e ra p y w h ic h s h o u ld b e a p p lie d o n ly in s p e c ific s itu a tio n s , s u c h a s : a fte r s k e le ta l m u s c u la r tra u m a o r w h e n th e re s p ira to ry s y s te m is a t ris k . In th is s itu a tio n th e p h y s ia tric a l p ro c e d u re w o u ld b e to re s tric t p h y s ic a l a c tiv ity , w ith e a rly u s e o f w h e e lc h a irs a n d th e e x c lu s io n o f th e u s e o f o rth o s e s fo r o rth o s ta tis m . O M O , a t p re s e n t, h a s b e e n c o n s id e re d a re s u lt o f d u p lic a tio n (6 0 % ), d e le tio n (5 to 6 % ) o r p o in t m u ta tio n s a t g e n X p 2 1 (Z a tz , 1 9 9 4 ), th a t c o d ifie s a p ro te in c a lle d O y s tro p h in ( H o ffm a n e t a I., 1 9 8 7 ). O y s tro p h in is a c y to s k e le ta l s a rc o le m m ic p ro te in th a t c o n s titu te s a b o u t .0 0 2 % o f th e to ta l p ro te in o f th e m u s c le , p re s e n t in s k e le ta l fib e rs c o n c e n tra te d in m u s c le te n d in o u s jo in ts , w h ic h s u p p lie s m e c h a n ic a l re in fo rc e m e n t to th e s u rfa c e o f th e m e m b ra n e d u rin g s tre tc h in g a n d s h o rte n in g p h y s ic a l a c tiv ity . T h is p ro te in is a b s e n t in O M O c a s e s , w h e re fo re , th e s a rc o le m m a u n d e rg o e s a s e g m e n ta ry n e c ro s is lo s in g its c o n tra c tile p ro p e rty d u rin g e c c e n tric a n d c o n c e n tric p h y s ic a l a c tiv ity . T h e im p o rta n c e o f p h y s ia tric a l fo llo w -u p fo r O M O p a tie n ts is to a v o id d e fo rm itie s a n d te n d o n s h o rte n in g , to a m e lio ra te th e p a tie n t's q u a lity o f life , to p ro v id e re s p ira to ry a s s is ta n c e a n d g e n e ra l c o u s e lin g to m e m b e rs o f th e p a tie n t's fa m ily . T h e o b je c tiv e o f th is s tu d y is to try to c la rify th e ris k s a n d p o s s ib ilitie s o f k in e s ith e ra p y a p p lie d to O M O c a s e s .

U N IT E R M S : N e u ro m u s c u la r d is e a s e . O u c h e n n e m u s c u la r d y s tro p h y

M A T E R IA L A N D M E T H O D O L O G Y

T

e n b o y sa s D M D fro mb e a re rs ,6 to 1 2 y e a rsa n d w e re tre a te do f a g e w e re d ia g n o s e da t th e M y o p a th y S e c tio n a n d a t th e S e c tio n o f P h y s ia tric s o f

D e o lin d o C o u to N e u ro lo g y In s titu te - R io d e J a n e iro

F e d e ra l U n iv e rs ity . O f th e c h ild re n re c e iv in g o u tp a tie n t

A d d r e s s fo r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e : A n a V a le ria d e A ra u jo L e ita o

R u a P a u lo C e z a r d e A n d ra d e , 2 0 0 - A p . 7 0 2 P a rq u e G u in le - L a ra n je ira s

R io d e J a n e iro /R J - B ra s il- C E P 2 2 2 2 1 -0 9 0

tre a tm e n t, tw o w e re b e d rid d e n a n d th e o th e rs h a d a lre a d y

te n d o n re tra c tio n s o f th e lo w e r lim b s , e n la rg e m e n t o f th e

c a lv e s , to e w a lk in g a n d th o s e le s s a ffe c te d p re s e n te d

w a d d lin g g a it. (F ig . 1 a n d F ig . 2 ).

C a lc iu m re g u la to rs , c a rd io lo g ic a l fo llo w -u p a n d

re s p ira to ry fu n c tio n te s ts w e re a p p lie d in a ll c a s e s . T a k in g

th e s p e c ia liz e d m e d ic a l lite ra tu re a s b a s is (K a k u la s &

M a s ta g lia , 1 9 9 0 ), w e e x c lu d e d re s is ta n c e e x e rc is e s ,

s tre tc h in g o f c o n tra c te d s tru c tu re s , p a s s iv e m o b iliz a tio n o f b o d y s e g m e n ts . O n th e o th e r h a n d , w h e n lo s s o f

a m b u la tio n o c c u rre d w e p re s c rib e d o rth o s e , p o s tu ra l

a s s is ta n c e a n d a v o id a n c e o f m u s c u la r fa tig u e . A t th e s a m e

tim e , w e o rg a n iz e d a h o m e p ro g ra m o f m o d e ra te p h y s ic a l a c tiv itie s w h ic h in v o lv e d s c h o o l a n d re c re a tio n a l

o c c u p a tio n s ; s tre tc h in g e x e rc is e s w e re a ls o in c lu d e d .

L E IT A o , A .V A ; D U R O , L .A . & P E N Q U E , G .M .C .A . - P ro g re s s iv e m u s c u la r d y s tro p h y

-D u c h e n n e ty p e . C o n tro v e rs ie s o f th e k in e s ith e ra p y tre a tm e n t

(2)

F ig u r e 1

R E S U L T S

W e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e r e m o v a l o f k i n e s i t h e r a p y f r o m

s o m e c h i l d r e n a f f e c t e d w i t h w a d d l i n g g a i t a n d G o w e r s '

s i g n ( t r i p o d i n g ) r e s u l t e d i n t h e l e s s e n i n g o f m u s c l e f a t i g u e

a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y i m p r o v e m e n t o f p h y s i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e ,

q u a l i t y o f a m b u l a t i o n a s w e l l a s t h e s k i l l o f w a l k i n g u p

s t a i r s ( a c c o r d i n g t o t h e A r c h i b a l d a n d V i g n o s S c a l e , 1 9 5 9 ) .

T h e p r e c a u t i o n o f a v o i d i n g f a t i g u e a n d t h e r e m o v a l o f

k i n e s i t h e r a p y f r o m c h i l d r e n a f f e c t e d b y w a d d l i n g g a i t a n d

t o e w a l k i n g k e p t t h e l e v e l o f e n d a n g e r e d m u s c l e s s t a b l e ,

t h a t i s , w i t h o u t a n y u n f a v o u r a b l e p r o g r e s s i o n d u r i n g t h e

l a s t t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s , e x c e p t f o r t w o e i g h t - y e a r - o l d b o y s ,

o n e o f t h e m h a v i n g e v o l v e d f r o m w a d d l i n g g a i t t o t o e

w a l k i n g a n d t h e n l a t e r t o t r a n s f e r e n c e a n d t h e o t h e r f r o m

t r a n s f e r e n c e t o b e c o m e

b e d r i d d e n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t w o

b o y s w e r e a l r e a d y b e d r i d d e n

d u r i n g t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s ; i n

a m o r e a d v a n c e d s t a g e o f t h i s

s t u d y , t h e n u m b e r o f c h i l d r e n

w i t h u n f a v o u r a b l e d e v e l o p

-m e n t t o t a l i z e d 4 ( s e e t a b l e 1 ) .

F a m i l y m e m b e r s w e r e

c o u n s e l e d , a s t o t h e r i s k s o f

p h y s i c a l e f f o r t a n d t h e r e a s o n s

f o r t h e n o n p r e s c r i p t i o n o f

e x e r c i s e s , h o w e v e r o n l y o n e o f

t h e b o y s h a s r e g u l a r l y a t t e n d e d

a h e a t e d s w i m m i n g p o o l , e v e r y

o t h e r d a y , w i t h o u t s h o w i n g

a n y s i g n s o f w o r s e n i n g o f h i s

c l i n i c a l p i c t u r e . W e h a v e b e e n

s t u d y i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f

s u r g i c a l c o r r e c t i o n t h r o u g h a

p e r c u t a n e o u s A c h i l l e s t e n o t o

-m y , o n t h o s e c h i l d r e n w h o a r e b e g i n n i n g t o h a v e a n

i n a d e q u a t e p o s t u r e a n d t h a t n e e d o r t h o s e s w h i l e a t t h e

a m b u l a t i o n s t a g e , a n d n o t l a t e r w h e n t h e y b e c o m e u n a b l e

t o a m b u l a t e o r w h e n t h e y b e c o m e c o n f i n e d t o a w h e e l c h a i r .

D IS C U S S IO N

W e w i s h t o p o i n t - o u t t h a t t h i s i s a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t

o n r e s e a r c h t h a t i s s t i l l b e i n g d e v e l o p e d , b u t a t t h i s s t a g e

i t h a s a l r e a d y a l l o w e d u s t o p e r c e i v e t h a t t h e r e s t r i c t i o n o f

p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t y , e x c l u s i o n o f c o n v e n t i o n a l k i n e s i t h e r a p y

T a b le 1

A g e A n s e r in e D ig itig r a d e T r a s fe r e n c e B e d r id d e n F a v o r a b le U n fa v o r a b le g a it g a it e v o lu tio n e v o lu tio n

6 y e a r s X X

6 y e a r s X X

7 y e a r s X X

8 y e a r s X X

8 y e a r s X X

8 y e a r s X X

8 y e a r s X X

1 0 y e a r s X X

1 1 y e a r s X X

1 1 y e a r s X X

(3)

a n d , sp e c ia lly th e a v o id a n c e o f m u sc le fa tig u e

h a v e , a p p a re n tly , p re se rv e d a re a so n a b le

p h y sic a l c a p a b ility .

A c c o rd in ly to K a k u la s a n d M a sta g lia

(1 9 9 0 ), it is o b v io u s th a t re m a rk a b le m u sc u la r

a lte ra tio n s a lre a d y o c c u r d u rin g th e fe ta l p e rio d .

D u rin g c h ild h o o d a n d a d o le sc e n c e , n e c ro sis is

p re se n t a n d in a h ig h d e g re e in c e rta in m u sc le

g ro u p s o f th e sc a p u la r a n d p e lv ic g ird le , b e sid e s

th e o c c u rre n c e o f e n la rg e m e n t o f th e c a lv e s fo r

re a so n s still u n k n o w n . T h is sh o w s th e e a rly

e ffe c ts o n o u r little p a tie n ts' n e u ro m o to r sy ste m .

N o w a d a y s, m a n y a u th o rs a g re e th a t th e re

is b e n e fit in re stric tin g e c c e n tric stre tc h in g

e x e rc ise , b e sid e s th e a v o id a n c e o f m u sc le

fa tig u e . E ld e r e t S o la (1 9 9 0 ) su g g e st th e c a rry in g

o u t o f a c lin ic a l stu d y c o n c e rn in g th e e ffe c ts o f

e x e rc ise o n c h ild re n a ffe c te d w ith D M D . B y rn e

(1 9 9 0 ) p re sc rib e d k in e sith e ra p y sp e c ia lly in

c a se s w h e n th e re sp ira to ry sy ste m w a s

e n d a n g e re d a n d sp e c ific a lly in th e 2 0 y e a rs-o ld

g ro u p a n d a fte r tra u m a . D u b o w itz (1 9 9 0 )

q u e stio n e d w h e th e r a c tiv e e x e rc ise s w o u ld

im p ro v e o r p ro d u c e d e g e n e ra tio n in th e p a tie n t's

m u sc le s a ffe c te d w ith D M D a n d h e c o n c lu d e d

th a t m o d e ra te e x e rc ise c a n b e b e n e fic ia l w h e n

th e y w e re re la te d to th e re sid u a l p o w e r o f

d e v e lo p e d m u sc le s a n d th a t e x c e ssiv e e x e rc ise

w o u ld c a u se d a m a g in g e ffe c ts to th e m u sc le

fib e rs. H o w e v e r, th is a u th o r d id n o t d e fin e w h a t

m o d e ra te e x e rc ise m e a n t. W e rn e c k (1 9 9 4 )

e m p h a siz e d th a t th e a b se n c e o f D y stro p h in in

D M D c a se s r~ su lte d in lo ss o f p ro te in s

a sso c ia te d w ith it in th e sa rc o le m m a , a s w e ll a s

th e lo ss o f c o n n e c tio n s b e tw e e n th e

Figure 2

su b sa rc o le m a l c y to sk e le to n a n d th e in tra c e llu la r

m a trix ; w ith th e in sta b ility o f th e sa rc o le m m a

a n d se n sitiv ity to tra u m a c a u se d b y e x e rc ise ,

th e re w o u ld b e a n o v e rlo a d o f in tra m u sc u la r c a lc iu m a n d

n e c ro sis o f m u sc le fib e rs.

H o w e v e r, fo r m o st a u th o rs, th e to ta l su sp e n sio n o f

p h y sic a l a c tiv itie s w o u ld , a t le a st, a ro u se p sy c h o lo g ic a l

p ro b le m s in th e c h ild , to g e th e r w ith a tro p h y fo r th e n o n

u se o f h is g lo b a l m u sc u la tu re .

A s a m b u la tio n b e c o m e s a rd u o u s th e re is th e

p o ssib ility o f fib e r n e c ro sis ta k in g c h a rg e o f th e su sta in n in g

m u sc le s w ith a c o n se q u e n t u n fa v o u ra b le u n fo ld in g o f th e

g e n e ra l p ic tu re , th e re fo re , le a d in g to th e re c o m m e n d a tio n

o f th e u se o f a w h e e lc h a ir, re la tiv e re st a n d th e a v o id a n c e

o f m u sc le fa tig u e , su c h a s stro llin g lo n g d ista n c e s, g o in g

u p slo p e s o r sta irw a y s.

C o n c e rn in g th e u se o f e le c tro th e ra p y , L a w e t M c

C o m a s (1 9 9 0 ) p e rfo rm e d sim u lta n e o u s e le tric a l

stim u la tio n o f th e n e rv e su p p ly in g th e m u s~ le a n d th e

n e u ro m u sc u la r ju n c tio n w ith im p la n te d e le c tro d e s a n d

ra d io fre q u e n c y c o n tro l. T h ro u g h th is w o rk , th e y sh o w e d

th e o c c u rre n c e o f a d v a n c e d d e g e n e ra tio n o f th e

m u sc u la tu re , sim ila r to w h a t w a s fo u n d w h e n th e se p a tie n ts

u n d e rw e n t in te n siv e e x e rc ise o r stre tc h in g .

T h e re su lts th a t w o u ld in d ic a te th e e x c lu sio n o f

e c c e n tric c o n tra c tio n s a n d th e u se o f k in e sith e ra p y h a v e

n o t y e t b e e n c o n c lu siv e o w in g to th e c o m p le x ity o f th e

c o n tra c tile a c tiv ity o f m u sc le g ro u p s d u rin g b o d y e x e rc ise

a n d d u rin g d iffe re n t p o stu re s. H o w e v e r, fo r tra u m a

L E I T A O , A . V A ; D U R O , L . A . & P E N Q U E , G . M . C A - P r o g r e s s i v e m u s c u l a r d y s t r o p h y -D u c h e n n e t y p e . C o n t r o v e r s i e s o f t h e k i n e s i t h e r a p y t r e a t m e n t

(4)

recovery

cases, isometric and shortening

exercises can be

recommended

with great care and respiratory kinesitherapy

when necessary.

The use of calcium regulators proved to be inefficient

confirming

the specialized

literature

which described the

subjective

improvement

as greater than the clinical's.

We expect that with the introduction

of physiology

and kinesiology

to these studies, research will turn up more

light which will enable us to assume a position regarding

the motor recovery

programs

of these patients.

F IN A L C O N S ID E R A T IO N S

Taking

the

medical

literature

and

our

own

observations

as a basis we could perceive

that DMD is a

chronic disease,

without

acute stages, but develops

into

disability

and finally death. However,

this disappointing

fact should not thwart the intervention

of physiatrics

and

of a rehabilitation

team concerning

general assistance

to

these

patients.

As to the exercise

program

for DMD

patients,

general

consensus

recommends

waiting

for

additional

knowledge

that will result from the inclusion

of kinesiology

in the research

of physiopathology

and

genetics currently

being developed.

RESUMO

O b je tiv o s : T r a b a lh o r e a liz a d o e m c r ia n c ;:a s c o m D is tr o fia M u s c u la r tip o D u c h e n n e ( D M D ) , fo c a liz a n d o a a tu a c ;:a o fis ia tr ic a e m r a z a o d a p o le m ic a s o b r e o s e x e r c ic io s ffs ic o s n e s te s p a c ie n te s . H O je , s a b e - s e q u e a D M D r e s u lta d e u m a a n o m a lia g e n e tic a ( X p 2 1 ) a c o m p a n h a d a d a a u s e n c ia d e D IS T R O F IN A , c o n d ic ;:a o d e te r m in a n te d a n e c r o s e d o s a r c o le m a e e lim in ? c ;:a o d e s u a p r o p r ie d a d e c o n tr a til d u r a n te a s a tiv id a d e s ffs ic a s . M a te r ia l e M e to d o s : F o r a m a te n d id a s 1 0 c r ia n c ;:a s D M D : 2 g r a b a ta r ia s e 8 c o m s in a is c o n s p ic u o s d a d o e n c ;:a .T o d a s r e c e b e r a m b lo q u e a d o r e s d e c a lc io , a te n c ;:a oc a r d io lo g ic a e r e s p ir a to r ia . E x c lu ir a m -s e o -s e x e r c ic io -s r e s is tid o s , d e e s tir a m e n to d e e s tr u tu r a s r e tr a id a s e m o b iliz a c ;:6 e s p a s s iv a s . M a n tiv e r a m - s e : a o r te s e n o m o m e n to d e p e r d a d a d e a m b u la c ;:a o , a a s s ite n c ia p o s tu r a l e a p r e v e n c ;:a o d e fa d ig a . M a s , e s ta b e le c e u - s e u m p r o g r a m a d o m ic ilia r d e a tiv id a d e s ffs ic a s e s c o la r e r e c r e a tiv a m o d e r a d a s , e e x e r c ic io s d e a lo n g a m e n to r e a liz a d o s d e fo r m a c a u te lo s a . R e s u lta d o s e c o n c lu s a o : A e x c lu s a o d a c in e s io te r a p ia e a r e s tr ic ;:a o d e a tiv id a d e s ffs ic a s e x te n u a n te s a te n u a r a m

a

fa d ig a m u s c u la r e m e lh o r a r a m a m a r c h a , m a n te n d o - s e a c a p a c id a d e ffs ic a r a z o a v e l e m o ito c r ia n c ;:a s .A a te n c ;:a o fis ia tr ic a a s c r ia n c ;:a s c o m D M D p r e v in e o s e n c u r ta m e n to s te n d in o s o s , m e lh o r a a q u a lid a d e d e v id a , p r e s ta a s s is te n c ia r e s p ir a to r ia e o r ie n ta o s fa m ilia r e s . A tu a lm e n te , m u ito s a u to r e s c o n c o r d a m s o b r e a v a n ta g e m d a r e s tr ic ;:a o d e e x e r c ic io s e d a p r e v e n c ;:a o d a fa d ig a m u s c u la r . E n tr e ta n to , a g u a r d a m - s e m a is e s c la r e c im e n to s a p o s a i.n c lu s a o d a c in e s io lo g ia n a s p e s q u is a s q u e e s ta o e m a n d a m e n to .

S a o P a u lo M e d ic a l J o u r n a U R P M 1 1 3 ( 5 ) : 9 9 5 - 9 9 9 ,1 9 9 5 L E IT A o , A .V A ; D U R O , L .A . & P E N Q U E , G .M .C A - P r o g r e s s iv e m u s c u la r d y s tr o p h y

(5)

REFERENCES

1 . A R C ID B A L D , K . C . E T V IG N O S J R ., P . (1 9 5 9 ) - T h e

C lin ic a l M a n a g e m e n t o f M u s c le D is e a s e . a p u d S ie g e l, I .

M ., L o n d o n , W illia m H e in e m a n n M e d ic a l B o o k s , 1 9 7 7 , p p .

8 9 -9 1 .

2 . B E R T O R IN I, T . E .; P A L M IE R I, G . M . A .; B R O W N , R .;

N U T IlN G , D . F .; K A R A S , 1 .G . - E ffe c t o f c h ro n ic tre a tm e n t w ith th e c a lc iu m a n ta g o n is t d iltia z e m in D u c h e n n e m u s c u la r

d y s tro p h y . J o f N e u ro l 3 8 : 6 0 9 -6 1 3 , 1 9 8 8 .

3 . B Y R N E , E . - D y s tro p h in in p u t o f a n e u ro lo g is t. in : B . A .

K a k u la s e t F . M a s ta g lia : P a th o g e n e s is a n d T h e ra p y o f

D u c h e n n e a n d B e c k e r M u s c u la r D is tro p h ie s . R a v e n P re s s ,

N e w Y o rk , 1 9 9 0 , p p . 1 3 7 -1 3 8 .

4 . B U L L E R , A . J .; G O O D F E L L O W , J . e tN E W S O M -D A V IE S ,

J . M . - M a n a g e m e n t o f c h ild re n : P h a rm a c o lo g ic a l a n d

P h y s ic a l. B ritis h M e d ic a l B u lle tin 4 5 (3 ): 7 8 8 -8 0 1 , 1 9 8 9 .

5 . E L D E R , G . e t S O L A , O . M . - P a s t T h e ra p e u tic T ria ls a n d

C u rre n t C o rre c tiv e P ro c e d u re s , in : B . A . K a k u la s e t F . M a s ta g lia :

P a th o g e n e s is a n d T h e ra p y o f D u c h e n n e a n d B e c k e r

M u s c u la r D is tro p h ie s . R a v e n P re s s , N e w Y o rk , p p . 2 1 7 , 1 9 9 0 .

6 . H IL L E R , L . B .; W A D E , C . K . - U p p e r e x tre m itie s fu n c tio n a l

a s s e s s m e n t s c a le s in c h ild re n w ith D u c h e n n e M u s c u la r

D y s tro p h y : a c o m p a ris o n . A rc h iv e s o fP h y s M e d & R e h a b , 7 3 (6 ): 5 2 7 - 5 3 4 , 1 9 9 2 .

7 . H O F F M A N , E . P .; B R O W N , E . P . e t K U N K E L , L . M .

-D y s tro p h in : th e p ro te in p ro d u c t o f th e -D u c h e n n e M u s c u la r

D y s tro p h y lo c u s . C e ll 5 1 : 9 1 9 -9 2 8 , 1 9 8 7 .

8 . D U B O W IT Z ,V . - P h y s ic a l th e ra p y in n e u ro m u s c u la r

d is o rd e rs . J o u rn a l o f th e N e u ro lo g ic a l S c ie n c e s 9 8 (S u p p ):

2 9 -3 0 , 1 9 9 0 .

9 . K A K U L A S , B . A . e t M A S T A G L IA , F . L . - P a th o g e n e s is

a n d T h e ra p y o f D u c h e n n e a n d B e c k e r M u s c u la r

D is tro p h ie s . R a v e n P re s s , N e w Y o rk , 1 9 9 0 .

1 0 L A W , P . K . - S u m m a ry : P a s t T h e ra p e u tic T ria ls , in :

P a th o g e n e s is a n d T h e ra p y o f D u c h e n n e a n d B e c k e r

M u s c u la r D is tro p h ie s . R a v e n P re s s , N e w Y o rk , 1 9 9 0 , p p .

2 1 6 -2 1 7 .

1 1 . S IE G E L , I. M . - T h e C lin ic a l M a n a g e m e n t o f M u s c le

D is e a s e . W illia m H e in e m a n n B o o k s L T D , L o n d o n , 1 9 7 7 ,

p p .8 9 -9 1 .

1 2 . W E L L E R , B .; K A R P A T I, G .; C A R P E N T E R , S . - D y s tro p h in

d e fic ie n t M D X m u s c le fib e rs a re a p re fe re n tia lly v u ln e ra b le

to n e c ro s is in d u c e d b y e x p e rim e n ta l le n g h th e n in g

c o n tra c tio n . J . o f N e u ro lo g ic S c ie n c e s 1 0 0 : 9 -1 3 , 1 9 9 0 .

1 3 . W E R N E C K , L . C . - P e rs p e c tiv a s e m d o e n ~ a s

n e u ro m u s c u la re s : 1 . D is tro fia m u s c u la r d e D u c h e n n e . R e v

B ra s N e u ro l 3 0 (2 ): 3 3 -3 5 , 1 9 9 4 .

1 4 . Z A T Z , M . e t a l. - 0 im p a c to d a b io lo g ia m o le c u la r n a

c o m p re e n s a o e p re v e n ~ a o d a s m io p a tia s h e re d ita ria s . R e v

B ra s N e u ro l 3 0 (2 ): 4 1 -4 4 ,1 9 9 4 .

L E IT A O , A .V A ; D U R O , L .A . & P E N Q U E , G .M .C A - P ro g re s s iv e m u s c u la r d y s tro p h y -D u c h e n n e ty p e . C o n tro v e rs ie s o f th e k in e s ith e ra p y tre a tm e n t

Referências

Documentos relacionados

Regarding the gender issue, we hypothesize that (1) overall boys will demonstrate a superior motor performance compared to girls; (2) girls and boys in the guided play group will

The first section sets the mathematical grounds for the problem and recalls the application of the Lagrange multipliers method; the second section gives a brief introduction to

When testing for the presence of factor VIn (specific blood vessel antigen) by the immunoperoxidase technique, these researchers detected areas of positivity in the central region

[r]

[r]

Particularly for the Euro area, researchers have then turned their focus to the impact of the EMU on those stylized facts, and, more recently, on the functioning of the

Poucos resultados práticos.. Hierarquia rígida e valorização da senioridade. Estereótipos e discriminação contra mulheres jovens. Considera-se que o objetivo geral e

We might expect that in the semideciduous forest photosynthetic and growth responses to light of seedlings of pioneer and climax species will be more similar to each other