Pró-Reitoria Acadêmica Escola de Saúde e Medicina Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física

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Pró-Reitoria Acadêmica Escola de Saúde e Medicina

Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física

EFEITOS AGUDOS E CRÔNICOS DO TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA SOBRE FATORES DE RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR EM MULHERES DE MEIA IDADE PORTADORAS DE SOBREPESO/OBESIDADE E/OU SÍNDROME METABÓLICA.

Brasília - DF 2013

Autor: Ramires Alsamir Tibana

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jonato Prestes

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UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE BRASÍLIA

PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO STRICTO SENSU EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA

EFEITOS AGUDOS E CRÔNICOS DO TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA SOBRE FATORES DE RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR EM MULHERES DE MEIA IDADE PORTADORAS DE SOBREPESO/OBESIDADE E/OU SÍNDROME METABÓLICA

Ramires Alsamir Tibana

BRASÍLIA

2013

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7,5cm

sobrepeso/obesidade e/ou síndrome matabólica. / Ramires Alsamir Tibana – 2013.

46 f.: il.; 30 cm

Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2013.

Orientação: Prof. Dr. Jonato Prestes

1. Exercícios físicos. 2. Mulheres de meia idade. 3. Obesidade. 4. Pressão arterial. 5. Frequência cardíaca. I. Prestes, Jonato, orient,. II. Título.

CDU 795.015.52-053.9

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DEDICATÓRIA

Mãe,

Nada que eu te dedique É suficiente

Para o tanto que me destes Nada que eu te dê

É bastante

Para o tanto que me servistes Nada que eu te sirva

É justo

Para o tanto que me ensinastes Nada que eu te aprenda

É sábio

Do que o teu amor por mim

Foi assim que me dedicastes a vida

É assim que te dedico meu amor e

minhas conquistas a ti.

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AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço:

Aos meus pais Airton Gomes Tibana (in memorian), Adriana Flávia Alves de Lima, minha tia Alessandra Alves de Lima e a minha avó Maria Miriam de Freitas Lima (in memorian) pelo amor, carinho e apoio durante toda minha vida. Aos meus irmãos Diego Ramon Tibana e Airton Gomes Tibana Júnior por me ajudarem durante toda caminhada da minha vida. Ao meu amor Anne Caroline Azevedo Zansavio pelo amor, carinho, respeito e compreensão durante todo esse processo da graduação e do mestrado.

Ao professor, orientador e amigo Dr. Jonato Prestes por acreditar na minha capacidade, pela orientação competente tanto no meio acadêmico como nos ensinamentos da vida e pelo exemplo como pesquisador e ser humano. Agradeço também o incentivo que me deu para fazer parte do Mestrado na Western Kentucky University, em parceria com nossos amigos Dr.

James Navalta e Dr. Guilherme Borges Pereira, o que com certeza acrescentou ainda mais para nós o significado da palavra "The Spirit Makes the Master."

Aos colegas, amigos e professores do Centro Universitário Euro Americano que aguçaram meu gosto pela Educação Física e pela iniciação científica na área. Aos meus amigos da Universidade Católica de Brasília, Alessandro de Oliveira Silva, Dahan da Cunha Nascimento, Darlan Lopes de Farias, Denis Vieira, Renato André Sousa da Silva, Tatiane Gomes Teixeira, Vânia Orsano, Vinicius Carolino de Souza e Vitor Tajra pela ajuda nos momentos mais difíceis desse processo.

Aos meus amigos de infância, Luiz Felipe e Pedro Ferreira, Ellen e Edson Galvão, Gustavo e Lucas Souto, Raphael Sousa e Rafael Bandeira.

A Universidade Católica de Brasília por fornecer os equipamentos e instalações necessárias para o desenvolvimento do meu projeto de pesquisa.E ao Centro de Aperfeiçoamento em Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES), pela concessão da bolsa (tipo I e II).

Muito obrigado a todos!

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“É melhor tentar e falhar, que preocupar-se e ver a vida passar. É melhor tentar, ainda que em vão que sentar-se, fazendo nada até o final.

Eu prefiro na chuva caminhar, que em dias frios em casa me esconder. Prefiro ser feliz embora louco, que em conformidade viver”

Martin Luther King

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SUMÁRIO

1. RESUMO... 7

2. ABSTRACT... 8

3. INTRODUÇÃO... 9

4. OBJETIVOS... 11

5. ARTIGOS... ... ... 11

5.1 Treinamento de força e Síndrome Metabólica: Uma revisão sistemática ... 13

5.2 Acute effects of resistance exercise on clinical and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in middle-aged overweight and obese women... 34

5.3 Women with metabolic syndrome present different autonomic modulation and blood pressure response to an acute resistance exercise session compared with women without metabolic syndrome ... 54

5.4 Effects of eight weeks of resistance training on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in overweight /obese women - "A Pilot Study"... 81

7. REFERÊNCIAS... 106

8. ANEXOS... 109

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RESUMO

EFEITOS AGUDOS E CRÔNICOS DO TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA SOBRE FATORES DE RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR EM MULHERES DE MEIA IDADE PORTADORAS DE SOBREPESO/OBESIDADE E/OU SÍNDROME METABÓLICA

Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos agudos e crônicos do treinamento de força (TF) sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade e/ou síndrome metabólica. Este estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: (1) revisão sistemática para elucidar a efetividade do TF para a prevenção e tratamento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com síndrome metabólica (SM); (2) avaliar o comportamento clínico e ambulatorial da pressão arterial (PA) após uma sessão de TF aguda realizado entre 20:00-21:00 e de uma sessão controle em mulheres portadoras de sobrepeso/obesidade; (3) avaliar o comportamento clínico da PA e da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e ambulatorial da PA após uma sessão de TF aguda realizado entre 20:00-21:00 e de uma sessão controle em mulheres portadoras de SM e (4) avaliar os efeitos do TF realizado durante oito semanas sem controle dietético sobre os fatores de risco da SM em mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade. Métodos: Participaram do presente estudo mulheres sedentárias (18-49 anos) com e sem fatores de risco para SM. As voluntárias submetidas ao TF agudo realizaram seis exercícios (leg press na máquina, cadeira extensora, cadeira flexora, supino vertical na máquina, puxada frontal e desenvolvimento na máquina) com 3 séries de 10 repetições e intensidade de 60% de uma repetição máxima (1RM). Após as sessões aguda do TF e controle (35 minutos na posição sentada) foram monitoradas clinicamente a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), durante 60 minutos e após foi inserido no braço não dominante o monitor ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) para análise da PAS, PAD e PAM durante 24h. A VFC foi monitorada após a sessão de TF durante 60 minutos pós-exercício. O estudo crônico foi realizado durante oito semanas (3x) de TF para o corpo todo com intensidade de 8-12 repetições máximas e 1 minuto de intervalo de recuperação entre os exercícios e séries.

Antes e após as oito semanas foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, bioquímicas, pressóricas e de força muscular. Resultados: Coletivamente, estes dados demonstram que uma sessão aguda do TF é capaz de diminuir a PA clínica e ambulatorial tanto em mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade como em mulheres com SM, com similar resposta autonômica pós exercício em mulheres com e sem SM. Além disso, o TF realizado durante oito semanas sem o controle dietético e sem a realização de exercícios aeróbios foi pouco efetivo em alterar a glicose sanguínea, PA, circunferência da cintura, os triglicerídeos e o HDL. No entanto, o TF realizado em curto prazo foi efetivo em aumentar a força muscular absoluta e relativa e o volume muscular do quadríceps.

Conclusões: Uma sessão aguda do TF é capaz de diminuir a PA clínica e ambulatorial em mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade e SM. No entanto, o TF crônico sem controle dietético não reduz os fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres com SM.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Treinamento de força; Síndrome metabólica; Obesidade;

Pressão arterial; Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca.

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8 ABSTRACT

ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN MIDDLE AGED WOMEN WITH OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY AND/OR METABOLIC SYNDROME

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of resistance training (RT) on cardiovascular risk factors in women with overweight/obesity and/or metabolic syndrome. This study was divided in four steps:

(1) systematic review to elucidate the effectiveness of RT to prevent and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS); (2) to evaluate the clinical and ambulatory behavior of blood pressure (BP) after a acute RT session completed between 08:00-09:00 p.m. and of a control session in women with overweight/obesity; (3) to evaluate the clinical and ambulatory behavior of BP, and heart rate variability (HRV) after an acute RT session completed between 08:00-09:00 p.m. and a control session in women with Met and (4) to evaluate the effects of a eight- week RT without dietetic control on the risk factors of MetS in women with overweight/obesity. Methods: Sedentary women (18-49 years) with and without risk factors for MetS participated in this study. Volunteers were submitted to a acute RT session with six exercises (machine leg press, leg extension, leg curl, machine chest, frontal lat pull-down and machine shoulder press) with 3 sets of 10 repetitions and an intensity of 60% of one repetition maximum (1RM). After the acute RT and control session (35 minutes in the seated position) systolic (SBP) (PAS), diastolic (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were clinically monitored during 60 minutes and after this, the ambulatory monitor of BP (MAPA) was inserted to the non dominant arm to the analysis of SBP, DBP and MBP during 24h. The HRV was monitored after the RT session during 60 minutes post-exercise. The chronic study was performed during eight weeks (3x) of RT for the whole body with a intensity of 8-12 repetitions maximum and 1 minute rest interval between exercises and sets. Before and after the eight weeks anthropometric, biochemical, BP and muscle strength evaluations were completed.

Results: Collectively, these data demonstrated that an acute RT session is capable of decreasing clinical and ambulatory BP both in women with overweight/obesity and MetS, with similar autonomic response post exercise in with and without MetS.

Moreover, the eight-week RT without dietetic control and aerobic exercise presented a low effectiveness in modifying blood glucose, BP, waist circumference, triglycerides and HDL. However, short-term RT was effective in increasing absolute and relative muscle strength and muscle volume of the quadriceps. Conclusions: An acute RT session is capable if decreasing clinical and ambulatory BP in women with overweight /obesity and MetS. However, chronic RT without dietetic control did not decrease cardiovascular risk factor in women with MetS.

KEY WORDS; Strength training; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Blood pressure; Heart

rate variability.

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OBJETIVOS

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é estudar os diversos aspectos envolvidos nos efeitos agudos e crônicos do treinamento de força sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade e síndrome metabólica.

Buscamos estudar as respostas agudas da pressão arterial (clínica e ambulatorial) e da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca após uma sessão de treinamento de força, além disso, investigamos as adaptações crônicas ocorridas ao longo de 8 semanas de treinamento de força sem restrição e aconselhamento dietético em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade.

A presente dissertação resultou em quatro (4) artigos científicos, cujos objetivos específicos foram:

1. Realizar uma revisão sistemática do treinamento de força nos fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com síndrome metabólica.

Tibana RA, Prestes J. Treinamento de força e síndrome metabólica: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Cardiologia, 2013.

2. Analisar os efeitos agudos do exercício resistido sobre a pressão arterial clínica e ambulatorial em mulheres de meia idade com sobrepeso/obesidade

Tibana RA, Pereira GB, Navalta JW, Bottaro M, Prestes J. Acute effects of resistance exercise on 24-h blood pressure in middle aged overweight and obese women.

International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2013.

3. Analisar os efeitos agudos do exercício resistido sobre a pressão arterial clínica e ambulatorial e a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres de meia idade com e sem síndrome metabólica

Tibana RA, Boullosa DA, Leicht AS, Prestes J. Women with metabolic syndrome present different autonomic modulation and blood pressure response to an acute resistance exercise session compared with women without metabolic syndrome.

Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2013.

4. Analisar os efeitos crônicos do treinamento de forca sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular e a força muscular em mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade.

Tibana RA, Navalta J, Bottaro M, Vieira D, Tajra V, Silva AO, , de Farias DL, Pereira

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10 resistance training on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in overweight /obese women - "A Pilot Study". Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 2013.

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Artigo de Revisão

1

Programa de Pós-graduação (Mestrado e Doutorado) em Educação Física - Universidade Católica de Brasília - Brasília, DF - Brasil Correspondência: Ramires Alsamir Tibana

E-mail: ramiires@hotmail.com

Q.S. 7, lote 1 - Bloco G - Águas Claras, Taguatinga - 71966-700 - Brasília, DF - Brasil Recebido em: 30/12/2012 | Aceito em: 17/01/2013

Ramires Alsamir Tibana, Jonato Prestes

Treinamento de Força e Síndrome Metabólica: uma revisão sistemática

Resistance Training and Metabolic Syndrome: a systematic review

Resumo

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67 Tibana e Prestes

Treinamento de Força e Síndrome Metabólica Artigo de Revisão

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PubMed LILACS SciELO

218 200 10 8

Excluídos 200 Revisões / Estudos com animais / Outros exercícios / Outras doenças

Artigos excluídos após leitura completa do texto 13

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2. Bateman et al. ⁵⁷ 3. Potteiger et al. ⁵⁸ 4. Geisler et al. ⁵⁵ 5. Layne et al. ⁵⁶

Artigos completos analisados 18

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(16)

69 Tibana e Prestes

Treinamento de Força e Síndrome Metabólica Artigo de Revisão

Rev Bras Cardiol. 2013;26(1):66-76 janeiro/fevereiro

Discussão crítica dos dados encontrados

Fatores ambientais e síndrome metabólica

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(17)

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(18)

71 Tibana e Prestes

Treinamento de Força e Síndrome Metabólica Artigo de Revisão

Rev Bras Cardiol. 2013;26(1):66-76 janeiro/fevereiro

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(19)

a associação da força muscular com a diminuição dos fatores de risco cardiovascular

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(20)

73 Tibana e Prestes

Treinamento de Força e Síndrome Metabólica Artigo de Revisão

Rev Bras Cardiol. 2013;26(1):66-76 janeiro/fevereiro

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75 Tibana e Prestes

Treinamento de Força e Síndrome Metabólica Artigo de Revisão

Rev Bras Cardiol. 2013;26(1):66-76 janeiro/fevereiro

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460 Clinical Sciences

Tibana RA et al. Acute E̥ ects of Resistance … Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 460–464

accepted after revision August 23 , 2012

Bibliography DOI http://dx.doi.org/

10.1055/s-0032-1323819 Published online:

October 12, 2012 Int J Sports Med 2013; 34:

Correspondence

Dr. Jonato Prestes

Graduate Program on Physical Education

Catholic University of Brasilia Q.S. 07

Lote 01 – Bloco G 71966-700 Brasilia Brazil

Tel.: + 21/55/61 3356 9350 Fax: + 21/55/61 3356 9350 jonatop@gmail.com Key words ̎

^̂

resistance exercise ̎

^̂

hypotension ̎

^̂

^overweight

̎

^̂

cardiovascular events

Acute E ̵ ects of Resistance Exercise on 24-h Blood Pressure in Middle Aged Overweight and Obese Women

that aerobic training is e̥ ective in reducing clini- cal blood pressure in the general population, as well as in hypertensive subjects [ 7 , 22 ] . Regard- ing resistance exercise (RE), most studies investi- gating blood pressure revealed a signiÞ cant post-exercise hypotensive e ̥ ect (PEH). However, data regarding 24 h blood pressure (BP) and the post-exercise hypotensive e̥ ect are both scarce and controversial [ 4 , 7 , 22 ] . PEH is characterized by a signiÞ cant reduction in BP during the recov- ery period, and this phenomenon has been ac- cepted to have clinical relevance (cardiovascular protection). Considering the extensive evidence for the increased prevalence of cardiovascular events, such as strokes and myocardial ischemia in the early morning hours [ 7 , 25 ] , it is important to investigate whether PEH presents a su̦ cient duration up to the morning period.

The monitoring of 24 h BP enables the recording of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure under everyday circumstances, with most individuals displaying diurnal and nocturnal variations in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. To the best of our knowledge, only 6 studies have inves- tigated the acute response of 24 h BP to RE, with none utilizing obese subjects. In 4 of these stud- ies, 24 h BP levels were signiÞ cantly decreased Introduction

̖ Obesity is one of the primary contributing factors to hypertension, as risk estimates from the Fram- ingham Heart Study suggest that approximately 78 % of the cases in men and 65 % in women can be directly attributed to obesity [ 9 ] . While the United States is the world-wide leader in overweight index, several Latin American countries have a concerning number. For example, in Brazil, a national survey conducted in 2002–2003 on 95.5 million adults over the age of 20 years indicated that the incidence of overweight individuals was 8 times greater than those considered in weight deÞ cit. In that survey, 38.8 million (40.6 %) were considered overweight [body mass index (BMI) 25.0–29.9 kg · m

²

], and 10.5 million were classiÞ ed as obese (BMI > 30 kg · m

²

) [ 16 ] . Thus, obesity and hypertension are serious public health problems ḁ ecting the worldwide population [ 8 ] .

Regular physical exercise has been recommended as a worthwhile tool in the prevention and treat- ment of both obesity and hypertension [ 6 , 22 ] . Previous studies reported that an acute exercise session (a single exercise bout) could reduce blood pressure during the recovery period [ 17 , 22 ] . Furthermore, meta-analyses indicated

Authors R. A. Tibana

¹

^,

²

, G. B. Pereira

³

, J. W. Navalta

⁴

, M. Bottaro

⁵

, J. Prestes

¹

A̶ liations

¹

Graduate Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil

2

Department of Physical Education, Euro-American University Center (UNIEURO), Brasilia, Brazil

3

Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil

4

Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States

5

College of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil

Abstract

̖ This investigation was designed to evaluate responses of blood pressure (BP) following an acute resistance exercise (RE) session. Middle-aged women (N = 13) who were classiÞ ed as overweight (N = 8) or obese (N = 5) according to body mass index (BMI) participated in the investigation. Par- ticipants were randomly submitted to a control ses- sion (30-min seated rest) and a exercise session (3 sets, 10 repetitions at 60 % 1RM of exercises for the upper and lower body) with systolic (SBP), diasto- lic (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) obtained at rest and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60-min following

exercise, and through 24 h. Acute RE decreased SBP

at 10, 30, and 40-min compared with pre-exercise

and control (P < 0.05). DBP decreased at 10 and

40-min post-exercise compared with the control

trial (P < 0.05). Both SBP and DBP decreased in the

nighttime period ( ï 4.2 mmHg and ï 4.1 mmHg,

respectively) and in the overall 24 h period

( ï 3.6 mmHg and ï 4.5 mmHg, respectively) fol-

lowing the acute RE session when compared with

the control trial. These Þ ndings indicate important

beneÞ ts of acute RE on BP circadian rhythm, par-

ticularly at night as well as in the morning, which

are critical periods associated with increased risk

for cardiovascular events.

(25)

[ 1 , 13 , 20 , 28 ] . In addition, 3 of the studies evaluating 24 h BP were conducted with normotensive subjects [ 1 , 26 , 27 ] , while the remaining investigations used hypertensive subjects as vol- unteers [ 13 , 20 , 28 ] . Additionally, in 4 of these studies exercise sessions were completed in the morning (08:00–12:00 a.m.), while the remaining 2 did not report the exact period in which exercise was performed.

Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical behavior of BP following an acute RE session performed between 8:00–9:00 p.m. in obese subjects. Our initial hypothesis was that an acute RE session performed at night would decrease BP dur- ing the post-exercise period, primarily in the sleeping period and early morning hours.

Methods

̖ Subjects

Following an estimation of sample size required for primary comparisons (see in statistical analysis), 13 sedentary (deÞ ned as accruing less than 2 h per week of physical activity during the last year) middle-aged adult women were recruited. As inclu- sion criteria, the only participants included were those classiÞ ed as overweight (N = 8) or obese (N = 5) by BMI measurement according to the World Health Organization (WHO): overweight BMI = 25.0–29.9 kg · m

²

and obese > 30.0 kg · m

²

. Each subject completed a thorough physical examination, including a medi- cal history, resting and exercise electrocardiogram [ 30 ] , blood pressure assessment, anthropometric, and orthopaedic evalua- tion prior to participation in the experimental protocols. The general characteristics of the sample are presented in ̎

^̂

Table 1 . Subjects with physical disabilities, diagnosis of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension (systolic blood pres- sure > 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg) [ 32 ] , musculoskeletal disease, recent use of any medication and smoking or drug/alcohol abuse were excluded from the trial. All participants signed an informed consent document and the study was approved by the Universidade Católica de Brasília Research Ethics Committee for Human Use (protocol #376/2010).

Additionally, the study met the ethical standards proposed by of the International Journal of Sports Medicine [ 14 ] .

Study design

Subjects completed 2 weeks of familiarization prior to testing.

During the familiarization weeks, individuals were advised regarding the execution of proper technique, and completed 3 sessions ˄ week

^{ï 1}

, with 1 exercise for each main muscle group (same exercises of the experimental RE session) performing 3 sets of 10–12 submaximal repetitions at ~60 % of estimated 10RM.

After the familiarization period, subjects completed a 1-repetition maximum test (1RM) to determine maximal strength for each exercise. 3 days later participants were randomly assigned to 2 sessions (i. e., control and exercise) within a 4-week period with at least 72 h of rest between sessions. In the exercise session, par- ticipants remained seated quietly for 15 min before completing 3 sets of 10 repetitions of the following exercises: machine leg press, leg extension, leg curl, chest press, lat front pull-down and machine shoulder press at 60 % 1RM followed by 15 repetitions of abdominal crunches. A rest interval of 1-min was used between sets and exercises (the total duration of the session was 30 min).

Subjects were instructed to perform each repetition at a moderate velocity (i. e., 2 s concentric and 2 s eccentric) and were supervised

by a experienced researcher. The control session consisted of 30 min of seated rest. All subjects were encouraged to avoid smok- ing, alcohol and cḁ eine consumption, as well as unusual physical activity before each trial. Also, subjects were instructed to go to bed at 11:00 p.m. and awake at 06:00 a.m. on experimental days.

Maximal strength testing

After 2 weeks of adaptation to the exercises, 1RM tests were per- formed on 4 di̥ erent days separated by a minimum of 48 h. All tests were performed with 10 min rest intervals between each exercise. The order of the exercises was as follows: chest press, front lat pull-down and machine shoulder press (days 1 and 2);

machine leg press, leg extension and leg curl (days 3 and 4) (JOHNSON, USA). The protocol consisted of a light warm-up of 10 min of treadmill running followed by 8 repetitions at 50 % of estimated 1RM (according to the participants’ capacity veriÞ ed in the 2 weeks of adaptation). After a 1-min rest, subjects per- formed 3 repetitions at 70 % of the estimated 1RM. Following 3 minutes of rest, participants completed 3–5 1RM attempts inter- spersed with 3-to-5 min rest intervals, with progressively heav- ier weights (~5 %) until the 1RM was determined. The range of motion and exercise technique were standardized according to the descriptions of Brown and Weir [ 2 ] . After 48 h, all tests were repeated for the determination of the intraclass correlation (chest press, r = 0.99; front lat pull-down, r = 0.97; machine shoulder press, r = 0.98; machine leg press, r = 0.97; leg exten- sion, r = 0.98; and leg curl, r = 0.98).

Anthropometric and body composition evaluation Height and weight were measured for the calculation of the BMI.

All circumferences were obtained in triplicate using a nonelastic

Table 1 Subjects’ characteristics.

Anthropometric variables Mean ± standard deviation

Minimum- Maximum

age (years) 33.5 ± 8.9 (21–49)

body Mass (kg) 79.5 ± 12.1 (67.6–102.7)

height (m) 1.61 ± 0.07 (1.52–1.75)

neck Circumference (cm) 35.1 ± 1.8 (31.5–38) waist circumference (cm) 91.6 ± 8.7 (81.3–105) hip circumference (cm) 110.4 ± 9.3 (99.4–128)

waist-hip ratio 0.83 ± 0.07 (0.71–0.99)

waist-height ratio 0.57 ± 0.07 (0.51–0.69)

Body Composition Variables

body mass index (kg · m

²

) 30.7 ± 4.2 (26.9–37.2) fat percentage ( %) 36.2 ± 3.4 (31.5–42.3)

fat mass (kg) 28.6 ± 6.5 (21.6–41.3)

fat-free mass (kg) 46.6 ± 6.1 (42.2–61.4) body Adiposity Index ( %) 19.9 ± 3.6 (19.9–32.6)

Skinfold thickness, mm

sub-scapular 32.8 ± 9.1 (20–48.5)

triceps 39.4 ± 10.4 (17.5–57)

axillar medium 30.3 ± 7.2 (19.3–41.7)

chest 18.7 ± 5.3 (12.7–28)

abdomen 38.3 ± 4.7 (28–45)

thigh 41.6 ± 11.7 (14–58)

supra-iliac 35.8 ± 4.79 (31.5–46)

mM 236.4 ± 37.0 (190.2–308)

Hemodynamic variables

systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 124.7 ± 13.0 (109–140) diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 82.4 ± 10.1 (63–90) mean blood pressure (mmHg) 96.5 ± 10.8 (78.3–106.6)

heart rate (bpm) 79.1 ± 9.5 (64–93)