Taxithelium planum is one of the most common and conspicu-

A R E V I E W O F

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T A X I T H E L I U M ( S E M A T O P H Y L L A C E A E ) IN B R A Z I L

W i l l i a m R . B u c k (*)

S UMMARY

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and lUaitAatzd and Iti diifUbutirm In Eíazll li m apped. TaxMheUum planum [UU. I

«.tf.

is xe-zdy bat m ainlij con&inzd to the tom elzvationi oi Am azonia; T. ptw UpancXatim

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Ca«.d.) Sack li izpontzd ioti lha ílm t tlm z íol Siuzit &um thKze. locatüUzi;

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T.

junuzniz.

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i

&w th.) Bnoth. li appafizntJLij zndzm iz to kcjiz.

(*) T h e N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n , B r o n x , N e w Y o r k , U S A .

ACTA AMAZ ON I CA, S UP L . , 1 5 ( 1 - 2 ) :

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I13

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- 53. 1 9 8 5 4 3

I NTRODOCTI OH

The genus

Ta x i t h e l i u n a

i s ch ar act er i zed by leaves w i t h l i n ear c e l l s covered w it h

u n i se r i at e l v arranged p a p i l l a e . The al ar c e l l s ar e u su al l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , but not

near ly as st r o n gl y as i s t y p i c a l l y encount erd i

n

t he Semat ophy11aceae. The capsules

are hypnalean w it h a double per ist o m e. The o n ly sp o r o p h yt ic f eat u r e of any not e i s the

presence, in some sp e ci e s, of a sm al l , sw ollen neck.

In low land Am azonia,

T a x i t h e l i u m p l a n u m

i s one of t he most common and co n sp i cu

-ous .iiosses. However, whenever t he gr eat m aj o r i t y of specimens of a genus belong t o a

si n g l e , v ar i ab l e sp e ci e s, t he r ar e sp eci es ar e o f t en over looked or m i si d e n t

I

f i e d . It

was f or t h i s reason t hat t he cu r r en t r eview was under t aken.

TAXONOMY

Ta x i t h e l i u m

Spruce ex M i t t . , Jo u r . Li n n . So c , Bo t . 12: ^ 96. 1zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

8 6 9 .

Ta x i t h e l i u m

Spr uce, Cat . M use.

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Amaz ,

And. H 1867, nom . nud.

S i g ma t e l l a

(C. M u l l .) C.

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M u l l . ,

Bo t . Jah r b . 23: 328. I896, hom. I l l e g . , non Kü t

-zi n g, Spec. Algarum 18. 18^ 9.

Small t o m edium -sized p l an t s in yel l o w -gr een , t h i n , o f t en ext en si ve m at s.

Stems cr eep i n g, su b p in n at ely br anched, u su al l y com planat e-f ol i at e ; pseudoparaphyl1ia

v e n t r a l l e a v e s o f t e n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d ; ma r g i n s u s u a l l y p l a n e , s e r r u l a t e t o s u b e n t i r e ;

c o s t a s h o r t a n d d o u b l e

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

o r a b s e n t ; c e l l s l i n e a r , s o me t i me s f l e x u o s e , mo s t l y wi t h s e v e r a l s ma l l , s e r i a l l y a r r a n g e d p a p i l l a e o v e r e a c h l u me n , r a r e l y p r o r u l o s e o r

s mo o t h ; a l a r c e l l s f e w a n d q u a d r a t e i n b a s a l a n g l e s o r i n f l a t e d a n d c o l o r e d o r s c a r c e -l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . Au t o i c o u s o r d i o i c o u s . P e r í c h a e t i a -l -l e a v e s e r e c t , u s u a -l -l y -l a r >c e o -l a _ t e ; ma r g i n s s e r r a t e t o s e r r u l a t e ; c e l l s l i n e a r , p a p i l l o s e a s v e g e t a t i v e l e a v e s o r

s mo o t h . S e t a e e l o n g a t e , s l e n d e r , u s u a l l y r e d d i s h , s mo o t h o r r a r e l y p a p i l l o s e ; c a p -s u l e -s i n c l i n e d , a -s y mme t r 1 c , c o n t r a c t e d b e l o w t h e mo u t h wh e n d r y a n d e mp t y , -s o me t i me -s wi t h a s ma l l , s wo l l e n n e c k a t b a s e o f u r n ; e x o t h e c i a l c e l l s o n l y i n d i s t i n c t l y c o l l e n c h y ma t o u s ; a n n u l u s n o n e ; o p e r c u l u m c o n i c t o c o n i c r o s t r a t e ; p e r i s t o me d o u b l e , e x o -s t o me t e e t h f r o n t -s u r f a c e wi t h a z i g - z a g me d i a n l i n e , c r o -s -s - -s t r i o l a t e b e l o w, c o a r -s e l y p a p i l l o s e a b o v e , ' p r o j e c t i n g a t b a c k ; e n d o s t o me wi t h a h i g h b a s a l me mb r a n e , s e g me n t s b r o a d , p a p i l l o s e , k e e l e d , p e r f o r a t e , c i l i a u s u a l l y s i n g l e . S p o r e s s ma l l t o me d i u m -s i z e d , f i n e l y p a p i l l o -s e , c a l y p t r a e c u c u l l a t e , -s mo o t h , n a k e d .

T a x i t h e l i u m i s v e r y e a s y t o r e c o g n i z e , a n d i n d e e d , T . p l a n u m i s o n e o f t h e mo s t c o mmo n a n d we e d y mo s s e s i n l o wl a n d t r o p i c a l Ame r i c a . T h e p i u r i p a p i 1 1 o s e c e l l s wi t h t h e p a p i l l a e a r r a n g e d s e r i a l l y i mme d i a t e l y s e p a r a t e t h e g e n u s f r o m a l l o t h e r s a mo n g t h e S e ma t o p h y l l a c e a e .

KEY TO T HE BRAZ I L I AN S P E CI E S OF T AX I T HE L I UH

1 . Ce l l s a t v e r y a p e x o f l e a f s mo o t h ; l e a f ma r g i n s p l a n e

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

2

2 . Al a r c e l l s q u a d r a t e i n t r i a n g u l a r g r o u p s I n b a s a l l e a f

a n g l e s 1 . T . p l e n u m

2 , Al a r c e l l s s c a r c e l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d b u t wi t h r o w o f o b l o n g

c e l l s e x t e n d i n g a c r o s s i n s e r t i o n , n o t u p t h e ma r g i n 2 . T . p l u r i p u n c t a t u m

1 . Ce l l s a t v e r y a p e x o f l e a f p a p i l l o s e ; l e a f ma r g i n s

u s u a l l y i n c u r v e d 3 . T . j u r u e n s e

1 . T a x ι t h e H u m p l a n u m ( Br i d . ) Mi t t . , J o u r . L i n n . S o c , Bo t . 12 ; 4 6 9 - ΐ 8 6 9

Hy p n u m p l a n u m Br i d . , Mu s e . R e c e n t . S u p p l . 2 : 9 7 . I 8 l 2 ; S i g ma t e l l a p U n a( B r i d ) C. Mu l l . , He d wi g i a 3 7 : 2 5 9 . 1 8 9 8 . —P l a t e I , f i g s , 1 - 1 4 .

Hy p n u m c o n c a v u m Ho o k . i n Ku n t h , S y n . P I . Ae q u i n o c . I : 6 3 . 1 8 2 2 ; T a x i t h e l i u m c o n c a v u n

( Ho o k . ) S p r u c e , C a t , Mu s e . Ama z . An d . ) 4 . 18 6 7, c o mb , i n v a l .

Hy p n u m a c u ml r t u l a t u m Ho r n s c h . , F l . B r a s i l . 1 ( 2 ) :

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

7 6 . l 8 4 0 ; T a x i t h e U u m a c u n i n u t a t u m

( Ho r n s c h . ) J a e g . , Be r . S t . Ga l l . Na t u r w. Ge s . 1 8 7 6 - 7 7 : 4 2 3 . I 8 7 8 ; Τ, p l a n u m

v a r . a c u mi n u t a t u m ( Ho r n s c h . ) P a r . , I n d . B r y o l . 1 2 6 2 . 18 9 8 .

S i g ma t e l l a q u e l c h i í C . Mu l l . , Ma l p i g h i a I D: 5 1 9 - 18 9 6; T a x i t h e l i u m q u e l c h i i ( C. MÜ1 1 . ) P a r . , I n d . B r y o l . 1 2 6 2 . I 8 9 8 , s y n . n o v .

S i g ma t e l l a o i i d a C. HÜI1. , He d wi g i a 4 0 : 6 9 . 1 9 0 1 ; T a x i t h e l i u m Ol l d u m ( C. MÜ1 1 . ) Re n. Ê Ca r d . , Re v . B r y o l . 2 8 : 1 1 0 . 1 9 0 1 , s y n . n o v .

^ Ra t h e r s l e n d e r p l a n t s i n y e l l o w- g r e e n , c o mp l a n a t e ma t s . S t e ms l o n g - c r e e p i n g s u b p i n n a t . e , p r o s t r a t e t o s l i g h t l y a s c e n d i n g , c o mp l a n a t e - t o t e r e t e - f o l i a t e .

I. F i g s . 1-8:

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

T a x i t h e l i u m p l a n u m . F i g . 1: H a b i t , χ 0 . 5 ; F i g . 2 : H a b i t a n d s p o -r o p h y t e , χ 6; F i g . 3: L e a v e s , χ 5 0 ; F i g . 4 ; P e -r i c h a e t i a l l o a f , χ 5 0 ; F i g .

5: E x o s t o m e t o o t h ,

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

χ 1 0 0 ; F i g . 6: L e a f a p e x , χ 2 0 0 ; F i g . 7: L e a f m a r g i n , χ 2 0 0 ; F i g . 8 : A l a r r e g i o n , χ 2 0 0 . F i g s . 9 - 1 4 : T a x i t h e l i u m " a c u m i n u l a t u m "

Le a v e s e r e c t - s p r e a d i n g , d e n s e l y o r r a r e l y l a x l y f o l i a t e ,

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

0 . 6 3- 1 . 2 mm l o n g , 0

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

. 3-0. 6 mm wi d e , n a r r o wl y t o b r o a d l y o v a t e , o b t u s e t o a c u t e t o s h o r t - a c u mi n a t e ; ma r g i n s p l a n e ,

s e r r u l a t e n e a r l y t o b a s e , s o me t i me s d o u b l y s o ; u p p e r c e l l s l i n e a r , t h i n - wa l l e d , wi t h

5- 9 p a p i l l a e s e r i a l l y a r r a n g e d o v e r e a c h l u me n a t b a c k , t h e p a p i l l a e s ma l l a n d b l u n t , s o me t i me s v a r i o u s l y b r a n c h e d , a p i c a l c e l l s a n d t h o s e a t i n s e r t i o n s h o r t e r a n d s mo o t h ;

a l a r c e l l s c o n s i s t i n g o f a s ma l l ma r g i n a l g r o u p o f t h i n wa l l e d , q u a d r a t e c e l l s s u b t e n

-d e -d b y

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

2

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

-k l a r g e , i n f l a t e d , o c c a s i o n a l l y c o l o r e d c e l l s a t t h e a n g l e s . Au t o i c o u s . P e r i c n a e t i a l l e a v e s e l o n g a t e , e r e c t , t o r t u o u s , a c u mi n a t e ; ma r g i n s s e r r a t e t o s e r r u

-l a t e ; c e -l -l s -l a x -l y h e x a g o n a -l , p a p i -l -l o s e t o s mo o t h . S e t a e 0 . 8 - 2 . D c m -l o n g , r e d d i s h , s mo o t h , u s u a l l y c u r v e d a t b a s e o f u r n ; c a p s u l e s i n c l i n e d , c a 1 mm l o n g , o v o i d t o

s h o r t - c y l i n d r i c , c o n s t r i c t e d a t b a s e t o a s ma l l n e c k , a s y mme t r i c ; e x o t h e c i a l c e l l s s h o r t - r e c t a n g u l a r t o i s o d i a me t r i c , s o me wh a t c o l 1 e n c h y ma t o u s ; a n n u l u s n o n e ; o p e r c u l u m

c o n i c - r o s t r a t e ; e x o s t o me t e e t h o n f r o n t s u r f a c e c r o s s - s t r i o l a t e b e l o w, c o a r s e l y p a p i j ^

l o s e a b o v e , p r o j e c t i n g a t b a c k ; e n d o s t o me wi t h a h i g h b a s a l me mb r a n e , s e g me n t s

y e l l o w, f i n e l y p a p i l l o s e , k e e l e d , p e r f o r a t e , c i l i a s i n g l e . S p o r e s f i n e l y p a p i l l o s e , a l mo s t s mo o t h , 1 0 - 1 5 ur n i n d i a me t e r .

Ra n g e : F l o r i d a t o c e n t r a l S o u t h Ame r i c a ; g r o wi n g o n a l mo s t a l l s u b s t r a t e s ,

c o mmo n a n d we e d y , e s p e c i a l l y a t l o w e l e v a t i o n s .

Di s t r i b u t i o n I n Br a z i l : Ma p 1 .

Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s p e c i me n s e x a mi n e d : ACRE : Ri o J u r u a - Mi r i m, n e a r Lu c a n i a , 14 Ma y 1 9 7 1 , P . J . Ha a s e t a l . P 1 2 9 3 6 ( NY) . ΑΜΑΡ Α : Ri o J a r i , Ca c h o e i r a d a s Gu a r i b a s , 0 0°24' N 5 3°0 7' W, 16 Au g 1 9 6 1 , W, A. Eg l e r ε Η. S . I r wi n 4 6Ί5 4 ( NY) . AMAZ ONAS : S ã o Ga b r i e l , Au g 18 5 2, R. S p r u c e 968 ( NY) ; a l o n g Ri o Ca u a b u r i b e t we e n Ri o Ne g r o a n d Ca c h o e i r a d o Ca r a n g u e i j o , 0 0° 1 5 ' S , 6 5° 5 5 ' W, 3 J u l 1 9 7 9 , W. R. Bu c k 2 3 1 6 ( I NP A, NY) . BAHI A: Mu n .

I l h é u s , 6 - 8 k m W o f 0 1i v e n ç a o n r o a d t o Ma r u i m, 10 Ma y 1 9 8 1 , B. H. Bo o m £ S .

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

A. Mo r i

8 5 8 ( CEP LAC, NY) . ES P Í RI TO S ANTO: L i n h a r e s , n e a r t h e La g u n a J u p a r a n a , 14 Oc t 1 9 7 1 ,

D. N. Vi t a l 1926 ( F LAS , S P ) . GOl AS : c a 3 k m S o f S ã o J o ã o d a Al i a n ç a , l 6 Ma r 19 71, H. S . I r wi n e t a l . 3 1 9 9 2 ( NY) . MATO GROS S O: Mu n . Ar i p u a n ã , Da r d a n e l o s , 26 S e p 19 75 , P. Li s b o a e t a l . 275 ( F LAS , I NP A) . MI NAS GERAI S : wi t h o u t l o c a l i t y , wi t h o u t c o l l e c t o r

( M) . P ARA: Di s t r i c t o Ac a r a , Th o me As s u " , Ag u a Br a n c a , 18 J u l 1 9 3 1 , Y. Me x i a 59 32- a ( FH, NY) ; S e r r a d o Ca c h i mb o , Ba s e Aé r e a d o Ca c h i mb o , c a 0 9 ° 2 2 ' S , 5 4° 5 4 W, 2 5 - 3 0 Ap r

I 9 8 3, W. D. Re e s e 1 6 1 6 4 ( I NP A, NY) . RI O DE J ANEI RO: wi t h o u t l o c a l i t y , wi t h o u t c o

-He c t o r ( M) ; Mo r r o d e Do i s I r mã o s , Ma y 1 Ü9 3 , Ε_{· Ul e ' 7 2 3 ( l e c t o t y p e o f S i g ma t e l l a}

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

0 -l i d a , HBG) . RONDÔNI A: A-l t o Ri o Ca n d e i a s n e a r Mi b r a s a t i n mi n e , 1 0°3 5' S , 6 3 ° 3 5 ' « ,

Ma y 1 9 8 2 , A. J . F i f e e t a l . 4 1 8 7 ( I NP A, NY) 4 2 0 5 ( I NP A, NY) ; Ri o J a c i p a r a n a , 9- 12 k m a b o v e J a c i p a r a n a , 30 J u n 1968, G. T . P r a n c e e t a l . 5 3 7 0 ( I NP A, NY) . ' RORAI MA: k m 517 o n BR 1 7 4 , j u s t S o f I g a r a p é Di a s , 21 No v . 1 9 7 7 , W. R. Bu c k e t a l 1 9 2 3 ( I NPA, NY) ; Ri o Ur a r i c o e r a , Ca n a l Ka r a c a , a b a i x o d a Ca c h o e i r a Gr a n d e , 6 l °4 0' W, 19 Fe b 1 9 7 9 , J. M. P i r e s e t a l . I 6 7 5 O ( MG, NY) . S S O P AOLO: j u s t Ν o f Mo n g a g u a , 6 k m Ν o f Ri o Mo n -g a -g u a , 2Ί0

5 &' 5 , 1 > 60_{3 5}I

W, 2 7 Au g 1 9 7 7 , D.Η. Vi t t 2 0 6 7 6 ( ALTA, F L AS ) ; Ca r d o s o I s . , Hu n . d e Ca n a n e i a , s l o p i n g p a r t o f i s l a n d , 2 3 Ma y 1 9 7 4 , D. H. Vi t a l 3 l 8 0 ( F LAS , S P ) .

Ce n t r a l Ame r i c a a n d t h e Ve s t I n d i e s , t o S o u t h Ame r i c a . I n S o u t h Ame r i c a , I h a v e s e e n

s p e c Í me n s

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

f r o m t h e Gu i a n a Β r a z i ] , Ve n e z u e l a , Co l o mb i a , E c u a d o r , P e r u , a n d Bo 1 Í -v i a . I t i s mu c h l e s s c o mmo n i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f i t s r a n g e . T a x i t h e l i u m p l a n u l u mi s

p r o b a b l y p a n t r o p i c a l . I t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d f r o m Af r i c a u n d e r i t o wn n a me b u t i n a d d i -t i o n -t h e r e a r e p r o b a b l y a n u mb e r o f s y n o n y ms -t h e r e a s we l l , i n c l u d i n g T . p l a n u m B e s c h . a n d T . c a l 1i c o s t e l l o i d e s P a r . I n t r o p i c a l As i a , t h e s p e c i e s h a s g o n e u n d e r t h e n a me

T . n e p a l e n s e ( S c h wa e g r . ) Br o t h . , y e t s h o ws t h e s a me v a r i a t i o n p a t t e r n s a s i n t h e Ne w Wo r l d .

T a x i t h e l i u m p l a n u m i s e x t r e me l y v a r i a b l e . Le a f s h a p e a n d a p e x v a r y wi t h t h e h a b i t a t . Wh e n t h e p l a n t s a r e g r o wi n g o n r o t t e n l o g s i n h u mi d , b u t n o t h y d r i c , h a b i -t a -t s , -t h e p l a n -t s a r e - c o mp l a n a -t e - f o l i a -t e wi -t h a c u -t e -t o s h o r -t - a c u mu n a -t e , o v a -t e l e a v e s ( F i g . 3 ) . T h e a l a r c e l l s a r e f e w wi t h t h e b a s a l o n e s i n f l a t e d ( F i g . 8 ) . Ho we v e r , wh e n t h e p l a n t s a r e g r o wi n g o n s a n d o r r o c k s a t t h e e d g e o f wa t e r , a n d a r e p e r i o d i c a l l y i nun_ d a t e d a s i s c o mmo n i n t h e Ama z o n b a s i n wi t h i t s s e a s o n a l r i s i n g a n d f a l l i n g o f r i v e r s , t h e p l a n t s a r e - t e r e t e , wi t h b r o a d l y o v a t e l e a v e s wi t h o b t u s e a p i c e s ( F i g s . 1 1 , 1 2 ) . Th e a l a r c e l l s b e c o me mo r e n u me r o u s a n d o c c u p y a l a r g e r a r e a , b u t a r e u s u a l l y o n l y q u a d r a t e a n d n o t a t a l l i n f l a t e d ( F i g . 1 * 0 . T h i s l a t t e r e x p r e s s i o n i s t h e b a s i s f o r b o t h Hy p n u m c o n c a v u m a n d H. a c u mi n u l a t u m. T a x i t h e l i u m q u e l c h i i , d e s c r i b e d f r o m Gu a y a -n a , i s i -n t e r me d i a t e b e t we e -n t h e s e t wo e x t r e me s . At h o u g h Mi t t e -n { 1 8 6 9 ) l i s t e d Hy p n u m c r a s s i c o l 1 ur n T a y ! . , d e s c r i b e d f r o m E c u a d o r , i n t h e s y n o n y my o f T . p l a n u m, a n e x a mi n a -t i o n o f wh a -t a p p e a r s -t o b e a p o r -t i o n o f -t h e -t y p e i n Mi -t -t e n ' s h e r b a r i u m ( NY) r e v e a l s -t h a -t Mi t t e n e r r e d i n h i s p l a c e me n t a n d i n f a c t t h e s p e c i e s i s i n t h e Hy p n a c e a e .

T a x i t h e l i u m p l a n u m i s o n e o f t h e mo s t wi d e s p r e a d a n d we e d y o f a l l mo s s e s i n Ama -z o n i a . I t o c c u r s I n a l l h a b i t a t s i n t h e a r e a , e v e n o c c a s i o n a l l y o n t wi g s . Ho we v e r , i t c a n a l wa y s b e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e o t h e r Br a z i l i a n s p e c i e s b y t h e o v a t e l e a v e s wi t h t h e a p i c a l c e l l s s mo o t h a n d t h e r e l a t i v e l y we l l d e v e l o p e d a l a r r e g i o n .

2 , T a x i t h e l i u m p l u r i p u n c t a t u m ( Re n . & Ca r d . ) Bu c k , Mo s c o s o a 2 : 6 0 . 1 9 8 3 .

T r t c h o s t e l e u m p l u r i p u n c t a t u m Re n . & C a r d . , Bu l l . S o c . Ro y . Bo t . Be l g . 2 9 ( 1 ) : 1 8 4 . 1 8 9 0 . - - P l a t e I 1 , f i g s . 1 0 - 1 5 .

T a x i t h e l i u m t h e l í d i e l l u m Be s c h . , J o u r , d e Bo t . 1 6 : 1 0 . 1 9 0 2 .

T a x i t h e l i u m p a t u l i f o l i u m T h é r . i n T h é r . , Di x . & Bu c h , An n . Br y o l . 7 : Τ6 0 . 193**.

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- 5ίz e d i n g o l d e n , wi r y , l a x , o f t e n e x t e n s i v e ma t s . S t e ms c r e e p -i n g , 1 r r e g u l a r I ν b u t f r e e l y b r a n c h e d . S t e m ί e a v e s s o me wh a t l a r g e r , 1 o n g e r a c uni t n a t e

Plate I I . F i g s . 1-9:

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T a x i t h e l i u m j u r u e n s e. F i g . 1: H a b i t , χ 0 . 5 ; F i g .

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2: H a b i t a n d s p o r o p h y t e , χ 8 ; F i g . 3: L e a v e s , χ 5 0 ; F i g . 4 : P e r i c h a e t i a l l e a f , χ 5 0 ;

r o wl y t r i a n g u l a r t o o b l o n g - t r i a n g u l a r ; ma r g i n s s e r r u l a t e t h r o u g h o u t , mo r e s h a r p l y s o a b o v e ; c e l l s l i n e a r a b o v e , t h i c k - wa l l e d , p o r o s e , s mo o t h , r e c t a n g u l a r b e l o w. S e t a e 7 1 3 mm l o n g , o r a n g e , s mo o t h , s l i g h t l y c u r v e d j u s t b e l o w u r n ; c a p s u l e s i n -c l i n e d , -c a . 0 . 8 mm l o n g> o v o i d . S o me wh a t a s y mme t r i c , n e c k s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d ; e x o t h e c i a l c e l l s s l i g h t l y c o l 1 e n c h y ma t o u s ; a n n u l u s n o n e ; o p e r c u l u m s h o r t - r o s t r a t e ; e x o s t o me t e e t h o n f r o n t s u r f a c e c r o s s s t r i o l a t e b e l o w, c o a r s e l y p a p i l l o s e a b o v e , p r o -j e c t i n g a t b a c k ; e n d o s t o me wi t h a h i g h b a s a l me mb r a n e , y e l l o w, f i n e l y p a p i l l o s e , s e g me n t s k e e l e d , p e r f o r a t e , c i l i a s i n g l e . S p o r e s f i n e l y p a p i l l o s e , 1 5 - ' 8 ur n i n d i a me t e r .

Ra n g e : Ma r t i n i q u e , Do mi n i c a , F r e n c h Gu i a n a , Br a z i l ; mo s t l y g r o wi n g o n t r e e t r u n k s .

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2 .

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j u n c t i o n o f Ri o P i t i n g a , 0 1 ° 3Γ5 , 5 9 ° 5 0 ' W, 2 5 Au g 1 9 7 9 ,

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W. R. B u c k 3 1 ^ 8 ( I NP A, NY) . 3 AHI A: Mu n . I l h é u s , 6- 8 k m U o f Ol i v e n ç a o n r o a d t o Ma r u i m, 10 Ma y 1 9 8 1 , B. H. B o o m S

S. A. Mo r i 8 7 0 ( CEP LAC, NY) . RORAI MA: Bo c a d a Ma t a , v i c i n i t y o f a b a n d o n e d a r my b a s e

2 16 k m Ν o f Bo a Vi s t a o n BR 1

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7 h , c a . 2 k m Ν o f Ri o S u r u mu , c a 1 9 k m S o f Ve n e z u e l a b o r d e r , 2 9 No v 1 9 7 7 , W. R. B u c k e t a l , , 1 9 * 9 ( I NP A, NY) .

T a x i t h e l i u m p l u r i p u n c t a t u m i s v e r y mu c h l i k e a Mi t t e n o t h a mn i u r n i n a s p e c t d u e t o t h e l a x , wi r y g r o wt h f o r m. Ho we v e r , t h e p a p i l l o s e l e a v e s l e a v e l i t t l e d o u b t a s t o i t s a f f i n i t i e s . I t i s s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e o t h e r Br a z i l i a n s p e c i e s b y t h e l a x l y d i s p o s e d l e a v e s wi t h a l a r c e l l s n o t o r o n l y s c a r c e l y e x t e n d i n g u p t h e l e a f ma r g i n s , b u t r a t h e r wi t h a r o w o f t h i c k - wa l l e d , p o r o s e o b l o n g c e l l s a c r o s s t h e i n s e r t i o n .

Th i s r e p o r t o f T . p l u r i p u n c t a t u m i s t h e f i r s t f o r Br a z i l .

3 . T a x i t h e l i u m j u r u e n s e ( Br o t h . ) Br o t h . , Na t . P f 1 . 1 ( 3 ) : 1 0 9 0 . 1 9 0 8 .

obs c ur e l y r oughe ne d a b o v e , s t r a i ght o r s l i ght l y c ur ve d a t ba s e of ur n; c a ps ul e s s ube

-r e c t t o h o -r i z o n t a l , c a . 0zyxwvuts-rqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA. 8 mm l ong, s h o r t - c y 1 i n d r i c , c ons t r i c t e d s l i ght l y a t ba s e t o a s mal l s wol l e n n e c k , c ons t r i c t e d be l ow mo u t h whe n d r y , a s y mme t r i c ; e xot he c i a l

c e l l s s hor t - r e c t a ngul a r , s ome wha t col 1e nc hyma t ous ; a nnul us none ; ope r c ul um c oni c - r os

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f or a t e a b o v e , c i l i a r udi me nt a r y or ve r y s hor t a nd s i ngl e . - Spor e s pa pi l l os e , 14- 19

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2 7 Apr 1971, G. T . P r a n c e e t a l . 12 5 * 1 ( I NPA, NY) .

The r e i s s ome que s t i on a s t o t he e xa c t l oc a t i on of t he t ype l oc a l i t y. Br ot he r us ( 1906) c i t e d Ama z ona s a s t he s t a t e of t he or i gi na l c o l l e c t i o n . Ho we v e r , J ur uã Mi r y i s pr oba bl y t he s a me a s J ur uã Mi r i m, wh i c h i s i n pr e s e nt - da y Ac r e . Eve n Ul e ' s ( 1903)

own a c c ount of hi s t r i p t o t he a r e a us e d t hi s s pe l l i ng f or t he s mal l r i ve r , but ga ve n o i ndi c a t i on a s t o ne a r bl y s e t t l e me nt s or ot he r l a ndma r ks wh i c h c oul d a i d i n a mor e a c c ur a t e de t e r mi na t i on of t he l oc a l i t y. Unde r a ny c i r c u ms t a n c e s , t hi s di s t i nc t i ve s pe

c i e s i s ve r y l i mi t e d i n i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n . The r e por t s of Li s boa a nd Li s boa ( 19 7 8 )

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L i s b o a , Re g i n a C. L . a n d L i s b o a , P e d r o L. B. 1 9 7 8 . Co n t r i b u i ç ã o a o c o n h e c i me n t o d a f l o -r a d o A-r i p u a n ã ( Ma t o G-r o s s o ) I I . Mu s c i . A c t a A m a z ô n i c a 8 ( 2 ) : 1 4 3 - 1 4 8 .

Mi t t e n , Wi l l i a m - 1 8 6 9 . Mu s c i Au s t r o - Ame r i c a n i , s i v e e n u r a e r a t i o mu s c o r u n i o mn i u m a u s t r o a me r i c a n o r u m mi h i h u c u s q u e c o g n i t o r u m, e o r u m p r a e c i p u e i n t e r r i s Ama z o n i c i s An d i n i s -q u e Ri c a r d o S p r u c e o l e c t o r u m. J o u r . L i n n . S o e . , B o t . 1 2 : 1 - 6 5 9 .

ü l e , E . - 1 9 0 3 . Ul e ' s E x p e d i t i o n n a c h d e n Ka u t s c h u f c - Ge b i e t e n d e s Ama z o n e n s t r o r a e s . Dr i t t e r Be r i c h i i be r d e n Ve r l a u f d e r Ka u t s c h u k - E x p e d i t i o n v o m Ma i b i s z u m No v e mb e r