911.375: 574
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S.P. Egorova, I.E. Krotova, A.S. Marshalkovich MGSU
TOWN-PLANNING MANAGEMENT OF URBAN AREAS WITH ACCOUNT FOR ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
The authors refer to several vivid examples to consider various patterns of urban planning and management with account for the ecological factors. Yekaterinburg serves as the basis for the ecological and urban planning safety model, designed as a digi-tal printout indicating ecologically unsafe urban areas. Dushanbe, Bishkek and the Orenburg region examples are analyzed to prove that urban ecology factors, that shape up the typological urban structure and determine specific planning solutions, represent an integral constituent of sustainable development models for specific areas. Moscow exemplifies the statement that the ongoing maintenance of propor-tions in the course of development of urban ecosys-tems is a binding condition of the ecological and urban planning balance in urban areas.
Key words: town planning, urban ecosystem, environmental safety, sustainable development, lay-out, built-up urban areas, urban geosystems, Yekate-rinburg, Dushanbe, Bishkek, Orenburg region, Mos-cow.
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In the Russian Federation urban de-velopment management has become a sys-tematic activity, which has not yet been suf-ficiently considered in the contemporary theory and practice of urban construction, though it is one of socially important tasks of urban management.
The whole system of urban develop-ЦОЧЭ ЦКЧКРОdevelop-ЦОЧЭ МКЧ’Э ЛО rОНЮМОН ЭШ ШЧlв development of the corresponding design documentation, because management cess gives some results only when this pro-cess is realized with account of the view of the contemporary science on this process. In the given article we consider the prob-lems of providing maximal economical ef-ficiency of urban planning actions in differ-ent cities, which get the primary im-portance.
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-neglected zones. A summary analytical ta-ble is drawn up, in which each zone has a list of necessary urban planning measures. This analytical material should be used for the development of a detailed project of ecological and architectural reconstruction of environmentally fragile areas on an ur-banized territory [1].
Today in the conditions of a big city on an intensive development stage the prob-lems of providing complex safety (includ-ing ecological) assume great importance. Also there is no need to once again acknowledge the currency of providing eco-logical and urban development safety of different types of activity. From urban de-velopment point of view such safety of ur-ban ecosystem may be provided by opti-mizing its main components, subsystems may be detached as such components: natu-ral-ecological, anthropogenous, social-ecological [1].
For implementing the complex ap-proach to optimization of the subsystems of city structure it is necessary to conduct a sequential analysis of the environment state with account for the detached basic parame-ters (for each subsystem), forecasting the development of the existing ecological and social situation and design solution of the necessary set of actions on reconstructing environmentally neglected urbanized terri-tories. It is necessary to develop this com-plex approach in correspondence with the requirements of the effective legislation of ЭСО RF. TСКЭ’s аСв ТЭ Тs ЧОМОssКrв ЭШ НТ s-cover the main optimization principles at ecological reconstruction of the urban terri-tories and to analyze the latest theoretical developments in this field.
From the other side the example of the cities Dushanbe and Bishkek situated in a mountainous area is used to investigate the ecological prerequisites to city devel-opment structure, which are developed for different landscape types; a bottom of mountainous-trench space, flood plain terri-tories, submontane-valley or intermediate zone and slop territories [2].
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air and still aeration conditions, which have a negative impact, the urban ecological problems of the atmosphere become more acute.
In Dushanbe annual average wind repetition with the velocity up to 1 m/sec is 63 % (in July — September it is maximal: 70…73 %), ЭСТs lОКНs ЭШ К ПrОqЮОЧЭ rОpОЭ i-tion of air stagnai-tion periods (repetii-tion of still air). As a result in Dushanbe there is up to 90 days of still air a year [2, 3], which results in accumulation of pollutants be-cause of the complexity of their diffusion.
In the city situated in semi-closed hol-low (Bishkek) the situation is much better, and still air happens 20 % of time a year, its rОpОЭТЭТШЧ Тs 15…27 % К вОКr, sЭТll КТr ЦШstly СКppОЧs ТЧ ЦШrЧТЧР СШЮrs (30…40 %). LШа wind speed prevail (in average for a year 1.9 m/sec) and about 50 % of low winds repetition a year (less than 1 m/sec) [2, 4].
In addition to the extreme aeration conditions these two cities have other cli-matic features, which influence the state of the city air. In particular, a high intensive-ness of insolation together with high tem-peratures, sufficient solar radiation together with low air motion and humidity often lead to overheat of building premises and con-struction territories and to the emergence of temperature inversions and even smog.
At the same time there is a possibility to lighten the influence of hot weather at even very slight air motion (about 1 m/sec). In such cases the most important in creation of favorable living conditions are the right design solutions and construction. The solu-tion of this task mat be simplified if during urban ecological planning and construction we account for heat and wind mode, which is directly related to radiation mode. The convective wind flows occurring during insolation (and heating) of the underlying terrain may raise the negatively influencing matters into the upper atmosphere, dissolve them with the help of background wind and activate local horizontal winds in the sur-face layer of the urban atmosphere, thus increasing sanitary measurements of the urban environment.
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ditions of mountainous-trench space should be based on the use of heat-wind processes mechanism. In this case we should take into account, that the features of mountainous relief create big differences for the for-mation of comfortable urban-ecological sit-uation on very close distances by the effi-cient use of heat-wind mode.
So in frames of these four landscape types the main principles of planning struc-ture organization are formed for a territory intended for settlement in frames of the uni-fied anthropogenous landscape.
The developed methodological bases of building design in hot light-windy and still air conditions with account for a com-plicated landscape situation and different planning structure in the cities situated in a mountainous area provide planning compo-sitions of construction and organization of interconnected network of city highways, roads, squares, green territories, etc. on the territories of any complexity, which im-prove the environment [2].
Moreover on the example of the Orenburg region the features of territorial differentiation for nature management on the level of administrative regions were considered [5], because in this case investi-gation of the organization regularities of these municipal administration systems, at the formation of which polarization of na-ture management strucna-ture plays an im-portant role, is more current.
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-gree of the technogenic damage of the ter-ritory [5].
One of the examples of the sufficient territorial differences is a space differentia-tion of the reladifferentia-tions between technogenic damaged and quasinatural geosystems [6]. In the conditions of steppe zone, within which the majority of the Orenburg region is situated, different variants of agrourbo-landscapes are considered dominants and the correspondence of greatly transformed technogeosystems and slightly transformed quasinatural landscapes lies in the basis of correspondence analysis to the homeostatic equilibrium state of this territory.
Three categories of geosystems are qualified as urbotechnogeosystems: land-scapes intended for settlement (including urban ones), mountainous-technical land-scapes (geosystems of the developed depos-its), transport geosystems (landscapes of rail and motor roads). Quasinatural land-scapes include: forest territories, various nature reserves, having legislative protec-tion against technogenic impacts.
The correspondence analysis of urbo-technogenic and quasinatural geosystems in different administrative regions reflects the features of ecological problems on the terri-tory of the region. The territerri-tory differentia-tion in three sectors is most distinguished: Western, Central and Eastern.
As a result it was shown [5], that the presented models of anthropogenic-ecological landscape organization within the administrative regions being the units of landscape planning are not rigid and may be used for one and the same region. At the same time the territorial differentiation of the urbanized areas requires individual ap-proach during landscape-ecological plan-ning and application of environmental pro-tection measures. It should be noted that such a regional landscape planning is in general an essential part of sustainable de-velopment model formation on the regional revel with the use of landscape planning concept.
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-cess of long historical development special territorial formations appeared — urboge-osystems of the territories. Investigation of such ecosystems from the different sides and urboecodiagnostics of the city space allow tracing not only this process of natu-ral landscapes transformation under the in-fluence of technogenic processes, but also to determine the methods of their rehabilita-tion. And the most important is to compose comfortable ( or at least satisfactory) city-forming structures for life of citizens and preservation of nature in the existing com-plicated system a city — society — natural environment.
Natural landscapes of Moscow have their specific features determined by the position of the capital at the junction of dif-ferent physical and geographical for-mations: Smolensk-Moscow Upland, Meshcherskaya Lowland, Moscow River-Oka Plain and ecological and geomorphic factors specifics of mesoclimate of the Moscow Region. On the territory of the capital (within old boundaries) there were 9 native landscapes, 8 of them meet in the central district of the city. There is practi-cally no such a close neighborhood, big quantity and diversity of landscape features, not only in Moscow Region, but also in other regions of Central European Rus-sia [7]. The relief is of course one of the main factors of natural complexes and city-forming structures formation.
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landscape formations, occurring as a result of urbotechnogenesis process.
A specific hierarchy structure of planning and management is characteristic of urboecosystem of one of the biggest me-tropolises (and agglomerations) of Europe (figure shows the urboecosystem manage-ment by the arrows), and its territory has different types of nature management (set-tlement, production, transport, etc.) [9].
Д9] ning and management [9]A scheme of hierarchical structure of
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In particular urban development of Moscow (settlement territory) as a type of nature management is a rather complicated system, which on the lowest level includes the housing itself (a building, with which it is connected by the engineering systems and construction elements, building sur-rounding grounds within walking distance), and all these as a result forms a residential block. Such an example shows that Mos-cow has a formed integral hierarchically subordinate structure, in each component and at each level of which there are differ-ent economical, urban developmdiffer-ent, social and other functions.
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-achieving ecological-construction homeo-static equilibrium, which means obtaining balanced correspondence of natural com-plexes with different types of urban devel-opment activity.
Such a process will lead to efficient city nature management when a harmony with different competing interests is achieved — the interests of the surrounding natural environment and the society, pro-duction processes and possibilities of natu-ral environment and different groups and interests of the citizens.
One of the conditions of homeostasis of urbanized territories is a constant preser-vation of definite correlations in the process of city development [7]. But on a definite development stage such a stability may be-come a limitation, and it supposes a fast implementation of innovative technologies contributing to ecological and city devel-opment equilibrium.
The balanced development and plan-ning structure of an urbanized territory should be justified in the following direc-tions:
investigation of natural landscape dif-ferentiation, which results in estimation of natural-resources potential;
analysis of landscape formation his-tory;
investigation of social-economic de-velopment influence on the natural land-scapes;
investigation of the influence of eco-nomical and construction activity on the natural landscapes;
definition of ecological problems and danger degree of the ecological situation;
complex geoecological zoning and analysis of the limitations of the territorial city management;
statement of tasks and priority direc-tions of the ecologically oriented develop-ment of the urbanized territory;
investigation of the territorial, social, ecological and other disproportions, which prevent achieving the main aim the devel-opment of an urbanized territory;
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complex investigation of territorial, social-ecological and economic develop-ment of the territory in order to estimate the differentiation of living quality of the citi-zens in different regions, determining dif-ferent ways of social and economic devel-opment and improving city living environ-ment of the citizens.
A constantly developing city should of course pass around the areas inconven-ient for construction, which are rather big, leaving them in a city ecogeosystem. Spe-cially protected parts of city territories and areas inconvenient for construction should be preserved and become the elements of ЧКЭЮrКl МТЭв ПrКЦО. TСКЭ’s аСв ЭСО ОбТsЭТЧР natural frame on the territory of new Mos-cow will determine the main directions of city management and the possible limita-tions of the territory use.
In case of the absence of the natural frame the development of the new territo-ries joined to Moscow accompanied with urbanization increase, new administrative and business centers formation, construc-tion of different infrastructures and inten-sive land use will never be balanced. In this case serious problems will occur, connected аТЭС prШЯТНТЧР ОЧЯТrШЧЦОЧЭКl sКПОЭв. TСКЭ’s why a model of ecological and city devel-opment safety of a city should be complied as a scheme of functional zoning with marking environmentally neglected zones and pointing the necessary urban develop-ment measures for each zone. Such an ana-lytical material may be used in order to velop a project of ecological and urban de-velopment reconstruction of an urbanized territory, including ecological disaster zones of a city.
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Received in June 2015.
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-A b o u t t h e a u t h o r s : Egorova Svetlana Pav-lovna, student, Institute of Construction and Architec-ture, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (MGSU), 26 Yaro-slavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federa-tion; svet3653@yandex.ru;
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University) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Mos-cow, 129337, Russian Federation; irina@frieze.ru;
Marshalkovich Aleksandr Sigizmundovich, Candidate of Technical Sciences, senior research worker, Professor, Department of Building Design and Urban Development, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research Universi-ty) (MGSU), 26 Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation; mars.eko@mail.ru.
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For citation:
Egorova S.P., Krotova I.E., Marshalkovich A.S. Gradostroitel'noe regulirovanie territoriy s uchetom ekologicheskikh
faktorov [Town-Planning Management of Urban Areas with Account for Ecological Factors]. Stroitel'stvo: nauka i obrazovanie
