Research Article
Biological Monitoring Using Macroinvertebrates as
Bioindicators of Water Quality of Maroaga Stream in
the Maroaga Cave System, Presidente Figueiredo,
Amazon, Brazil
Christiane Brito Uherek
1,2and Fernando Bernardo Pinto Gouveia
1,3,41Escola Superior Batista do Amazonas, Rua Leonor eles 153, 69057-510 Manaus, AM, Brazil 2Department o Biological Sciences, University o Alberta, CW-405, Edmonton, AB, Canada 6G 2E9 3Faculdade Literatus, Avenida Constantino Nery 3693, 69050-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
4Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazˆonia, Avenida Andr´e Ara´ujo 2936, Petr´opolis, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
Co spond nc sho d dd ss d to Ch st n B to Uh k; h k@ t .c
R c v d 26 J y 2013; R v s d 1 D c m 2013; Acc pt d 25 D c m 2013; P sh d 17 F y 2014 Ac d m c Ed to : L. M. Ch
Copy ht © 2014 C. B. Uh k nd F. B. P nto Go v . T s s n op n cc ss t c d st t d nd th C t v Commons Att t on L c ns , wh ch p m ts n st ct d s , d st t on, nd p od ct on n ny m d m, p ov d d th o n wo k s p op y c t d.
Aq t c nv onm nts n mod f d y nth opo n c ct v t s d n th o o c , phys c , nd ch m c cond t ons; v n p st n q t c cosyst ms c n th t n d. T s st dy oc s d on th o o c mon to n o M o St m— f st o d st m oc t d n n Env onm nt P ot ct on A n th Am zon s n th B o o c Mon to n Wo k n P ty (BMWP) Sco Syst m. T BMWP Sco Syst m v d th t th M o St m w s C ss I st m (sco o 138 po nts), nd c t n c n o not s n fc nt y t d w t q ty. T s ts s st th d q t nv onm nt cond t ons nd co o c spons s
o th M o St m.
1. Introduction
T st w d c d s h v w tn ss d nc s n conc ns o t nv onm nt p o ms p od c d y th nth o-po n c d d t on nd m s pp c t on o n t so c s. Po c s d n th co ct s o w t xt m y mpo t nt c s th v ty o c n shw t so c s s ss nt o th m nt n nc o th o ho t th wo d [1]. Imp ov n o nd st nd n o shw t co o y s th o v y mpo t nt not on y c s o ts o o c mp c t ons, t so c s th p op m n -m nt o shw t s o p ct c nt st to m nk nd [2]. F shw t nv onm nts s j ct d to nc s n d d t on. In dd t on to th xt ns v n o n t st ss s nco nt d y o n sms n th h t ts, h m n ct v t s c n n t oth nv onm nt st ss s [3]. S ch h m t t on, d s pt on, o d st ct on o shw t nv onm nts co d com v s , p t c y n ov -pop t d d v op n co nt s s ch s B z [4]. In B z , conc ns d n th cons v t on o w t -sh ds d to s t on th t oc s d on th p op m n-m nt o w t so c s [5]. How v , B z n nv on-m nt ws nd to y p oc ss s do not q o o -c v t ons o q t c cosyst ms [6]. R th , w t q -ty ss ssm nts p m y oc s d on th n ys s o phy-s coch m c d t [7]. As s t, m c o nv t t nd c s h v n d v op d c nt y o th v t on o q t c nv onm nts n B z , sp c y n so th st n B z [8]. E y on, C sto nd Est v s [9] nv st t d th nct ond n o ps o nth c m c o nv t t comm n t s n
C nt Am zon. Mo s n fc nt y, B ss t . [6] p s nt d
th conc pt s s o omon to n nd nd c t d th t
ts pp c t on n B z wo d h p w t sh d m n s
nd po cy-m k s to d c costs, nc s th c ncy
o n ys s, nd s mp y th s ts. S s q nt y, B ss [7]
p opos d th d v opm nt o ot c nd x o vo nt
mon to n nd ss ssm nt o st m w t q ty nd
Mont o t . [10] v t d th nv onm nt h th o
Volume 2014, Article ID 308149, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/308149
w t s n C nt B z s n BMWP Sco Syst m. Mo c nt y, Co c o t . [8] p opos d n nd x to v t o o c cond t on o st ms n th C nt Am zon. D to on- o n th ts to q t c cosyst ms n th Am zon, tt nd st nd n o Am zon n od v s ty co d d to sp c fc cons v t on st d s o th s cosys-t ms [11]. St ms n th C nt Am zon nd nt ns nth opo n c p ss s s t o nc s n conom c
d v opm nt n th on. In th Am zon th s no
ono n monon tono n ono nv ononm nt h th ono q t c nv -onm nts; s s t, nv onm nt ch n s n y p c v d on y wh n st ms h h y t d [8]. T Am zon n nv onm nt th s n ds p d ss ssm nt th t nvo v s n sy-to- s s mp n nd n ys s pp o ch; s o ss y, th BWMP s sy to pp y nd h s t y d c d
costs wh n comp d to phys coch m c n ys s, wh ch
c n q s mp p oc ss n n o to s o ts d o th Am zon. T o n th c o nt ns nth opo n c p ss om d o st t on, th s o n t so c s nd d so d y owth o n s, o wh ch cont t to th d d t on o st ms [8], th s o th BMWP s p d o ss ssm nt th t q s m t d o t c n p od c sc nt fc y v d nd p t s ts o nv onm nt mon to n [1]. F th mo , th BMWP c n h p st sh n nv onm nt s n , s nc d t o m ny st ms sp s o non x st nt [12].
F shw t nv onm nts c n mon to d y phys c ,
ch m c , nd o o c p m t s. B o o c p m t s nt t n o m t on ov on p ods o t m nd tt p s nt th spons s o q t c h t ts [13], m k n ot c mon to n nd c s xc nt too s o th s st n m n-m nt o w t so c s [8]. L t t v ws o nn n w t ss ssm nts s d on o o c nd c to s d nt y t st 100 nd c s d v op d ov th p st t n y s, o wh ch o t 60% s d on m c o nv t t s [14], mo th n o ny oth o p o shw t o n sms [15]. D sp t w d n o d pt t ons, c t n m c o nv t t t x c n
s v s nd c to s o nv onm nt cond t ons [16]. S v
o ps o q t c ns cts mon th o n sms th t xt ns v y s d o mon to n q t c cosyst ms [17]; th f st st p to s th s o n sms s n nv onm nt mon -to n -too s th co ct t xonom c d nt fc t on [11]. Aq t c ns cts nd oth o n sms n shw t sys-t ms so mon to d to s t nd p o o nd cts th t ch n s n w t q ty c n h v on q t c . B omon to n o th s so t h s som d c d d dv nt s wh ncomp d to oth typ s o n ys s, o x mp , ch m-c n ys s. B nth m-c ns m-cts nd oth nv t t s m nt n t v y fx d pos t ons n th q t c nv onm nt. T s,
th shw t nv t t s c n ct oth sho t nd on
t m sh s n w t q ty. Ch m c n ys s nd/o n m s
th t h v t mo ty, s ch s fsh s, t nd to p s nt
sn pshots o th p od wh n s mp s w t k n [18].
Som shw t nv t t s v y s ns t v to
st ss s p od c d y po t on, h t t mod fc t on, o
s v n t v nts, wh oth s mo to nt [15]. B nth c m c o nv t t s, s ch s nn ds, c st c ns, Mo sc , nd d ts nd j v n s o ns cts, h v o o c nd co o c ch ct st cs th t j st y th w d s n omon to n st d s; th y s d n v ty o w ys, nc d n tox co o c t st n n th o to y nd f d, m s m nts o ch n n pop t on n m s, comm n ty compos t on, o cosyst m nct on n [19,20]. M c o nv
-t t s w d y s d s o nd c to s n m ny d v op d co nt s nd nc d d n n t on nd t chn c st n-d n-ds o w t q ty mon to n n E op . In B z , th s s st v y m t d [21]. T s c nk tw n th h th o th Am zon nd th h th o th p n t. T Am zon n ndsc p cont ns on n t n known sp c s on E th, 560 m on h ct s o d ns o sts, nd 4,100 w nd n v s [22,23]. P s d nt F do s ch n t ndsc p , h h ht d
y ts n q omo pho o c sp cts, o x mp , v ys,
v s, k s, st ms, w t s, c v s, nd c v ns, nd con-s q nt y tt ctcon-s n m o v s to s. In p t c , th M o C v s on o th most v s t d s t s n th C nt Am zon nd s nd s o s d d t on [24]. In dd t on th c v h s noth n q t : f st o d st m th t h s ts sp n -so c ns d th c v , w th n nd o nd ch nn nt t ows o ts d nto th o st [25]. T o o th p s nt st dy w s to ss ss th nv on-m nt h th o M o St m, f st o d w t co s , oc t d n n Env onm nt P ot ct on A o P s d nt F do, Am zon, B z , s n q t c m c o nv t -t s s o nd c -to s.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area. T st dy s oc t d n P s d nt
F do, Am zon, B z (02∘02 58, 7 S 59∘58 22 W), no th o M n s (F 1). T s Env onm nt P ot ct on A h s 374,700 h ct s nd nco po t s 33 n t v
com-m n t s, cov n 14,73% o th . P s d nt F do
s w known o ts n q omo pho o c sp cts, o
x mp , c v syst ms nd w t s. T m n conom c ct v t s v stock n nd c t ( nc d n c p c¸ , . ., Teobroma grandiforum, m n ), s w s m n nd p nt xp o t t on. T n q n t t s h v so m d to sm ow n nd st y n th on [25]. D v opm nt o th M o C v syst m (F 2) st t d pp ox m t y 400,000 y s o wh n th w t sh ds ch d h h v s nd wh n c t ons occ d n th Am zon. Its o n s t d to ch m c w th n , sp c y hyd o ys s, nd m ch n c cts o w t c nt. T M o C v s n mpo t nt ch o o c s t w th t cts o s v n t v t s, p o y om th W m -At o [26]. M o St m (F 3) h s ts sp n -so c on top o s ndston p t . T ch nn ows to th d o th p t nd th n down o t 30 m t s nt t ch s th p t ’s s . In som p c s th o o c nd topo ph c t s d ct n th st m nto c v t s s t n n n nd o nd s ct on [25]. 2.2. Methodology. M c o nv t t s const t t h t o -n o s ss m o n m t x , m ny o wh ch s d n-t y, nd som h v t v y on sp ns. M ny m thods o d t n ys s, nc d n po t on nd c s nd d v s ty
Amazon
Balbina Lake
Urubui Road Cemetery Road
Presidente Figueiredo Study area To B oa V ista AM-240 BR -174 To Balbina To M anaus 9772 02∘04 9770 832 06∘00 168 59∘58 170 0∘ 6∘ 12∘ 18∘ 24∘ 30∘ 0∘ 6∘ 12∘ 18∘ 24∘ 30∘ 72∘ 66∘60∘ 54∘48∘42∘ 36∘ 30∘ 72∘ 66∘ 60∘ 54∘ 48∘ 42∘ 36∘
Figure 1: St dy ( d pt d om Am zon st /P o cot , 2004).
nd c s, h v n d v s d o th o p. T w d sp d, most n v s , s o th s t chn q s t st f s to th v n w t q ty m n m nt [3]. T nd x s d h to ss ss th nv onm nt q ty o th M o St m s d on m c o nv t t s w s th BMWP Sco Syst m, c t d y H w [27] nd d pt d y A - c do nd S´nch z O t [28]. T BMWP Sco Syst m s n nd x q n
m-t d m-t xonom c p c s on, m-th s s v n m-t m nd conom c
so c s. B n s mp nd sy to pp y, th BMWP Sco Syst m q s t xonom c d nt fc t on o th nv t t s on y to th m y v t c n cc pt o d o v n c ss o som o ps. T s nd x s mm z s p s nc / s nc nd to nc o th t x p s nt t s t . S v phys c nd ch m c p m t s th t co t d s n fc nt y w th nth c comm n ty st ct s d to p d ct n m-p ct d nth c comm n ty st ct [20]. A - c do nd S´nch z O t [28] mod f d th o n BMWP t , nc s n th n m o t x t p s v n th o n sco s. A - c do [29] th pd t d th t xonom c o ps nd sco s ( 2) s w s th c t o y nd nt -p t t on o s ts ( 1), s d on A m t t . [30]. T ov BMWP sco v t on s th s m o sco s o ch t xon (c ss, o d , o m y) p s nt n st dy s t ( 1). Acco d n to A - c do [29], th tot sco o s t nd c t s w t q ty c t o s n -n om “ ood” to “v y c t c ” ( 1). E ch t xon c v s sco th t cts ts s sc pt ty to po t on;
th t s, po t on- nto nt t x c v h h sco s, wh s
( ) ( ) Figure 2: M o C v nt nc (( ) : nt n v w; ( ) ht: xt n v w). ( ) ( ) Figure 3: M o St m (( ) : nt n v w; ( ) ht: xt n v w). In t y, th BMWP t w s s d on nv t t s o nd n I n P n ns w t sh ds. T o , d pt -t ons w n d d o p op s n th Am zon. T s dj stm nts w s d on th st d s o Bo ot t . [31], Bo ot t . [32], C sto nd Est v s [9], Co c o t . [33], nd J nq t . [21]. In dd t on, t x th t w not nc d d n th o n t [29] c v d sco o 1, nd t x not o n y nc d d t whos o d o c ss w s st d c v d th ow st sco ss n d to th q v nt o d o c ss ( 2).
2.3. Sampling echniques and Data Analysis. On M ch 29,
2008, th q t c m c o nv t t s w co ct d t 12 s mp n oc t ons, th f st po nt st t n 100 m downst m o th nt nc o th M o C v nd p oc d n down-st m t 25 m nt v s. A s mp n down-st t ons w oc t d wh th st m w s f st o d st m. M c o nv t t s w co ct d o p od o 15 m n t s y m n co ct on, th t s, x m n n th s -st t , fn s, s nd, v , co s, o d s, v s, nd s m d nch s, om s nd poo s t ch oc t on. S mp s w co ct d s n k ck n ts nd/o m n y (k ck s mp s). In s th k ck n t w s h d v t c y on th st m d nd n o th s st t m w s d st d y h nds; st m ow c d th s mp nto th n t. In poo s, th st m d w s d st d v o o s y y h nd nd th d s od d s mp w s p sh d nto th n t. E ch s mp w s p c d nto wh t p st c t y w th d m ns ons o 450×300× 80 mm nd m c o nv t t s w s p t d om m c o-phyt s o s d m nts s n o c ps nd p s v d n 96% th no . Id nt fc t on w s to th ow st p ct c t xonom c v s n th d nt fc t on k ys o M tt nd C mm ns [34] nd McC ty [18]. T p s nc o t xon om ny on o th 12 oc t ons w s s d to c c t th BMWP sco .
3. Results and Discussion
W co ct d 253 nd v d s. T y on d to 25 m jo t
x-onom c o ps ( 3). A d nt fc t on, BMWP sco s
w ss n d to ch t xon ( s2 nd3) nd th s m (138 po nts) w s c c t d. Acco d n to th BMWP c ss fc t on m thod s d pt d y A m t t . [30] nd A - c do [29] o s ts nd c t d th t th nv onm nt h th o th M o St m nto th c t o y o “ ood” wh ch c n nt p t d s “c n o not s n fc nt y t d” q t c nv onm nt, not ch n th v o v y c n w t . B s d on o s ts, th M o St m co d not cons d d s h v n “v y c n” w t (sco >150), d sp t n oc t d n n Env onm nt P ot ct on A . T s m y d to th ct th t th M o St m ows th o h th nt o o th M o C v , wh ch s nh t d y con-s d n m o ts. B t w st ( no) s d pos t d on M o C v oo nd p t o th t no nt s th
able 1: BMWP c ss s, sco s, c t o s, nd s t nt p t t on ( d pt d om A m t t ., 1983 [30], nd A - c do , 1996 [29]). C ss BWMP sco C t o y Int p t t on I >150 Good V y c n w t 101–150 C n o not s n fc nt y t d II 61–100 Acc pt C n t s ht y mp ct d III 36–60 Q st on Mod t y mp ct d IV 15–35 C t c Po t d o mp ct d V <15 V y c t c H v y po t d able 2: BMWP t x sco s: c ss, o d , o m y ( d pt d om A - c do , 1996 [29]). x Sco
Eph m opt : L ptoph d , L ptohyph d P copt : P d
chopt : B chyc nt d , L ptoc d , Odontoc d , nd S costom t d 10
Odon t : Co n on d , C opt y d , Co d st d , Gomph d , nd L d
chopt : C moc t d , G ossosom t d d , Ph opot m d , nd Psychomy d 8
P copt : N mo d
chopt : Po yc nt opod d 7
C st c
chopt : Hyd o os d , Hyd opt d 6
Co opt : E m d , D yop d D pt : S m d , p d
Eph m opt : E thyp oc d , Po ym t c d P tyh m nth s
chopt : H copsych d , Hyd opsych d
5 A chn d : Hyd c n
Co opt : Ch ysom d , C c on d , nd H p d
D pt : Anthomy d , C topo on d , Ch o o d , D x d , Do chopod d , Emp d d , L mon d , Psychod d , St t omy d , nd n d
Eph m opt : B t d , C n d
M opt : Co yd d , S d
4
Ann d : H d n
Co opt : Dyt sc d , Gy n d , H od d , Hyd oph d , nd Not d H m pt : B ostom t d , Co x d , G d , Hyd om t d , M sov d , N co d , N p d , Noton ct d , P d , nd V d Mo sc 3 D pt : Ch onom d , C c d , Ephyd d , M sc d , nd T m d 2 Ann d : O och t B tt : B tt d D pt : Sc omyz d , Sy ph d , nd Rh on d L p dopt 1 M o St m. T dd t on o th no to th st m w t k y t d th phys coch m c p op t s o th w t nd, n t n, ct d th m c o nv t t comm -n ty.
Non th ss o s ts s st th t th Env onm nt
P ot ct onA s po c s h v n pos t v ct to ns
th cons v t on o th on. How v , v n th cont n d
s o th s t y th n p c, th nv onm nt cont o m y q d to s d th nv onm nt q ty o th M o St m. N v th ss, v n th nc s n th n m o n s tt m nts n P s d nt F do n th c nt y s s w s n w s d nt s n to nv onm nt cons v -t on nd p o-t c-t on s, oth w t co s s oc t d n th s
s sho d so mon to d to ss ss th nv onm nt
able 3: Aq t c m c o nv t t s p s nt t ch s mp n oc t on. Inv t t s S mp n oc t ons Po nts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 B tt : B tt d + + 1 Co opt : C c on d + 4 Co opt : H od d + 3 C st c + + 6 D pt : Ch onom d + 2 Eph m opt : B t d + 4 H m pt : G d + 3 H m pt : N co d + + + + + 3 H m pt : V d + 3 Hyd c n : A n + 4 L p dopt + + + + + + + 1 M opt : Co yd d + + + + + + + + + + + 4 Odon t : C opt y d + 8 Odon t : Co n on d + + 8 Odon t : Co d st d + 8 Odon t : Gomph d + + + 8 P n + + + + + + 5 P copt : P d + + + + + + + + + + + 10 chopt : C moc t d + + + + + + 8 chopt : H copsych d + + 5
chopt : Hyd opsych d + + + + + + + + + + 5
chopt : L ptoc d + 10 chopt : Odontoc d + + 10 chopt : Ph opot m d + + + + + + 8 chopt : Po yc nt opod d + 7 ot 138
4. Conclusion
O st dy, s n th BMWP, nd c t d th t th M o St m s ch ct z d y h thy m c o nv t t com-m n ty nd th s w th “c n” nv oncom-m nt q ty. T s o m c o nv t t s s o nd c to s conf ms thmpo t nc s v mon to n too n ss ss n
sh-w t cosyst ms, h h ht n th sy-to- s n t wh n
s v y n nd ss ss n th h th o w t sh ds n Am
-zon n nv onm nts. B n n m nd th co o c nd
conom c sp cts o s t s cto y nv onm nt ss ssm nt,
th s pp o ch h s s v t s th t c n c t t tt
w t so c m n m nt; th BMWP Sco Syst m s sy
to pp y nd h s t y d c d costs comp d to phys c
nd ch m c n ys s, m ny o wh ch q t nspo t
o w t s mp s to o to s o ts d o th Am zon.
B o o c mon to n s n m c o nv t t s s th s
s t opt on th t sho d cons d d to m t th n ds
o Am zon w t sh d m n m nt nd th t x s d n th s st dy co d h p mp ov th v t on o w t q ty n th st ms n th Am zon.
Conflict of Interests
T tho s d c th t th s no con ct o nt sts d n th p c t on o th s p p .References
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