O que é a biodiversidade?

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O que é a biodiversidade?

População Recursos e Ambiente

A biodiversidade

Biodiversidade é a variabilidade entre os

organismos vivos de todas as fontes, inter alia,

meio terrestre, meio marinho, e outros

ecossistemas aquáticos e os complexos

ecológicos de que esses organismos fazem

parte; isto inclui a diversidade dentro de cada

espécie, entre espécies e entre ecossistemas

(Nações Unidas 1992: Artigo 2).

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Serviços dos ecossistemas

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Os diferentes níveis da biodiversidade

Ecossistemas

Espécies

Populações

Genes

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A biodiversidade por grupos taxonómicos

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A evolução da biodiversidade

História da Biodiversidade

na Terra

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Evolução

 

Selecção estabilizadora

 

Selecção direccional

 

Selecção disruptiva

Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud

Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation

Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air

Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds

Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish

Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak

Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans

Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide

Herring gull is a tireless scavenger

Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates

Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches

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Factores que afectam a distribuição da

biodiversidade

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Factores

 

Temperatura

 

Pluviosidade

 

Área

 

Biodiversidade

regional

 

Riqueza de outros

taxa

 

Latitude

 

Altitude

Po p u la ti o n Si ze

Zone of Zone of Optimum range Zone of Zone of

No

organisms organisms Few Lower limit of tolerance

Abundance of organisms organisms Few organisms No Upper limit of tolerance

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Cell 3 South Cold,

dry air falls

Moist air rises — rain Cell 2 South Cool, dry air falls Cell 1 South Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Cell 1 North Cool, dry air falls Cell 2 North Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 North Cold, dry air falls Polar cap Arctic tundra 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° Polar cap Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous

forest and grassland Desert Tropical deciduous forest Equator Tropical _{rain forest} Tropical deciduous forest

Desert Temperate deciduous

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Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)

Tropical savanna, thorn forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Desert Ice Mountains (complex zonation) Semidesert, arid grassland Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer Mountain Ice and snow Altitude Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Tropical

Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Latitude

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Wind

Movement of

surface water

Diving birds

Nutrients

Upwelling

Fish

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and Golden eagle Coyote Coyote Grasshopper Grasshopper Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper sparrow Pronghorn antelope Pronghorn antelope

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A distribuição da biodiversidade

Riqueza específica por país corrigida pela área

(plantas vasculares e vertebrados terrestres)

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Riqueza de famílias de vertebrados

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Anfíbios e répteis

_{Pteridófitas}

Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora

Biodiversidade

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Transgénicos

Crop Crossbreeding Desired trait (color) Apple Pear Offspring Crossbreeding Best results

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Phase 1 Make Modified Gene

Identify and extract gene with desired trait

Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait

Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli

Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3)

Insert modified plasmid into E. coli

Grow in tissue culture to make copies cell gene DNA plasmid E. coli DNA Genetically modified plasmid plasmid Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell

Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier

agrobacterium

Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA

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Phase 3

Grow Genetically Engineered Plant

Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transgenic plants with new traits Transfer to soil