▼♦❞❡❧♦s s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦s
❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r
❏✉❧✐♦ ❈❡③❛r ❇r❡tt❛s ❞❛ ❈♦st❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
♣❛r❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡
▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢
❛✳ ❉r
❛✳ ●✐s❡❧❛ ❚✉♥❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈◆Pq
▼♦❞❡❧♦s s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦s
❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r
❊st❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✽✴✵✷✴✷✵✶✻✳ ❯♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✿
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ●✐s❡❧❛ ❚✉♥❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦s s❡✉s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ s❡✉ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ■✈❛♥✐ ❡ ❱❛❧❞✐r✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r❡st❛r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡s ❛♥♦s✱ s❡♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ s✐❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❆❦✐r❛ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s P❡❞r♦s♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♠❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❈◆Pq✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ s✉❜ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ♠é❞✐❝♦s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s t❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❛✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ tr❛t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛s à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡♠ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚rês ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ sã♦ ❛q✉✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▲✐✉ ❡ ❙❤❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊▼ ❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡①❛ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▲❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❈♦①✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P♦✐ss♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛✳ ❊♠ ❳✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛❞♦t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❖s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐✲ s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ Pró✲❙❛♥❣✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ❙P✱ ❝✉❥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ r❡s✐❞❡ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥❡♠✐❛ ❡♠ ❞♦❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❤❡♠❛tó❝r✐t♦✱ ♠❡❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈✐s✐t❛ ❛♦ ❤❡♠♦❝❡♥tr♦✳ ❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❛❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s à ❞♦❡♥ç❛ t♦r♥❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❡r✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛✉❞❛ ❜r❛♥❝❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ rá❞✐♦✲ ❝♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❚❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✐❣r❛tór✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ♥♦ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦s ❝❡r✈♦s ♥ã♦ ♠✐❣r❛r❡♠✳
❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❛♦ ❛ss✉♠✐r✲s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛✳ ❆té ♦♥❞❡ s❛❜❡♠♦s✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛té ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛❀ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r❀ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛❀ ❛♥❡♠✐❛❀ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡r✈♦s❀ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❈✉r❡ r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛♥ ✈❛st s✉❜✲❛r❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❣r❡❛t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡r r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡s t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ♥♦♥✲s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜❧❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st✱ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t❤❛t s✉❝❤ ❛ ❡✈❡♥t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦❝❝✉r✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ✜♥❞s ✐ts❡❧❢ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ r✐❣❤t ❝❡♥s♦r✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❝✉r❡ r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❧❛❝❦s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ❝❡♥s♦r✐♥❣ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤r❡❡ s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❝✉r❡ r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❝❡♥s♦r✐♥❣ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❢♦r r❡❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳
❚❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ▲✐✉ ❡ ❙❤❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ r❡❢❡rs t♦ ❛ ♣r♦♠♦t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ✐ts ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛♥ ❊▼ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✈❡① ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ▲❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs ❛ ❈♦① s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠❡✲ tr✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝✉r❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ❛♥ ❢r❛✐❧t② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞ P♦✐ss♦♥✱ ✉s❡❞ ❥♦✐♥t❧② ✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ❡st✐♠❛t♦rs✳ ■♥ ❳✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❛♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♠✐①t✉r❡ ❝✉r❡ r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❧♦❣✐st✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ ❤❛③❛r❞s str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦✈❡r t❤❡ t✐♠❡ t♦ ❡✈❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ t✇♦ ❧❛st ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❝❧✉st❡r❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳
❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦♥ ❛ st✉❞② ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❜② r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡s ♦❢ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ Pró✲❙❛♥❣✉❡✱ ✐♥ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ❙P✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❡s✐❞❡s ♦♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ✉♥t✐❧ ❛♥❛❡♠✐❛✱ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ t♦ r❡❝✉rr❡♥t ❞♦♥♦rs✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡♠❛t♦❝r✐t✱ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ✈✐s✐t t♦ t❤❡ ❜❧♦♦❞ ❝❡♥t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦♥✲s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜❧❡ ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞♦♥♦rs t✉r♥s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r❡ r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s❡❞ ❞❛t❛s❡t ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦♥ ❛♥ s❡t ♦❢ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ r❛❞✐♦ ❝♦❧❧❛r ❡q✉✐♣♣❡❞ ✇❤✐t❡ t❛✐❧ ❞❡❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡s❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❧s ♠✐❣r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇✐♥t❡r ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✇❡❛t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t❤❛t ❞❡❡r ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ♠✐❣r❛t❡✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ st✉❞② ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐s r❡❛❧✐③❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ r♦❜✉st♥❡ss ✇❤❡♥ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❛♥❞ ❝✉r❡ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❆s ❢❛r ❛s ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇✱ ♥♦ ✇♦r❦ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝✉r❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ❝❡♥s♦r✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♠♦♠❡♥t✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❝✉r❡ r❛t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ❝❡♥s♦r✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❛❡♠✐❛✱ ❞❡❡r ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥✱ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦s ✼
✷✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ◆ã♦ P❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼✐st✉r❛ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❉❛❞♦s ◆ã♦ ❆❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❉❛❞♦s ❆❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ Pr♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✹✳✶ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✹✳✺ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❉❛❞♦s ❆❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✸✸
✸✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ▼❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♥❡♠✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✸ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼✐❣r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❉❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✈✐✐✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✺✺
✹✳✶ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼✐st✉r❛ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ Pr♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✸ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✼✺
❆ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❙✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞♦s ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r❡s ✼✼
❆✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ▼á①✐♠❛ ❱❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❘❡str✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼✐st✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ❆✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❆✳✸ ❇✉s❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r✐♠❛❧✲❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ✐♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ❆✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ❆✳✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▲❛♠✲❲♦♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
❇ ●rá✜❝♦s ❡ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♥♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✽✼ ❇✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ✈✐és ❡ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❇✳✷ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❇✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼✐st✉r❛ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❇✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ Pr♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❇✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ s❡♠ ✏❧✐♠✐❛r ❞❡ ❝✉r❛✑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ ♣r❡t❛✮ ❡ ❑❛♣❧❛♥✲▼❡✐❡r ❝♦♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s
❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✸ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ❛♣ós r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ três ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✹ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ r❛❞✐✲
♦t❡r❛♣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✺ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐♦t❡r❛♣✐❛ ❡
q✉✐♠✐♦t❡r❛♣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✻ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥❡♠✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✼ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✽ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✹✽ ✸✳✾ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣♦♥t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
❇✳✶ ❱✐és ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r40% ❡10%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❇✳✷ ❊rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛✲
çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r40% ❡10%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ❇✳✸ ❱✐és ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵
❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r30% ❡20%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ❇✳✹ ❊rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛✲
çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r30% ❡20%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ❇✳✺ ❱✐és ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡
❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r 40%❡ 10%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ❇✳✻ ❊rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r 40%❡ 10% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ❇✳✼ ❱✐és ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡
❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r 30%❡ 20%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ❇✳✽ ❊rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r 30%❡ 20% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ❇✳✾ ❱✐és ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶
❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r40% ❡ 10%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
① ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
❇✳✶✵ ❊rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r40% ❡10% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ❇✳✶✶ ❱✐és ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❚✵ ❡ ❚✶
❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r30% ❡20%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ❇✳✶✷ ❊rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛çõ❡s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠❡s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✹ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ✭r❡♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✸ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✺ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❘❡s✉♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❉♦❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙❛♥❣✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✻ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✼ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✽ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✹✷ ✸✳✾ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✶✵ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✶✶ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼✐❣r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✷ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ♣♦r ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✸ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❝❡r✈♦s ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✹ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛
♣❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✺ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✻ ❘❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✼ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✶✽ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✶✾ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷✵ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✷ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛
s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✹ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s
♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✺ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✻ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❣r✉♣♦s✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✼ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✷✽ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛
❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
①✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙
✸✳✷✾ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❡rr♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ log(ω) ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸✵ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸✶ ❋r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 200✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10% ❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35%❡ 40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 200✱ ❢r❛çã♦
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 200✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20% ❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35%❡ 40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 200✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20% ❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60%❡ 65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10% ❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35%❡ 40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10% ❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60%❡ 65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20% ❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35%❡ 40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20% ❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60%❡ 65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10% ❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35%❡ 40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10% ❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60%❡ 65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20% ❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35%❡ 40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ n= 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20% ❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60%❡ 65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ①✐✐✐
✹✳✷✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✷✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱
❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✷✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 200✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✸✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 400✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✸✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 10%❡ 40%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✸✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡35% ❡40% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✸✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ n = 800✱ ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❝✉r❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ 20%❡ 30%❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡60% ❡65% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
❇✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦(n= 200) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❇✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦
♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦(n= 400) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ❇✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦
♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦(n= 200) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ❇✳✹ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦
♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦(n= 400) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❇✳✺ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦
①✐✈ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙
❇✳✻ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦(n= 200) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❇✳✼ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛
❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦(n= 400) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❇✳✽ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ é ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡♠ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✱ s♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♠é❞✐❝❛s ❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ❖ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛té ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♦❜✲ s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r✱ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ t❛✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❢❛❧t❛♥t❡s sã♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝❡♥s✉r❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛s ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐❞❛✳
❯♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ é ❞✐t❛ ❝❡♥s✉r❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ♠❛s s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s♣❡çã♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ✏❝❡♥s✉r❛ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✑✱ ✏❝❡♥s✉r❛ à ❡s✲ q✉❡r❞❛✑ ❡ ✏❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r✑✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ t✐♣♦✱ ❝♦♠ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❞♦ ♥♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛♣ós ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✱ s❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♦❝♦r✲ rê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s✉♣❡r❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❈♦❧♦s✐♠♦ ❡ ●✐♦❧♦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱❑❧❡✐♥ ❡ ▼♦❡s❝❤❜❡r❣❡r ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❡■❜r❛❤✐♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✶❛✮✱ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❜❛②❡s✐❛♥♦✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ✈♦❧t❛✲s❡ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❙✉♥ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛✳ ❯♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❝✉❥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦ é ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♠❛s s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✱ é ❞✐t❛ ❝❡♥s✉r❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ♠é❞✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❝❧í♥✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐s✐t❛s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ t❡♥❞♦ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛ ❛♣❛r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♥t♦♠❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✳
❯s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ s✉♣õ❡♠ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦✿ s❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✱ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡①t❡♥s♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ t❛❧ s✉♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♣❧✐q✉❡✲s❡ à ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s s✉r❣❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❛✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r t❛✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ♦r❛ ♥ã♦ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s✱ ♦r❛ ❡♥tã♦ ❝✉r❛❞♦s ❛♣ós ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦✮✳ ▼❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✉r❣✐rã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡①t♦✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s✉r❣❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✲ ❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ Pró✲❙❛♥❣✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ❙P✱ ❝✉❥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥❡♠✐❛ ❡♠ ❞♦❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s✉❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❡♠✳ P♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❛ ❛♥❡♠✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧✲ t❛s✱ ❛ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ❞❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♠é❞✐❝♦✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❝❡rt♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s à ❛♥❡♠✐❛✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❛♥t❛s ❞♦❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❡♠✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❛ss✐♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s s✉♣❡r❞♦❛❞♦r❡s✳ P❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❞❛✲ ❞♦s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞♦❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❛♥❣✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✻ ❛ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ▼❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❡❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳
❖✉tr♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❏♦❤♥ ❋✐❡❜❡r❣ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛ ✭❊❯❆✮✱ é ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❡r✈♦s ✭❝❛✉❞❛ ❜r❛♥❝❛✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦✲❝♦❧❛r❡s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té ❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ♥ã♦ ♠✐❣r❛r❡♠ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ♠✐❣r❛tór✐❛✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ♣♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ❧❡✐t♦r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r❋✐❡❜❡r❣ ❡ ❉❡❧●✐✉❞✐❝❡ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❡❋✐❡❜❡r❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s✳ ▼❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡♠✐♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✭❳✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭▲❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✶✸✮ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ✭▲✐✉ ❡ ❙❤❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛✳ P❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s✱ ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ✉♠ ❡①❛✉st✐✈♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❆s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉r❛✱ t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❝❡♥s✉r❛✱ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝❛s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧ ✭❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✱ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ♥❛ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✳
❆s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❘ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❈❘❆◆ ✭❚❤❡ ❈♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ❘ ❆r❝❤✐✈❡ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ✐♥t❡r❝✉r❡✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧❧✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✐❝✜t ❞♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❡♥s✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧❛r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠❳✐❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ t❡♠ s✉❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳
✶✳✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ♠é❞✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ s❡r ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❤á ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♥ã♦ s❡r s✉s❝❡tí✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝✉r❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ❛ss✐♠ s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡s✐❞❡♠ ❡♠ ♦❜t❡r ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♠❡♥s✉r❛r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛s ❝♦✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳
