ELBA BI OFLUX
Ex t re m e Life , Biospe olo gy & Ast r obiology
I n t e rn a t ion a l Jou rn a l of t h e Bioflu x Soci e t y
I n flu e n ce of a m b ie n t t e m pe ra t u re s on m e t a bo lic
re spon se s of M u rr a h
bu ffa loe s of va r yin g
ph ysiolog ica l st a t e s f rom a r id t ra ct s in I n d ia
Ashish Josh i
1, Nalini Kat ar ia
1, Anil Kum ar Kat ar ia
1, Nidhi Pandey
1, Lax m i
Nar ay an Sankhala
1, Shesh Asopa
2, Ruchi Pachaur y
3, Shok at Khan
31 Raj ast han Universit y of Vet erinary and Anim al Sciences, Bikaner, Rajast han, I ndia; 2 Apollo College of Vet erinary Medicine, Jaipur, Raj ast han, I ndia;
3 Governm ent of Raj ast han, I ndia;
Corresponding aut hor: N. Kat aria, nalinikat aria@rediffm ail. com
Abst ract. Am bient t em perat ure associat ed variat ions in m et abolic responses of Murrah breed of buffaloes of varying physiological st at es belonging t o arid t racts w ere invest igat ed. Healt hy adult fem ale Murrah buffaloes w ere grouped according t o physiological st at es int o group A (non-pregnant m ilch, pregnant m ilch and pregnant dry) and group B (prim ipara and m ultipara) and blood sam ples w ere collect ed during m oderat e, hot and cold environm ent al t em perat ure periods t o obt ain sera. Met abolic responses were assessed by analyzing serum urea, creat inine, t ot al prot eins, cholest erol, t riglycerides and glucose and t he m oderat e m ean values w ere 5.18± 0.04 m m ol L- 1, 118.00± 1.00 µm ol
L
-1, 71.00± 0.12 gL- 1
, 3.30± 0.02 m m ol L-1
, 1.28± 0.01 m m ol L- 1
and 3.7± 0.02 m m ol L- 1
, respect ively. The m ean values of serum urea and creatinine were significant ly ( p≤0.05) higher during hot and cold am biences, t he m ean value of t ot al serum prot eins and t riglycerides w ere significant ly (p≤0.05) lower during hot and cold am biences and t he m ean values of cholest erol and glucose w ere significantly ( p≤0.05) lower during hot am bience and significant ly (p≤0.05) higher during cold am bience as com pared t o respective m oderat e m ean value. The m ean values of non pregnant m ilch, pregnant m ilch and pregnant dry anim als differed significant ly (p≤0.05) from each other in all the environmental periods. I t w as concluded t hat ext rem e hot and cold am bient t em perat ures affect ed the buffaloes of all physiological st at es which w as evident in t he form of variations in t he m et abolic responses t o com bat t he environm ent al challenges.
Key w ords: Am bient t em perature, cold, hot , Murrah buffalo, m et abolic responses.
I n t rod u ct ion. Maint enance of anequilibrium bet ween t he heat product ion and heat loss is a prerequisite for t herm oregulat ion in m am m als. When t herm oneut ral environment al condit ions are changed t o adverse condit ions, large domest ic anim als become st ressed which can be observed in t he form of m odulat ions in t he ph ysiological m echanism s. Since t he heat t olerance capacit y of buffalo is poor, exposure t o heat st ress m ay bring considerable changes in physiological m echanism ( Chaiyabut r et al 1987) . During drast ic change in am bient t em perat ures, m aint enance of healt h of an anim al depends upon t he synergist ic approach of various body syst em s. Environm ent al st ress is considered as a big financial burden t o anim al owners. To cope up wit h changing environment al t em perat ures, m et abolic adj ust m ent s are required.
The data generat ed regarding various physiological stat es will help in healt hy m anagem ent of t hese anim als and will cont ribut e t o fut ure research.
M a t e ria ls a n d M e th od s
An im a ls a n d sa m p lin g. To find out variat ions in m et abolic responses associat ed wit h environm ent al tem perat ures, four hundred and fift y apparent ly healt hy adult fem ale Murrah buffaloes bet ween 4 and 12 years of age were screened. Blood sam ples were collect ed from j ugular vein t o harvest t he serum in clean and dry t est t ubes during m oderate ( m ean m axim um am bient t em perat ure 30. 33± 0. 20) , hot ( mean maxim um am bient t em perat ure 45. 5± 0. 08) and cold ( m ean m inim um am bient t em perat ure 4. 88± 0. 20) am biences. All t he animals belonged t o private dairy farm s in Rajast han st at e, I ndia and were m anaged in sim ilar condit ions of feeding and wat ering. I n each am bience 150 blood sam ples were collected during m orning hours. On t he basis of physiological st at es, anim als were broadly divided int o group A ( non- pregnant m ilch, pregnant m ilch and pregnant dry) and group B ( prim ipara and m ult ipara) . Each cat egory consist ed of 30 anim als in each am bience.
An a ly sis. Met abolic responses in t he serum included urea, creat inine, t otal prot eins, cholesterol, t riglycerides and glucose which were det erm ined by t he t echniques of Nat elson ( Varley 1988) , Bonsnes and Taussky ( Varley 1988) , Lowry et al ( 1951) , Sacket t ( Varley 1988) , GPO-PAP m et hod of kit ( Wipro) and Folin- Wu ( Oser 1976) , respect ively. The changes in t he m eans were m easured by using m ult iple m ean com parison procedures ( Duncan 1955 and St eel & Torrie 1980) .
Re su lt s a n d Discu ssi on. Mean± SEM values of serum urea, creat inine, prot eins ( Table 1) , cholest erol, t riglycerides and glucose ( Table 2) have been present ed according t o am bient t em perat ures wit h furt her cat egorizat ion as per physiological st at es.
The m ean values of serum urea and creat inine were significant ly ( p≤0.05) higher during hot and cold am biences, t he m ean value of t ot al serum proteins and t riglycerides were significant ly ( p≤0.05) lower during hot and cold ambiences and the mean values of cholesterol and glucose were significant ly ( p≤0.05) lower during hot ambience and significant ly ( p≤0.05) higher during cold ambience as compared to respective moderate m ean value. I n group A, m ean values of all serum m et abolites of non pregnant m ilch, pregnant m ilch and pregnant dry anim als differed significant ly ( p≤0.05) from each other in all t he am biences. I n each am bience t he m ean value of serum urea, creat inine, t ot al prot eins, cholesterol and glucose were highest in non pregnant m ilch anim als and were lowest in pregnant dry anim als. The m ean value of serum t riglyceride showed t he reverse t rend. I n group B, t he m ean values of serum urea, creat inine and t riglycerides were significant ly ( p≤0.05) higher in multipara animals than primipara in each ambience whereas of cholest erol and glucose were significant ly ( p≤0.05) higher in primipara. Though effect of physiological st at es on serum met abolit e concent rat ion in buffaloes is docum ent ed ( Lapit an et al 2008; AbdEllah et al 2010; Serdaru et al 2011) , a com prehensive st udy t o discuss t hem according to varying am bient tem perat ures is lacking. I t has been seen t hat m etabolite concent rat ions showed interact ions am ong various responses.
Table 1
Mean ± SEM values of serum urea, creat inine and t ot al proteins in Murrah buffalo
Figures in t he parenthesis indicat e num ber of anim als. Means superscribed by sam e superscript within a colum n differ significantly ( p≤0.05)
Cre a t in in e. Environm ent al st ress can result int o higher serum creat inine concent rat ion due t o higher m et abolic act ivit y in liver and m uscle m ediated by cort isol ( Kataria et al 2000a) . I n hum an pat ient s higher serum creat inine levels have been correlated wit h oxidat ive st ress ( Kolagal et al 2009) . Due t o paucit y of such st udies in animals, it is very im port ant t o link creatinine as one of t he im port ant diagnost ic param et ers of environm ent relat ed oxidat ive st ress. Heat st ress m obilises prot eins and produces variat ions in value ( Nat h 2006) . Met abolic st at us of t he anim als is also r eflect ed by t he levels of creat inine. Most of t he creat inine excret ed originat es from endogenous creat ine. The am ino acids arginine and glycine com bine t o form guanidinoacet ate in t he pancreas, kidney and sm all int est ine. I n t he liver, m et hionine provides a m et hyl group for conversion of guanidinoacet at e t o creat ine. Creat ine circulat es in plasm a and is t aken up by m uscle, where it st ores energy in t he form of phosphocreat ine, which undergoes spont aneous cyclisat ion wit h loss of inorganic phosphat e to form creatinine. Cret aine undergoes no cat abolic react ion ot her t han decom posit ion t o creat inine ( Finco 1999) . The quant it y of creat inine formed each day depends also upon t he rate of synt hesis of creat ine by t he liver ( Kaneko et al 1999) and st ress related changes m ay occur in t he rat e of form at ion.
Effect s Serum m et abolic responses
Urea m m ol L- 1
Creat inine um ol L- 1
Tot al prot eins g L- 1
Am bient t em perat ures
Moderat e (150) 5.18± 0.04 b 118.00± 1.00 b 71.00± 0.12 b
Group A
Non-pregnant m ilch ( 30) 6.62± 0.04 d
126.00± 1.04 d
77.00± 0.10 d
Pregnant m ilch ( 30) 4.72± 0.03d 119.00± 1.10d 72.00± 0.11 d
Pregnant dry (30) 4.20± 0.04d
109.00± 1.00d
64.00± 0.10d
Group B
Prim ipara ( 30) 4.07± 0.03f 107.00± 1.20f 66.0± 0.22 f
Multipara ( 30) 6.29± 0.03 f 129.00± 0.10f 76.0± 0.18 f
Hot (150) 7.17± 0.03b 215.00± 1.10 b 61.50± 0.20 b
Group A
Non-pregnant m ilch ( 40) 8.51± 0.04 d
221.00± 1.10 d
66.30± 0.20 d
Pregnant m ilch ( 40) 7.00± 0.03d 214.00± 1.40 d 61.80± 0.20 d
Pregnant dry( 40) 6.02± 0.03 d 200.00± 1.80 d 56.40± 0.22 d
Group B
Prim ipara ( 30) 6.19± 0.03 f
205.00± 1.10f
55.50± 0.20 f
Multipara ( 30) 8.15± 0.04 f 225.00± 1.30 f 67.50± 0.22 f
Cold ( 150) 5.78± 0.03b 210.00± 1.00 b 67.00± 0.06 b
Group A
Non-pregnant m ilch ( 30) 7.08± 0.04 d 230.00± 1.22 d 71.00± 0.10 d
Pregnant m ilch ( 30) 6.18± 0.03 d 205.00± 1.00d 68.00± 0.15d
Pregnant dry( 30) 4.08± 0.02d 195.00 ± 1.30d 62.00± 0.10 d
Group B
Prim ipara ( 30) 4.99± 0.02 f 201.00± 1.00 f 64.00± 0.20 f
Table 2 Mean ± SEM values of serum cholest erol, t riglycerides and glucose in Murrah buffalo
Effect s Serum m et abolic responses
( m m ol L-1
)
Cholest erol Triglycerides Glucose Am bient t em perat ures
Moderat e (150) 3.30± 0.02 b
1.28± 0.01 b
3.70± 0.02 b
Group A
Non-pregnant m ilch ( 30) 3.90± 0.01 d
1.15± 0.01 d
3.81± 0.02 d
Pregnant m ilch ( 30) 3.40± 0.01 d
1.29± 0.01 d
3.71± 0.01 d
Pregnant dry( 30) 2.60± 0.02 d 1.40± 0.01 d 3.58± 0.01 d
Group B
Prim ipara ( 30) 3.7± 0.02f 1.16± 0.02 f 3.79± 0.02f
Multipara ( 30) 2.9± 0.02f 1.40± 0.01 f 3.61± 0.02f
Hot (150) 2.70± 0.02b 0.40± 0.01b 3.10± 0.02b
Group A
Non-pregnant m ilch ( 30) 2.83± 0.03 d 0.29± 0.02 d 3.30± 0.02d
Pregnant m ilch ( 30) 2.69± 0.02d 0.39± 0.01 d 3.10± 0.01d
Pregnant dry( 30) 2.58± 0.03 d 0.52± 0.01 d 2.90± 0.01 d
Group B
Prim ipara ( 30) 2.81± 0.02f 0.27± 0.01 f 2.80± 0.02f
Multipara ( 30) 2.59± 0.02f 0.53± 0.02 f 3.40± 0.01f
Cold ( 150) 4. 7± 0.03b
0.93± 0.01b
3.80± 0.01b
Group A
Non-pregnant m ilch ( 30) 5.8± 0.03 d 0.83± 0.01 d 4.10± 0.02 d
Pregnant m ilch ( 30) 4.6± 0.02d 0.90± 0.01d 3.79± 0.01d
Pregnant dry( 30) 3.7± 0.03 d 1.06± 0.01 d 3.51± 0.01d
Group B
Prim ipara ( 30) 5.5± 0.02f 0.76± 0.01f 4.00± 0.02f
Multipara ( 30) 3.9± 0.03f
1.10± 0.02f
3.60± 0.03f
Figures in t he parenthesis indicat e num ber of anim als. Means superscribed by sam e superscript within a colum n differ significantly ( p≤0.05)
Prot e in s. St ress condit ions m ay produce oxidat ive changes in prot eins leading t o high t urnover in blood ( Goswam i et al 2003) . I t can be hypot hesised t hat t otal serum proteins can also serve as m arker of environm ent relat ed st ress. React ive oxygen species form ed due t o ext reme variat ions in t he environm ent al tem perat ures can m odify concent rat ions of fuel m olecules producing oxidat ive st ress as superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals have a great im pact on t he norm al funct ion of biom olecules ( Nazifi et al 2009) . The higher value of t ot al serum prot eins in com parat ively older age group m ay be suggest ive of increased physiological act ivit y of hepat ocyt es.
Ch ole st e rol. Higher serum cholest erol levels could be at t ribut ed t o higher t hyroid act ivit y in cold am bience as increase in BMR is required wit h t he need for ext ra product ion of heat t o m aint ain body t em perat ure ( Kat aria et al 2000b) . During heat st ress liable changes in t he phyt ochem ist ry of t he norm al grazing flora could add t o t he fact ors account ing for t he lowering of t he plasma lipids concent rat ion ( Al-Qarawi 1999) . Recent advances in t he field of clinical medicine links t he cholest erol wit h oxidat ive st ress ( Pappolla et al 2002) . Low cholesterol levels can be relat ed to higher m et abolic needs ( Saeed et al 2004) . Growt h and different age groups can affect t he m et abolite st at us as per t he need of t he body ( Kataria et al 2000b) . Higher level of cholesterol could be due t o oest rogen effect which prom ot es cholest erol synt hesis ( Singh et al 1994) .
Trig ly ce rid e. Changes in t riglyceride level indicat ed t he m et abolic st at us of t he anim als during ext rem e am biences ( Karapehlivan et al 2007) . Oxidat ive st ress was correlat ed wit h t he t riglyceride levels by various workers in hum an subj ect s ( Kat suki et al 2004) . The higher values of serum t riglycerides could be due t o higher m et abolic responses t o m eet t he energy requirement s and can be relat ed t o m et abolic st ress response ( Mazuri et al 2009) .
1965) . During heat st ress feed consum pt ion decreases, which com paratively lowers t he blood glucose ( Kat aria et al 2002) . The lower blood glucose during hot am bience m ight also be due t o variat ion in t hyroid horm ones ( Nat h 2006) . The associat ion bet ween glucose and react ive oxygen species has been discussed widely ( Russella et al 2002) . Em erging dat a from hum an and anim al st udies suggest t hat glucose- derived oxidat ive st ress m ay play a cent ral role, linking t oget her m any of t he ot her physio- pat hogenet ic m echanism s ( Greene et al 1999) .
Con clu sion. I t was concluded t hat variat ions in t he am bient tem perat ure uring ext rem e hot and cold am biences affect ed t he buffaloes of all t he physiological stat es. Probably m odulat ions in t he met abolic responses reflect ed t owards m et abolic adapt at ion t o com bat environm ental challenges. Present invest igat ionhas at t em pted t o relate t he m odulat ions in met abolic responses according t o variat ions in t he am bient tem perat ures in Murrah breed of buffaloes at a large scale. The dat a generat ed in t he present invest igat ion could help in t he fut ure research in t he field of m et abolic st ress responses.
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Received: 11 Sept em ber 2012. Accept ed: 20 Sept em ber 2012. Published online: 23 Sept em ber 2012. Authors:
Ashish Joshi, Departm ent of Vet erinary Physiology, College of Vet erinary and Anim al Science, Raj ast han Universit y of Veterinary and Anim al Sciences, Bikaner – 334 001, Raj asthan, I ndia.
Nalini Kat aria, Departm ent of Vet erinary Physiology, College of Vet erinary and Anim al Science, Raj asthan Universit y of Veterinary and Anim al Sciences, Bikaner – 334 001, Raj asthan, I ndia, Phone , 0091- 151-2546399; e-m ail: nalinikat aria@rediffm ail.com
Anil Kum ar Kat aria, Apex Cent re for Anim al Disease I nvest igation, Monit oring and Surveillance, College of Vet erinary and Anim al Science, Raj ast han Universit y of Vet erinary and Anim al Sciences, Bikaner – 334 001, Raj asthan, I ndia.
Nidhi Pandey, Departm ent of Vet erinary Physiology, College of Vet erinary and Anim al Science, Raj asthan Universit y of Veterinary and Anim al Sciences, Bikaner – 334 001, Raj asthan, I ndia.
Laxm i Narayan Sankhala, Depart m ent of Vet erinary Pharm acology and Toxicology, College of Vet erinary and Anim al Science, Raj ast han University of Vet erinary and Anim al Sciences, Bikaner – 334 001, Raj ast han, I ndia Shesh Asopa, Depart m ent of Vet erinary Pathology, Apollo College of Vet erinary Medicine, Jaipur, Raj asthan, I ndia.
Ruchi Pachaury, Depart m ent of Anim al Husbandry, Governm ent of Raj asthan, I ndia. Shokat Khan, Departm ent of Anim al Husbandry, Governm ent of Raj ast han, I ndia.
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