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Acta boto bras. 4(1): 1990

DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS IN BRAZILIAN

SERJANIA (SAPINDACEAE)

69

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez 1

RESUMO - O presente trabalho analisa a distribuição de Serjania no Brasil, através da comparação das espécies ocorrentes nas três maiores regiões fitogeo-gráficas do pais: a costa Atlântica, o planalto e a bacia Amazônica. A costa Atlân-tica tem o maior percentual de espécies endêmicas (70%) e muitas das espécies da região também ocorrem no planalto. As espécies do planalto também podem ocor-rer em paises vizinhos, mas 33% delas são endêmicas. A bacia amazônica tem apenas 40/0 de espécies endêmicas e a maioria das espécies são amplamente dis-tribuídas na área.

Palavras-chave: Serjania, Brasil, mata Atlântica, planalto, bacia Amazônica, en-demismos, cerrado, floresta da galeria, campos, terra-firme, floresta, restinga.

ABSTRACT - The present paper analyzes the distribution of Serjania in Brazil, by comparing and contrasting the species occuring in three major phytogeographic regions: the Atlantic coast, the planalto, and the Amazon basin. The Atlantic coast region has the highest percent (70%) of species endemic to the area, and shares many species with the planalto region. The planalto region shares most of its species with the AtlanHc coast and the neighboring countries, but still has a 33 % of endemic species to the area. The Amazon basin has only a 4 % of species endemic to the area, with most of the reminder species widely distributed through-out the area.

Key-words: Serjania, Brazil, mata Atlântica, planalto, Amazon basin, endemics, cerrado, gallery forest, campos, terra-firme, forest, restinga.

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Introduction

Species of Seriania are mostly perennial, woody climbers, with samaroid mericarps, native to the neotropics. Serjania is either dispersed by wind or water currents, in dry, open areas, wind is the predominant dispersaI vector whereas in galIery or seasonalIy flooded forests water currents are the principal móde of dispersaI.

Serjania has approximately 226 species, distributed from southwestern

Vnited States to northern Argentina, including the West Indies. The major center of distribution for Serjania, is in southern Mexico with 48 species. Two minor centers, containing approximately 35 species are found in Brazil, one in the central planalto, and another along the Atlantic coast.

The present state of knowledge regarding Serjania, indicates that the majority (60%) of the species occupy a medium geographical range (i.e . , a quarter to a third of the area of the continent), folIowed by species (35%) which occupy a restricted range (endemic, usualIy known from a single or a few colIec-tions) and by species (5%) with a wide geographical range (i.e., throughout the continent).

The great majority of Serjania species occur in thickets or in relatively open vegetations, along margins of galIery forests or in disturbed areas. Few species occur in areas above 1500 m elevation, and no species have been col-lected above 3000 m.

Diversity patterns in Serjania are not thoroughly understood. This is shown by the fact that in the last decade there have been 11 new species de-scribed for Brazil (Ferrucci 1981, 1983; Acevedo-Rodríguez 1986, 1987; Som-mer 1988). The number of known species is expected to increase as the result of explorations of understudied areas.

The distribution of Serjania contrasts with that of the closely related Pau/Unia because of its preference for drier and more open environments.

AI-though there is some overlap in the distribution of the two genera, the vast majority of species of Paullinia occupy humid dense forests, especialIy in the amazon area. This pattern is understandable in light of the fact that the mode of dispersaI in Pau/Unia is zoochory.

Methodology

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Distributional patterns in Brazilian Serjania 71 to contrast the number of Serjania species (endemics and non-endemics) occur-ring in the different phytogeographical regions discussed by many workers. For the purpose of this analysis Iwill follow the 3 major regions proposed by Rizzini (1967), the Amazon, the Central planalto and the Atlantic coastal region.

Results

Serjania in Brasil

There are approximately 92 species of Serjania occurring in Brazil, 47 of which are endemic (Figure 1; Appendix 1). Additionally there are 7 species with narrow ranges which extend from some of the Brazilian states to neighboring countries (Appendix 1). The great majority of Serjania species occur along margins of gallery forests which dissect cerrado and campo rupestre vegetations. A vast number of species occur in restinga vegetation, thickets or disturbed areas .

The ecological importance of Serjania seems to decrease from wetter to drier vegetation types. Goodland (1969) showed how the abundance of S. gran-diflora and S. erecta decreases with decreasing tree densities along a dec1ining moisture gradient, i.e., there are fewer species of Serjania in the continuum from cerradão-cerrado-campo cerrado to campo sujo.

The Atlantic Coast

The Atlantic coast contains approximately 3S species of Serjania, 2S of which are endemic to the region (Figure 2; Appendix 2). The dispersion of the endemic species in this area varies from very localized and rare, to widely dis-tributed and common. Serjania bahiana , S. fa veola ta , S. magnistipulata , S. morii, S. oxytoma , S. subimpunctata from Bahia (BA), and S. acuminata, S. fluminensis , S. hamuligera, S. macrostachya, S. serrata and S. truncata from Rio de Janeiro (RJ), for example are only known from the type or from a few collections. Other species such as S. cuspidata, S. dentata, S. elegans, S. ich-thyoctona, and S. scopulifera are relatively common throughout the region. A large number of species are found in the restinga, in mata de restinga, or in disturbed areas, and a few species are found in the Atlantic forest (Mata Atlân-tica).

The Atlantic region shares many species with the planalto region, a few with the Amazon, and a single species with tropical America.

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72 Rodriguez

with the state of Rio de Janeiro, with six endemics in common, it also shares four with Minas Gerais (MG) and three with Pernambuco (PE). Most of the species either occur in the restinga or in the Mata Atlântica. The state of Rio de Janeiro is second to Bahia with 13 endemics, 6 of which are shared with other states, especialIy with Bahia, but also with the coastal states of Ceará (CE), Espírito Santo (ES), Pernambuco and São Paulo (SP). São Paulo has 9 endemic species, 7 of which are present in other states. It shares most of the endemics with Minas Gerais, but also shares some with the southeastern states of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and San~a Catarina (SC). The states of Pernambuco and Espí-rito Santo have 3 endemics, alI of which are shared with Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Ceará, Paraná (PR), and Santa Catarina have only one endemic species of Serjania which is shared with other states.

The number of endemic species of Serjania decreases to the north and to the south of Bahia along the Atlantic fringe.

The planalto region

The planalto region contains approximately 36 species of Serjania 11 of which are endemic to the region (Figure 3; Appendix 1). Most of these endemic species seem to have a restricted distribution, however, this pattern might be the result of colIecting artifact as most of them are known from one or from a few colIections. For instance,

s.

fusca, S. lamelligera, S. laxiflora,

s.

paleata,

s.

purpurascens,

s.

setigera,

s.

suborbicularis,

s.

trichomisca and

s.

tricostata

are known from a few colIections beyond the type. Serjania orbicularis and

s.

paludosa although not very common, are known from many colIections. In addition to the strictly endemic species of the central region there are six Brazilian endemics found in the Atlantic coast and the central planalto regions. There are ais o si~ species with restricted distribution, occurring in the the central planalto region but extending to Bolivia, Paraguay and northern Argentina.

Most of the Serjania species (including the non-endemic ones) occurring in the central region also occur along the Atlantic coast, and the neighboring countries of Paraguay and northern Argentina. There are a few species which also occur in the Peruvian and Bolivian Amazon, and throughout tropical America.

The great majority of species occurring in the planalto are found along galIery forests and in campos vegetation.

The state of Minas Gerais has the greatest number of endemics in this region with 13 species, 7 of which are shared with other states. Minas Gerais has four endemics in common with Bahia, and three endemic species of Serjania

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Distributional patterns in Brazilian Serjania 73 The state of Goiás has five endemic , four of which are shared with other states. Goiás has greater affinity with Minas Gerais, sharing 3 species with it.

Mato Grosso has three endemics , of which 2 are shared with Minas Gerais and São Paulo.

The Amazon Basin

The Amazon region has approximately 26 species of Serjania, with one species endemic to the states of Amazonas and Pará. Additionally there are two species which extend to the Amazon region of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. (Figure 4; Appendix 4). Most of the species occurring in this zone have a wide distribution, being found throughout the Amazon region in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Many species are also found in northern South America, and a few along the Atlantic coast of Brazil, or distributed throughout tropical America. Many of the species in the Amazon region occur in disturbed areas such as roadsides and terra firme forest gaps. The lowest number of endemic species for the genus in Brazil occur in the amazon region. Serjania exarata is the only species strictly endemic to the region, however, this notion may change if it shown to be conspecific with S. membranacea. Serjania inscripta and S. triros-tris are both found in the state of Amazonas, but their ranges extend to Peru.

The states of Amazonas (AM) and Pará (PA) have the only species of

Serjania strictly endemic to the region .

Discussion

Species of Serjania occurring in wet areas seem to have a wider distri-bution than those ocurring in open or drier areas . This pattern might be due to the fact that water currents play a major role in dispersing Serjania propagules in wetter areas. Its wide distribution could be a result of the prolific number of rivers dissecting the Amazon region , and ultimately to the adaptation of these species to wetter regimes.

At this point, it is not clear whether distributional patterns in open and dry areas are due to physical barriers or to ecological specialization. The fact that Serjania species in this zone occur in a vast number of ecosystems, may suggest the presence of rtiche specialization, however, this needs to be confirmed by field work. Another striking possibility is the fact that Serjania has highly variable mericarps (size, shape and proportional wing size), which might ac-count for differential dispersability, resulting in different distributional patterns.

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74

Appendix 1: Endemic species of Serjania from Hrazil

s.

tenuis (1) RJ

S. regnelli(2) MG , SP S. cuspidata (3) HA , RJ , SP S. trichomisca (4) GO S. paludosa (5) MG S. inscripta(6) AM; Peru S. setigera (7) MS

S. platycarpa (8) GO , MS , SP S. eucardia (9) HA, CE, PE , RJ

S. subimpunctata (10) HA S. paleata (11) MG S. laxiflora (12) MG S. dentata (13) HA, ES, RJ

S. lamprophylla (14) MG , SP S. faveolata (15) HA S. thoracoides (16) ?

. S. pinnatifolia (17) HA , GO, MG S. ichthyoctona (18) RJ , HA S. lamelligera (19) MG S. oxytoma(20) HA S. grammatophora (21) HA S. pernaumbusensis (22) HA, PE S. serrata (23) RJ

S. cissoides(24) MS; Paraguay

S. chaetocarpa (25) MG, MS , MT, Paraguay S. purpurascens (26) MG

S. paradoxa (27) HA, MG, SP S. hamuligera (28) RJ

S. acuminata (29) RJ

S. crassifolia (30) GO: Holivia S. dura (31) SP

S. fluminensis (32) RJ

S. orbicularls (33) GO, MG, MT

S. perulacea (34 GO, MG , Ms, Argentina; Paraguay S. punctulata (35) PR

S. salzmanniana (36) HA , PE S. velutina(37) GO S. unidentata (38) SC, SP S. tristis (39) MG, SP S. bahiana(40) HA S. hatschbachii (41) SP S. magnistipulata(42) HA S. morii(43) HA

S. circumvallata (44) AM; Colombia S. exarata (45) AM, PA

S. trirostris(46) AM; Peru S. decemstriata (47) ? S. fusca (48) MT S. macrostachya (49) RJ

restinga campos restinga gallery forest swamp

terra firme and várzea forest campos

gallery forest restinga forest gallery fores t restinga gallery forest atlantic forest gallery forest restinga seas. forest restinga ? gallery forest caatinga cerrado cerrado gallery forest campo

cerrado, gallery forest restinga campos campos forest restinga gallery forest secondary forest gallery forest caatinga forest atlantic forest atlantic forest terra firme forest várzea forest

campos?

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Oistributional patterns in Brazilian Serjania

S. scopulifera (50) BA, ES, RJ S. suborbicularis (51) MG S. tricostata (52) MT S. truncata (53) RJ

S. elegans (54) BA , ES , MG, RJ

Figure 1 - Endemic species of Serjania from Brazil (see appendix 1 for legend)

restinga campos

campos, restinga

7S

16

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76

Rodríguez

Appendix 2. Serjania spp . distributed along the Atlantic Coast S. acutidentata (1)

·S. acoma (2) S. hatschbachii (3) S. reticula ta ( 4) S. erecta (6) S. caracasana (5)

S. multiflora (7) S. laruotteana (8) S. noxia(9) S. paradoxa (10) S. fuscifolia(ll) S. c1ematidifolia (12) S. dentata (13)

S. corrugata(14) S. gracilis (16) S. meridionalis (1 7) S. piscatoria(18) S. eucardia(19) S. ichthyoctona (20) S. hebecarpa(21) S. comata (22) S. deflexa (24) S. scopulifera (25)

S. lamprophylla (26) S. communis O S. unidentata S. macrostipulata S. morii

S. punctulata

S. cuspidata ( ) S. fluminensis S. tenuis

AM,BA , MG

PR, GO, MG, MT, SC, SP; Paraguay SP

GO, MG, MS, PR, SP, RI ; Argentina, Bolivia PR, BA, GO, MG , MS , MT, SP

BA, ES , GO, MG , MT, PA, RI, SP; Tropical America GO, MG , MS , PR, RS , SC, SP

BA, MG , PR, RS , RI, SP; Argentina, Paraguay MG, RI, SP

BA, MG , SP

AM , BA, MG , RI, SP; Argentina; Paraguay; Peru BA, ES, MT, PA, PR , RI , RS , SC

BA, ES , RI BA, ES , MG , RT BA, GO , MG, PR , SC, SP

GO, MS , MT, PR , RS , SC, SP; Argentina; Bolívia; Uruguay BA, GO , PR, RI , SP

BA, CE, PE, RI BA, ES, RI

BA, CE, GO, MG , MT, PE, RI , RS ; Argentina; Bolívia ; Paraguay; Uruguay

BA, GO , MG , MT, RI; Argentina; Bolívia; Paraguay MG, RI

BA, RI MG,SP

AM , ES , GO , MG , PR , RI , SP; Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Paraguay; Venezuela

SC , SP

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Distributional patterns in Brazilian Serjania

Figure 2 - Serjania spp. distributed along the Atlantic Coast (see appendix 2 for legend)

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78

Rodríguez

Appendix 3. Serjania spp. occurring in planalto.

S. acutidentata(l) S. comata(2) S. chaetocarpa (3) S. erecta (4) PR, S. fuscifolia (5) S. platycarpa (6) S. reticula ta (7) S. hebecarpa (8)

S. lethalis (9)

S. paucidentata (10)

S. glutinosa (11) S. ovalifolia (12) S. crassifolia (13) S. perulacea (14) S. gracilis (16) S. caracasana (17) S. acoma (18) S. marginata (19) S. meridionalis (20) S. orbicularis (21) S. chaetocarpa (22) S. cissoides (23) S. glabrata (24)

s. tristis (25) S.laxiflora S. multi flora

s. obtusidentata (+)

S. pinnatifolia (*)

S. pinnatifolia (+)

S. purpurascens S. pyramidata(e)

S. rcgnelli S. Iricomisca S. vclutina S. c1cgans

AM,BA,MG GO, MG, MT, PR, SP MG, MS, MT, Paraguay BA, GO, MG, MS, MT, SP BA, MG , PA, PR, SP, RI GO,MG,MT

GO, MG, MS, PR, RI, SP; Argentina; Bolivia

BA, CE, GO, MG, MT, PE, RS, SP; Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay

AM, BA, CE, GO, MG, MT, PE , PI, PR, RI, SC, SP; Bolivia, Peru

AP, GO, MG, MT, PA, RD; Bolivia, Colombia, Guianas, Peru ; Venezuela; Trinidad;

GO, MG, MS, MT, SP; Argentina, Paraguay GO, PI, MG, MT, SP

GO, MT; Bolivia

GO, MG, MS; Argentina; Paraguay BA, GO, MG, PR, SC, SP widely sepread

GO, MG, MT, PR, SC, SP; Paraguay BA, GO, MG, MT, RI

GO, MG, MS, MT, PR, RS, SC, SP; Argentina, Bolivia; Uruguay GO,MG,MT

MG, mS, MT; Paraguay MS ; Paraguay

BA, MS, PR, SC, RD; Argentina; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela; Trinidad

MG, SP; Paraguay MG

GO, MG, MS, PR, RS, SC, SP GO, MG, MT, RD

GO , MG, MT, RD BA,GO,MG MG

AP , MG, PA; Bolivia; Peru; Colombia

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Distributional patterns in Brazilian Serjania

Figure 3 - Serjania species occurring in planalto (see appendix 3 for legend)

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80 Rodrlguez

Appendix 4. SeIjania spp. occurring in the Amazon Basin. S. elongata (1)

S. pyramidata (2) S. grandifolia (3) S. nigricans(4) S. paucidentata (5) S. membranacea(6) S. fuscifolia (7) S. purpurascens (8) S. trirostris (9) S. tenuifolia (10) S. lethalis (11) S. reticulata (12) S. caracasana (13) S. glabrata(14) S. oblongifolia (15) S. acutidentata (16) S. rhombea (17) S. inscripta (18) S. communis(19) . S. circumvallata (20) S. leptocarpa (21) S. clematidea (22) S. clematidifolia (23) S. nutans (24)

AC, PA; Bolivia (Pando, Yungas); Peru (Huayaga, Madre de Dios, Junin)

AP, BA, MG, PA, RD; Bolivia (Beni, Pando); Colombia (Antio· quia); C. Rica, F . Guiana; Panama; Peru; Venezuela

AC, AP, BA, MT, PA; F. Guiana; Peru; Surinam AC, RD; Bolivia (Pando)

AM, AP, BA, MG, MT, PA, RD; C. America; Bolivia; Colombia; Guianas; Peru; Tobago; Venezuela

AM, MT, PA, RO; Colcmbia; C. Rica; Ecuador; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Venezuela; Surinam

AM, MG, RJ, SP; Argentina; Paraguay; Peru AM,MG

AM; Ecuador; Peru AM, PA; Bolivia; Peru

AM, AP, BA, CE, GO, MG, MT, PR, RJ, SC, SP; Bolivia; Peru AM, AP, GO, MG, MT; Bolivia

BA, ES, GO, MG, MT, PA, RJ, SP; Bolivia; C. America; Co-lombia; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Venezuela

CE, PB, SC; Argentina; Bolivia AP; Guyana; Surinam; Venezuela AM,BA,MG

PA; C. America; Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela AM;Peru

AM, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SP; Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Paraguay; Venezuela

AM; Colombia

AM; Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela AM; Colombia

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Oistributional patterns in Brazilian Serjania

'.

.~ :

'IP,

.

o

,

I •

Figure 4 - Species of Serjania occurring in the Amazon Basin (see appendix 4 for legend)

81

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82

Rodríguez

Bibliographic references

ACEVEDO RODRIGUEZ, P. 1987. Two new species of Serjania (Sapindaceae) from Brazil. Brittonia 39: 348-352.

ACEVEDO RODRIGUEZ, P. 1988. Novelties in Serjania (Sapindaceae) . Brittonia 40: 283-289.

FERRUCCI, M. S. 1981. Novedades en Houssayanthus and Serjania (Sapindaceae). Bonplandia 5(19): 169.

FERRUCCI, M. S. 1983. Novedades en Serjania (Sapindaceae). Bonplandia 5(26): 73-81.

GOODLAND, R. 1969. An ecological study 01 the cerrado vegetation 01 south central Brazil. Ph.D. thesis, Botany Dept. McGill University, Montreal. 224 p.

RADLKOFER, L. 1931. Serjania. In: ENGLER, A. (ed.). Das Pflanzenreich IV. 165 (Heft 98a-h). p. 19-219. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

RIZZINI, C. T . 1963. Nota prévia sobre a divisão litogeográlica do Brasil. R. J. Insti-tuto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Conselho Nacional de Geografia. SOMMER, G. V. 1988. Três espécies novas de Serjania (Sapindaceae) para o estado

do Rio de Janeiro. Bradea 5: 63-68.

Imagem

Figure 1  - Endemic species of Serjania from  Brazil  (see appendix 1 for legend)
Figure 2  - Serjania spp. distributed along the Atlantic Coast  (see appendix 2 for legend)
Figure 3  - Serjania species occurring  in  planalto  (see appendix 3 for legend)
Figure 4  - Species of Serjania occurring in the Amazon Basin  (see appendix 4 for legend)

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