❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❈❖❙❚❆ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆
❙❊▼➶◆❚■❈❆ P❘❖P❖❙■❈■❖◆❆▲
❈❆❚❊●Ó❘■❈❆
❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❈❖❙❚❆ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆
❙❊▼➶◆❚■❈❆ P❘❖P❖❙■❈■❖◆❆▲
❈❆❚❊●Ó❘■❈❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r✲ ❝✐❛❧ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ❈❈❍▲❆✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❛ P❛r❛í❜❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③
❚❊❘▼❖ ❉❊ ❆P❘❖❱❆➬➹❖
❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❈❖❙❚❆ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆
❙❊▼➶◆❚■❈❆ P❘❖P❖❙■❈■❖◆❆▲ ❈❆❚❊●Ó❘■❈❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✱ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦
✏❙❊▼➶◆❚■❈❆ P❘❖P❖❙■❈■❖◆❆▲ ❈❆❚❊●Ó❘■❈❆✑✱
❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❈♦st❛ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✹ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❡♠ ❏♦ã♦ P❡ss♦❛✱ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ P❛r❛í❜❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✴❯❋P❇
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❆♥❛ ▲ê❞❛ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✴❯❋P❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❆❧✈❡s ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r✴❯❋❘◆
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✿
• ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❡ ❆♥❛✲❙ô♥✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦❀
• ❆♦s ✐r♠ã♦s ❉✐❡❣♦ ❡ ❆♥❛ ❈❛r♦❧✐♥❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥t✉s✐❛s♠♦ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡❀
• ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ❈❧❛r❛ ❡ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ▼❛r② ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦❀
• ❆♦s ♣r✐♠♦s ❉✉❞✉ ❡ ❚❡t❡t♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛❀
❚❤❡ ♣♦❡t ♦♥❧② ❛s❦s t♦ ❣❡t ❤✐s ❤❡❛❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❤❡❛✈❡♥s✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝✐❛♥ ✇❤♦ s❡❡❦s t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ❤❡❛✈❡♥s ✐♥t♦ ❤✐s ❤❡❛❞✳ ❆♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❤✐s ❤❡❛❞ t❤❛t s♣❧✐ts✳
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ s❡r✐❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s sã♦ ✐♥tr♦✲ ❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡s ✭✶✾✹✺✮ ❞❡ ❙❛♠✉❡❧ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡ ❙❛✉♥❞❡rs ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡✳ ❏á ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✵✱ ❡st❛ t❡♦r✐❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✶✾✺✵ ❡ ✶✾✻✵✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♦s✲ t❡♥t❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❛♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❤♦♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛t❡st❛♠ ♦s ♣✐♦✲ ♥❡✐r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ▼✳ ❑❛♥ ✭✶✾✺✽✮ ❡ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ●r♦t❤❡♥❞✐❡❝❦ ✭✶✾✺✼✮✳ ▼❛✐s t❛r❞❡✱ q✉❡stõ❡s ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❛ ❡ss❛ t❡♦r✐❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋✉♥❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ❚❤❡♦r✐❡s ✭✶✾✻✸✮ ❞❡ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❲✐❧❧✐❛♥ ▲❛✇✈❡r❡✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ▼❛❦❦❛✐ ✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ ❇♦r❝❡✉① ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ●♦❧❞❜❧❛tt ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s à ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛❞✉③ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦ à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❣❡r❛✐s✱ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛✿ ✭❛✮ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐✈♦s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡t❝✳❀ ✭❜✮ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❛❜str❛t❛✿ ♠♦♥ó✐❞❡s✱ ❣r✉♣♦s✱ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❇♦♦❧❡✱ ❡t❝✳❀ ✭❝✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ♣ré✲♦r❞❡♠❀ ♦r❞❡♠ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧❀ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛✱ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❞❡♥❜❛✉♠✱ ❡t❝✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♣ró♣r✐❛s à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ r❡✐♥t❡r♣r❡✲ t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❛ ♥❡❣❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦✱ ❞✐s❥✉♥çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈♦s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❡ ✉♥✐ã♦✱ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝♦s✳ ◆❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡st❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛r ✉♠❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✱ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
❚❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❧❛t❡r ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② t❤❡♦r② ✇❡r❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✹✺ ❜② ❙❛♠✉❡❧ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ❙❛✉♥❞❡rs ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡✳ ■♥ ✶✾✹✵s✱ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞s ♦❢ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ❛❜str❛❝t✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✶✾✺✵s ❛♥❞ ✶✾✻✵s✱ t❤✐s t❤❡♦r② ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ♠❛♥② ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❛❧❣r❡❜r❛✐❝ ❤♦♠♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②✱ ❛s s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ✇♦r❦s ♦❢ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ▼✳ ❑❛♥ ✭✶✾✺✽✮ ❛♥❞ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ●r♦t❤❡♥❞✐❡❝❦ ✭✶✾✺✼✮✳ ▲❛t❡✱ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝✲ ❧♦❣✐❝s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② t❤❡♦r② ❛♣♣❡❛rs✱ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋✉♥❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ❚❤❡♦r✐❡s ✭✶✾✻✸✮ ♦❢ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❲✐❧❧✐❛♥ ▲❛✇✈❡r❡✳ ❆❢t❡r✱ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❦s ❛r❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ❧♦❣✐❝✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ▼❛❦❦❛✐ ✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ ❇♦r❝❡✉① ✭✶✾✾✹✮✱ ●♦❧❞❜❧❛tt ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❆s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② t❤❡♦r② ✐♥ ❧♦❣✐❝✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ st✉❞② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ s❤♦✇s t♦ t❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts t♦ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ s✉❜❥❡❝t✿ ✭❛✮ ❜❛s✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② t❤❡♦r②✿ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s✱ ❛①✐♦♠❛t✐❝✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛✉t❤♦rs✱ ❡t❝✳❀ ✭❜✮ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s ♦❢ ❛❜str❛❝t ❛❧❣❡❜r❛✿ ♠♦♥♦✐❞s✱ ❣r♦✉♣s✱ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛s✱ ❡t❝✳❀ ✭❝✮ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✿ ♣r❡✲♦r❞❡r✱ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❞✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ▲✐♥❞❡♥❜❛✉♠ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛✱ ❡t❝✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✐t t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✱ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ■♥ t❤❛t s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❞✐s❥✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ t❤❡ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❝❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❝❛❧ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ❛❧❣❡❜r❛✳
❙❯▼➪❘■❖
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✼
✵✳✶ P♦r q✉❡ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✵✳✷ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✵✳✸ ❈♦♠♦ s❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛ ❡st❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦s P❛ss♦s ✶✹
✶✳✶ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✶✳✷ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✿ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✶✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❆①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✶✳✷✳✷ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✶✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ✭❙❊❚✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✶✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❋✉♥çõ❡s ✭❙❊❚→✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✶✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s P❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❖r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ✭P❖❙❊❚✮ ✷✼
✶✳✷✳✷✳✹ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ▼♦♥ó✐❞❡s ✭▼❖◆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✶✳✷✳✷✳✺ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ●r✉♣♦s ✭●❘❯✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s ✸✽
✷✳✶ ▼♦♥♦♠♦r✜s♠♦✱ ❊♣✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❡ ■s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✶✳✷ ❊♣✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✶✳✸ ■s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t♦s✿ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❚❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✷✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✷✳✷✳✷ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❇♦♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✷✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t♦ ❚❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✷✳✸ Pr♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ❈♦♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✷✳✸✳✶ Pr♦❞✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✷✳✹ ❊q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✷✳✺ ❈♦✲❡q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✷✳✻ P✉❧❧❜❛❝❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✷✳✼ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✸ ❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❡ ❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✻✺
✸✳✶ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ❞❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✸✳✶✳✶ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❆①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❙✐♥tát✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✸✳✷ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✸✳✸ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❆❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✸✳✹ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✸✳✹✳✶ ❙✉❜✲♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✸✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈♦s ▲ó❣✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❚❡r♠♦s ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✸✳✹✳✸✳✶ ◆❡❣❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✸✳✹✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♥❥✉♥çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✸✳✹✳✸✳✸ ■♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✸✳✹✳✸✳✹ ❉✐s❥✉♥çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✸✳✹✳✹ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✸✳✹✳✹✳✶ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✸✳✺ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞♦s ❙✉❜✲♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✸✳✺✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❙✉❜✲♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✸✳✺✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❆❧❣é❜r✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❙✉❜✲♦❜❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✸✳✺✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✸✳✺✳✷✳✷ ■♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✸✳✺✳✷✳✸ ❯♥✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✸✳✻ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✸✳✻✳✶ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❇♦♦❧❡ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✸✳✻✳✷ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✸✳✻✳✷✳✶ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✶✵✽
✼
■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
✵✳✶ P❖❘ ◗❯❊ ▲Ó●■❈❆ ❈❆❚❊●Ó❘■❈❆❄
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡①✐s✲ t❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❜str❛t♦ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❈♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❛❜str❛t❛ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡r ♦ q✉❡ ❤á ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ t❡♦r✐❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ❡♥tã♦ ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡ ❛♥t❡♠ã♦✱ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r s❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✱ ♣♦r ❛ss✐♠ ❞✐③❡r✱ ♥♦✈♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛✐s✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥st❛t❛❞♦s✳ ➚ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❞❛r ✐♠♣✉❧s♦✱ ❛q✉✐✱ à ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t❡♦✲ r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ✏❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✑ ❢r❡♥t❡ à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s✱ ♦ ❝❛rát❡r ❛❜str❛t♦ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ✐❞é✐❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦✲♥♦s ❡st✉❞❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ♦❜s❡r✲ ✈❛❞❛s✱ ♦❜s❝✉r❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❢♦r♠❛✐s✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡st❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s s❡rã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡ ♥❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
✵✳✷ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✽
✵✳✷ ▲Ó●■❈❆ ▼❆❚❊▼➪❚■❈❆ ❈❆❚❊●Ó❘■❈❆
❙❡ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦s ❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✲ ✐❝❛ ♦✉ r❡❣r❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ é ❡ss❡ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❞❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❉❡ ❝❡rt♦✱ ❡st❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡♠ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ à q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡str❛♥✲ ❤❛s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛❜str❛t❛s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✜r♠❛♠✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❡①❝❡ss♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✏♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✑ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✏❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✑✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠✲s❡ ❡ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡♠✲s❡ ❛ t♦❞♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ t❡♠ ❡✈♦❧✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛❜str❛t❛ ❡ r✐❣♦r♦s❛✱ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ♣♦r s✐ ♠❡s♠❛✱ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✶✳
❆ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❛❝❤❛✲s❡ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠♦s✱ tã♦✲s♦♠❡♥t❡ s✉❜❧✐♥❤❛r q✉❡ ❡❧❛s s❡ ❛❝❤❛♠ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❧♦s s❡✉s ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❢✉♥❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t❛r ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■ ❡ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ r❛❞✐❝❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❢❛③❡♠ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦✷✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ tr❛❞✐çã♦✱ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❡♠ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞♦ ✜❧ós♦❢♦ ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❛❧❡♠ã♦ ●♦tt❢r✐❡❞ ❲✐❧❤❡❧♠ ▲❡✐❜♥✐③ ✭✶✻✹✻✲✶✼✶✻✮✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡✉s t❡r♠♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ s✐❧♦❣✐s♠♦s✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s✉❛ ❉❡ ❆rt❡ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛✱ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡♠ ✶✻✻✻✱ ▲❡✐❜♥✐③ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ é♣♦❝❛✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♦❜r❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐❛✱ ♦ ✜❧ós♦❢♦ t❡♥t❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛r ❛ ❛♠❜✐❝✐♦s❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡①❛t♦ ❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❧❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳ ❊♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❧✲ ❝✉❧✉s r❛t✐♦❝✐♥❛t♦r ✭❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦✮✱ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r✐❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐r✱ q✉❛s❡
✶❖▲■❱❊■❘❆✱ ❆✳❏✳❋✳ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ❯♥❜✱ ✷✵✵✹✿ ✷✵✸✳
✷P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✿ ❉❆ ❈❖❙❚❆✱ ◆✳ ❈✳ ❆✳ ❊♥s❛✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿
✵✳✷ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✾
q✉❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ✭❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ♣❡♥s❛❞❛s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐❜♥✐③✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■✱ ♥ã♦ s❡r t❡♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①❡qüí✈❡❧✱ ♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✉s r❛t✐♦❝✐♥❛t♦r ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐✉ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣r❡❝✉rs♦r ♥❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛✸✳
P❛ss❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s sé❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ▲❡✐❜♥✐③✱ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r✲ ♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✹✼ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❚❤❡ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❞❡ ●❡♦r❣❡ ❇♦♦❧❡ ✭✶✽✶✺✲✶✽✻✹✮✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥♦✈❛❞♦r✱ ❇♦♦❧❡ ❡st❛❜✲ ❡❧❡❝❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ◆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❆✉❣✉st✉s ❉❡ ▼♦r❣❛♥ ✭✶✽✵✻✲✶✽✼✶✮ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛ ♦ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ▲♦❣✐❝ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s✳ ◆♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✺✹✱ ●❡♦r❣❡ ❇♦♦❧❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❆♥ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ▲❛✇s ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❋♦✉♥❞❡❞ t❤❡ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✲ ✐❝❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r✐❡s ♦❢ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞♦ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✹✼✳ ❆♥♦s ❞❡♣♦✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❊r♥st ❙❝❤rö❞❡r ✭✶✽✹✶✲✶✾✵✷✮✱ ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❱♦r❧❡s✉♥❣❡♥ ü❜❡r ❞✐❡ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞❡r ▲♦❣✐❝ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✽✾✵ ❡ ✶✽✾✺✱ ❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ✉♠ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦tá✈❡❧✹✳
❯♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦s tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❡♠ã♦ ●♦tt❧♦❜ ❋r❡❣❡ ✭✶✽✹✽✲✶✾✷✺✮✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♥♦ ❇❡❣r✐✛ss❝❤r✐❢t ❞❡ ✶✽✼✾ ❡ ♥♦ ●r✉♥❞❣❡s❡t③❡ ❞❡r ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✽✼✾ ❡ ✶✾✵✸✱ ❡ ♥❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡ ●✐✉s❡♣♣❡ P❡❛♥♦ ✭✶✽✺✽✲✶✾✸✷✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡①t❡♥s♦ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛✐r❡ ❞❡ ▼❛t❤é♠❛t✐q✉❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✽✾✹✳ ❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ P❡❛♥♦ ❛❧♠❡❥❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡❣❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s só❧✐❞❛ à ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❋r❡❣❡ ❡ P❡❛♥♦ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦♥✉♠❡♥✲
✸❊❱❊❙✱ ❍♦✇❛r❞✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❚r❛❞✳ ❍✐❣②♥♦ ❍✳ ❉♦♠✐♥❣✉❡s✳
❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❞❛ ❯◆■❈❆▼P✱ ✷✵✵✹✿ ✻✻✾✳❀ ▼❖❘❚❆❘■✱ ❈❡③❛r ❆✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❯♥❡s♣✱ ✷✵✵✶✿ ✸✸✳❀ ❡ ❉✬❖❚❚❆❱■❆◆❖✱ ▲✳ ▼✳ ❮t❛❧❛ ❡ ❋❊■❚❖❙❆✱ ❆✳ ❍ér❝✉❧❡s✳ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥ã♦✲❝❧áss✐❝❛s✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❁❢t♣✿✴✴❢t♣✳❝❧❡✳✉♥✐❝❛♠♣✳❜r✴♣✉❜✴❛rq✉✐✈♦s✴❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✴❆rt●❚✳♣❞❢❃✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸✵ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽✳
✹P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✿ ❑◆❊❆▲❊✱ ❲✳ ❡ ❑◆❊❆▲❊✱ ▼✳ ❖ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❚r❛❞✳ ▼✳ ❙✳
✵✳✷ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ✶✵
t❛❧ ♦❜r❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐❛ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✶✵ ❡ ✶✾✶✸ ♣♦r ❆❧❢r❡❞ ◆♦rt❤ ❲❤✐t❡❤❡❛❞ ✭✶✽✻✶✲✶✾✹✼✮ ❡ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❘✉ss❡❧❧ ✭✶✽✼✷✲✶✾✼✵✮✳ ❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ é ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❛ ♦❜r❛✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✐❞é✐❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s✳ ◆♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✾✸✹ ❡ ✶✾✸✾ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ●r✉♥❞❧❛❣❡♥ ❞❡r ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❦ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❍✐❧❜❡rt ✭✶✽✻✷✲✶✾✹✸✮ ❡ P❛✉❧ ❇❡r♥❛②s ✭✶✽✽✽✲✶✾✼✼✮✳ ❖ ❛♠❜✐❝✐♦s♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❍✐❧❜❡rt ❡ ❇❡r♥❛②s t✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦✳
❖s ❛♥♦s q✉❡ s❡ s✉❝❡❞❡r❛♠ às ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡ ❇❡r♥❛②s ❡ ❍✐❧❜❡rt sã♦ s❡❣✉✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s✱ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ Ü❜❡r ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❯♥❡♥ts❝❤❡✐❞❜❛r❡ ❙ät③❡ ❞❡r Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐❛ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛ ✉♥❞ ❱❡r✲ ✇❛♥❞t❡r ❙②st❡♠❡ ■ ✭✶✾✸✶✮ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❑✉rt ●ö❞❡❧ ✭✶✾✵✻✲✶✾✼✽✮✺ ❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❖♥ ❙♦♠❡ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❈♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ▼❡t❛♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✭✶✾✸✵✮✱ ❚❤❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❚r✉t❤ ✐♥ ❋♦r✲ ♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ✭✶✾✸✺✮✱ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛s ✇✐t❤ ❖♣❡r❛t♦rs ✭✶✾✺✷✮✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❞♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣♦❧♦♥ês ❆❧❢r❡❞ ❚❛rs❦✐ ✭✶✾✵✶✲✶✾✽✸✮✻✳
❆ t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ▲❛✇✈❡r❡✱ ❋✉♥❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❙❡♠❛♥✲ t✐❝s ♦❢ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✸✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠ ♠❛r❝♦ ♥❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❢✉♥t♦r✐❛❧ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é✲ ❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢✉♥t♦r✼✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s♦❜ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ♠♦r✜s♠♦✱ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❡ ❢✉♥t♦r✱ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❲✳ ▲❛✇✈❡r❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛♣❛r❛✲
✺P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡t❛t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ●ö❞❡❧ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝♦♥✲
s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s✿ ❑◆❊❆▲❊✱ ❲ ❡ ❑◆❊❆▲❊✱ ▼✳ ❖ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❚r❛❞✳ ▼✳ ❙✳ ▲♦✉r❡♥ç♦✳ ▲✐s❜♦❛✿ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❈❛❧♦✉st❡ ●✉❧❜❡♥❦✐❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✵✿ ✼✷✶✲✼✸✸✳
✻P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✿ ❚❆❘❙❑■✱ ❆✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✳ ❚r❛❞✳ ❈❡❧s♦ ❘✳ ❇r❛✐❞❛❀
❈❡③❛r ❆✳ ▼♦rt❛r✐❀ ❏❡s✉s ❞❡ P❛✉❧❛ ❆✳ ❡ ▲✉✐③ ❍✳ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❉✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❯◆❊❙P✱ ✷✵✵✼✿ ✶✾✲✶✸✽✳❀ ❚❆❘❙❑■✱ ❆✳ ▲♦❣✐❝✱ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s✱ ♠❡t❛♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳ ❚r❛❞✳ ❏✳ ❍✳ ❲♦♦❞❣❡r ✳❖①❢♦r❞✿ ❈❧❛r❡♥❞♦♥ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✺✻✳❀ ❡ ❏Ó◆❙❙❖◆✱ ❇✳ ❡ ❚❆❘❙❑■✱ ❆✳ ❇♦♦❧❡❛♥ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛s ✇✐t❤ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ ■ ✲ ■■✱ ✼✸✱ ✼✹✱ ✶✾✺✶✿ ✽✾✶✲✾✸✾✱ ✶✾✺✷✿ ✶✷✼✲✶✻✷✳
✼P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r✿ ❇❖❨❊❘✱ ❈✳ ❇✳ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❚r❛❞✳
✵✳✸ ❈♦♠♦ s❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛ ❡st❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✶✶
t♦s s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦s ❡ s✐♥tát✐❝♦s à ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ❞❡❝✉rs♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ▲❛✇✈❡r❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✶✾✻✵ ❡ ✶✾✼✵✱ ❤á ✉♠ ✐♥t❡♥s♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s às ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛s✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❡♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳■✱ ❡st❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡♠ ✈✐✈♦✱ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛✱ ❛té ❡♥tã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉✐s❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳
✵✳✸ ❈❖▼❖ ❙❊ ❖❘●❆◆■❩❆ ❊❙❚❆ ❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡s❜♦ç♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✵ à ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ é ❡①♣♦st♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✱ ❛♦ q✉❛❧ é ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s✿ ❙❊❚ ✭❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✮✱ SET→ ✭❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✮✱ P❖❙❊❚ ✭❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s✮✱ ▼❖◆ ✭❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♠♦♥ó✐❞❡s✮ ❡ ●❘❯ ✭❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s✮✳ ❆s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s r❛③õ❡s ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡st❡ r♦❧ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✿
✶✳ P♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s é ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r t❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ♣❛ss❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ✭❙❊❚ ✮ ❡ ❛ ✉sá✲❧❛✱ ♣♦st❡r✐✲ ♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ às ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦✈❛s✱ ❛q✉✐✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s ❡①♣♦st❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
✷✳ ❆ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✭SET→✮ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ❛♦ ❧❡✐t♦r
❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♥❡st❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✏❝♦✐s❛✑✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ ❥✉♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❙❊❚✱ ❛ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ sã♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ SET→❀
✵✳✸ ❈♦♠♦ s❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛ ❡st❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✶✷
✹✳ ❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♠♦♥ó✐❞❡s ✭▼❖◆ ✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ✭●❘❯ ✮ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡st❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛r❡♠ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❤♦♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭♦✉ ❛❜str❛t❛✮ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❛♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡✲ ❣♦r✐❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r♠♦s ❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦♥ó✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s q✉❡✱ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛s✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ t♦r♥❛r ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛✱ ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ❙❊❚✱ SET→✱ P❖❙❊❚✱ ▼❖◆ ❡ ●❘❯✱ sã♦✲❧❤❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✿ ✭✶✮ ❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛s❀ ✭✷✮ ✈ár✐♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✿ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s SET◆✱
♠♦♥ó✐❞❡s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡t❝✳❀ ❡ ✭✸✮ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r❡s à á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❛❜str❛t❛✿ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♥ó✐❞❡✱ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❤♦♠♦♠♦r✜s✲ ♠♦s✱ ❡t❝✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s à t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦✲ r✐❛s✿ ♠♦♥♦♠♦r✜s♠♦❀ ❡♣✐♠♦r✜s♠♦❀ ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦❀ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❀ ♦❜❥❡t♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧❀ ♣r♦❞✉t♦❀ ❝♦♣r♦❞✉t♦❀ ♣✉❧❧❜❛❝❦s❀ ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s❀ ❝♦❡q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛çã♦✳ ❖s ♠✉✐t♦s ❡①❡♠✲ ♣❧♦s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ s♦❜ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ♣ré✲ ♦r❞❡♠✱ ♦r❞❡♠ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛✱ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❇♦♦❧❡✱ ❡t❝✳✱ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ♥❛ q✉❡❧❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣✉s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❛❜str❛t❛ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✱ s❡♠ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳
✵✳✸ ❈♦♠♦ s❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛ ❡st❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✶✸
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛s ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛rt❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛s✿
P❛rt❡ ✶ ✮ ❉❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦✱ é ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ L✱ s❡♥❞♦✲❧❤❡ ✜①❛❞❛ ♦s sí♠✲ ❜♦❧♦s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ s✐♥tát✐❝❛✿ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞❡❞✉çã♦✱ ❡t❝✳ ❉❡✜♥❡✲s❡✱ ♥❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❧áss✐❝❛❀
P❛rt❡ ✷ ✮ P♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❞❡♥❜❛✉♠ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ é ❛❧❣❡❜r✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊ss❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛rá ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡ sã♦ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦s❀
P❛rt❡ ✸ ✮ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t♦♣♦s✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝♦s ❞❡ s✉❜✲ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ s✉❜✲♦❜❥❡t♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s✳ ❍á✱ ❛q✉✐✱ ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛❀ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛✱ ♥❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛r ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡ ❞❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛❀
✶✹
✶ ❚❊❖❘■❆ ❉❆❙ ❈❆❚❊●❖❘■❆❙✿
P❘■▼❊■❘❖❙ P❆❙❙❖❙
✶✳✶ ❊❙❇❖➬❖ ❍■❙❚Ó❘■❈❖
◆♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✷✱ ❙❛♠✉❡❧ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ✭✶✾✶✸✕✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ❙❛✉♥❞❡rs ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡ ✭✶✾✵✾✕✷✵✵✺✮ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❤♦♠ó❧♦❣♦s✶✳ ◆❛ ♦❝❛s✐ã♦✱ ❝♦♥st❛t❛♠ q✉❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❡①✐❜✐r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✏♥❛t✉r❛❧✑❀ ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③ à ❝r✐✲ ❛çã♦ ❡ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s à t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛♠ ♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❡①❛t♦ ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛s ❛❜str❛t❛s✳ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡ ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡✱ ❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ às s✉❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ❛♥✉♥❝✐❛♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✹✷✱ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳ ❯♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦s ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s só s❡r✐❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✺✱ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡s✷✳
❆ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ❊q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛s ◆❛t✉r❛✐s ♠❛r❝❛ ♦✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✳ ❊ss❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❛✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ à ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
✶❆ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r
❇♦rs✉❦ ❡ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st✐❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❝❡rt♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❤♦♠ó❧♦❣♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✿ ❑❘Ö▼❊❘✱ ❘❛❧❢✳ ❚♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❖❜❥❡❝t✳ ❆ ❍✐st♦r② ❛♥❞ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ❈❛t❡❣♦r② ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ❇♦st♦♥✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✲❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ✷✵✵✼✿ ✹✹✲✹✺✳
✷❑❘Ö▼❊❘✱ ❘❛❧❢✳ ❚♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❖❜❥❡❝t✳ ❆ ❍✐st♦r② ❛♥❞ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ❈❛t❡❣♦r② ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ❇♦st♦♥✿
✶✳✶ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✶✺
❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r✐❛♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s às ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ▼❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s t❡ór✐❝❛s✱ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡ ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♠ à ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❥á ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♠❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✺✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r ❡ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✳ ◆❡st❡s t❡r♠♦s✱ ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤♦✉ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s✿ ✏t✐✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✳ ■st♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❢♦rç♦✉✲♥♦s ❛ ✈❡r ❢✉♥t♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♥♦s ❢❡③ ✈❡r ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✑✸✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞♦s ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③ à ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝✉❥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐s♦♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❢✉♥t♦r ❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✳
❆ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ é ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡ ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡r♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r à ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ út✐❧ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❝❡rt♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛r❛♠ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡ ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✺✿
✭✳✳✳✮ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❀ ♦s ♥♦ss♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r ❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉✲ r❛❧ ✭✳✳✳✮✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ à ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦ q✉❡ t♦❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr❛❞♦♠í♥✐♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s sã♦ ❞❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡✐①❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡✲ ❣♦r✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠ ❢✉♥t♦r ❝♦♠♦ ✏❍♦♠✑ ♥ã♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✏t♦❞♦s✑ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s✳ ❊st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ s❡r✐❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ t❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞♦s ♥♦ss♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✹
✸✇❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❢♦r❝❡❞ ✉s t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t ❢✉♥❝t♦rs✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ t✉r♥ ♠❛❞❡ ✉s ❧♦♦❦ ❛t ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s✳ ✭▼❆❈ ▲❆◆❊✱ ✶✾✾✻✿ ✶✸✻ ❛♣✉❞ ▲❆◆❉❘❨ ❡ ▼❆❘◗❯■❙✱ ✷✵✵✺✿ ✷✮
✹✭✳✳✳✮ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❛♥ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r② ♦♥❡❀ ♦✉r ❜❛s✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧❧②
✶✳✶ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✶✻
P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛r✐❛♠ ❡st❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✏✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛✑ ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❛①✐♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s❀ ❛♣ós ♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✺✻ ❡ ✶✾✺✼✱ ♣❛ss❛r✐❛♠ ❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❧❡❣ít✐♠❛ ❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✳
▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡ ❡ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r❡♠ ❡♠ ✶✾✹✺ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛♠ t❡r ✏♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞♦s t♦♣♦❧✲ ♦❣✐st❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✉ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✑✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦ ❛✜r♠❛✈❛♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❛ ✏✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♠❛s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✑✺✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✺✵✱ ♦s r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ●r♦t❤❡♥❞✐❡❝❦ ❡ ❑❛♥ ❝♦♥❝❡❞❡r✐❛♠ à t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♦ ♠❡r❡❝✐❞♦ st❛t✉s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❛✈❡r❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✻✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ▼✳ ❑❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ ♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r ❛❞❥✉♥t♦ à t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✳ ❖ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛✈❛ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❤♦♠♦tó♣✐❝❛✱ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦✱ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❤♦♠♦tó♣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛✳ ❉❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦✱ ❑❛♥ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✉ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ✉s❛r ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r ❛❞❥✉♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥✐✜❝❛r ✈ár✐♦s ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✺✽✱ ♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✉♥✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❡st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❋✉♥❝t♦rs ■♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❈✳❙✳❙✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❡s✻✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ s♦✲ ❜r❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s✱ ❑❛♥ ❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❆❞❥♦✐♥t ❋✉♥❝t♦rs✼ tr❛t❛♥❞♦✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r❡s ❛❞❥✉♥t♦s✳ ❋♦✐ ❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ q✉❡ ❑❛♥ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥t♦r ❛❞❥✉♥t♦ ❡r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦✉tr❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s à t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❡ ❝♦❧✐♠✐t❡✽✳
❊♠ ✶✾✺✼✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ●r♦t❤❡♥❞✐❡❝❦ ✭✶✾✷✽✕ ✮ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛r ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❊✐❧❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡ ▼❛❝ ▲❛♥❡✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s à á❧❣❡❜r❛
✺♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛ ❤❛♥❞② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐sts ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ♦✛❡r❡❞ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ✈✐❡✇
♦❢ ♣❛rts ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✭✳✳✳✮ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t❤❡♥ r❡❣❛r❞ ✐t ❛s ❛ ✜❡❧❞ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❡✛♦rt✱ ❜✉t ❥✉st ❛s ❛ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ✭▼❆❈ ▲❆◆❊✱ ✶✾✽✽✿ ✸✸✹✲✸✸✺ ❛♣✉❞ ▲❆◆❉❘❨ ❡ ▼❆❘◗❯■❙✱ ✷✵✵✺✿ ✸✮
✻P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✿ ❑❆◆✱ ❉✳ ❋✉♥❝t♦rs ■♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❈✳❙✳❙✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❡s ✐♥ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✲
✐❝❛♥ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✽✼✱ ✶✾✺✽✿ ✸✸✵✲✸✹✻✳
✼P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✿ ❑❆◆✱ ❉✳ ❆❞❥♦✐♥t ❋✉♥❝t♦rs ✐♥ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧
❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✽✼✱ ✶✾✺✽✿ ✷✾✹✲✸✷✾✳
✽P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❡ ❝♦❧✐♠✐t❡✿ ❆❲❖❉❊❨✱ ❙t❡✈❡✳ ❈❛t❡❣♦r② ❚❤❡♦r②✳
