Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s
Pró✲❘❡✐t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦
❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖❙ ❍❊❯❘❮❙❚■❈❖❙ ❍❮❇❘■❉❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❖ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ❉❊ ❙❊◗❯❊◆❈■❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❊▼ ▼➪◗❯■◆❆❙ P❆❘❆▲❊▲❆❙ ◆➹❖✲❘❊▲❆❈■❖◆❆❉❆❙ ❈❖▼ ❚❊▼P❖❙ ❉❊
P❘❊P❆❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❊P❊◆❉❊◆❚❊❙ ❉❆ ❙❊◗❯✃◆❈■❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❆❧✉♥♦✿ ▼❛t❤❡✉s ◆♦❤r❛ ❍❛❞❞❛❞
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ▼❛r❝♦♥❡ ❏❛♠✐❧s♦♥ ❋r❡✐t❛s ❙♦✉③❛ ❈♦✲❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❍❛r♦❧❞♦ ●❛♠❜✐♥✐ ❙❛♥t♦s
Catalogação: sisbin@sisbin.ufop.br H126a Haddad, Matheus Nohra.
Algoritmos heurísticos híbridos para o problema de seqüenciamento em máquinas paralelas não-relacionadas com tempos de preparação dependentes da sequência [manuscrito] / Matheus Nohra Haddad – 2012.
xii, 75 f.: il. color.; grafs.; tabs.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcone Jamilson Freitas Souza. Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Haroldo Gambini Santos.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas. Departamento de Computação. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Área de concentração:Ciência da Computação
1. Algoritmos - Teses. 2. Programação heurística - Teses. 3. Processamento seqüencial (Computação) - Teses. 4. Programação paralela (Computação) - Teses. 5. otimização combinatória - Teses. I. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. II. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❆❧♦✐s✐♦ ❡ ❑✐❦❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣❛ss❛❞❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❚❤❛✐s ❡ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ✉♥✐ã♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛✈ós ❘❛✜❝❦ ✭❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✮ ❡ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ■✈♦ ❡ ▲❛✐❧❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r tr❛♥s✲ ♠✐t✐❞♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
➚ ❈❧á✉❞✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r ❛♣❛✲ r❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✳
❆♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❖✉r♦ Pr❡t♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❙❛♠✉❡❧✱ ■❣♦r✱ ❚❤❛✐s✱ P❛❜❧♦✱ ❙❛❜✐r✱ ❆❦✐♥❛s❡✱ ❑✉r✉♠✐♥✱ ▲❛r✐ss❛✱ P❡r✉❜♦②✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ❡s✲ t❛✈❛♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳
❆♦s ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ t❛❧ ❢❡✐t♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❋r❡❞✱ ❆❧❡✲ ①❛♥❞r❡✱ ❍❛r♦❧❞♦ ♣♦r s❛♥❛r ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡✳
❆♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ▼❛r❝♦♥❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s♣♦♥✲ s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳
❆♦s ✐♥s❡♣❛rá✈❡✐s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❞❡❧ ❘❡✐✱ ▲✉❝❛s✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧✲ ❧♦♥✐✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❇❡r♥❛r❞♦✱ ❆t❡♠✐r ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ❇❡❝♦ ❞❛ ▼ã❡ ❈❤✐❝❛✱ ❇♦❜ ❡ ❇r❡♥♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡ t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ♠❡✉s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s✳
❆ t♦❞❛s ✐♥❞✐❣♥❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ■♥❞✐❣♥❛çã♦ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ót✐♠♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ♥ã♦✲ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❯♥r❡✲ ❧❛t❡❞ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❙❡t✉♣ ❚✐♠❡s✱ ♦✉ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❯P▼❙P❙❚✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❤á ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✳ ❉❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❡ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✳ ❖ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à ❝❧❛ss❡ ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✱ sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s três ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐✲ ♠❡✐r♦✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ■❱P✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ■t❡r❛t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✭■▲❙✮✱ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ✭❱◆❉✮ ❡ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✭P❘✮✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ●■❱P✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✭●❘❆❙P✮✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣✉❧♦s♦✳ ❖ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ●■❱▼P✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❡♠ três ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✿ ❛ ❢❛s❡ P❘ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♠✐①❡❞ r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❜❛❝❦✇❛r❞ r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♦ ❱◆❉ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛❀ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ●■❱▼P ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❈P▲❊❳ ✶✷✳✶ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊st❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡❞♦r é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s à ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♠✐st❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ❆ss✐♠étr✐❝♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳ P❛r❛ t❡st❛r ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✲t❡st❡ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●■❱▼P✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❡st❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s s❡✐s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✲t❡st❡ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❞♦ ●■❱▼P s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦s ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✲t❡st❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ●■❱▼P t❡♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ♠❛s s✉♣❡✲ r✐♦r ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♦✉tr♦s três✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✱ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳
P❆▲❆❱❘❆❙✲❈❍❆❱❊✿ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✱ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✱ ■t❡r❛✲ t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤✱ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ❱◆❉✱ ●❘❆❙P✱ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s t❤❡ ❯♥r❡❧❛t❡❞ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❙❡t✉♣ ❚✐♠❡s✱ ♦r ❥✉st ❯P▼❙P❙❚✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❥♦❜s ❛♥❞ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❥♦❜ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✳ ●✐✈❡♥ t✇♦ ❥♦❜s✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ s❡t✉♣ t✐♠❡ t❤❛t ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡✐r s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✉s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s t♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✱ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ✐s ♦❢t❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ✐♥❞✉str✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ t❤❡ ◆P✲❤❛r❞ ❝❧❛ss✳ ❆✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ✐ts r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ t❤r❡❡ ❤②❜r✐❞ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ■❱P✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡s t❤❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ■t❡r❛t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✭■▲❙✮✱ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ✭❱◆❉✮ ❛♥❞ P❛t❤ r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✭P❘✮✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ●■❱P✱ ❞✐✛❡rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡ ●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✭●❘❆❙P✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❜② ❛ ❣r❡❡❞② ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ●■❱▼P✱ ❞✐✛❡rs ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ str❛t❡❣✐❡s✿ t❤❡ ♣❤❛s❡ P❘ ✉s❡s t❤❡ str❛t❡❣② ♠✐①❡❞ r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦✇❛r❞ r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞s t❤❛t ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❱◆❉ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ r❛♥❞♦♠ ♦r❞❡r ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ❝❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ✐♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♦r❞❡r❀ ✜♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ●■❱▼P ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ s❡❛r❝❤ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❜② ❈P▲❊❳ ✶✷✳✶ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ s♦❧✈❡r✳ ❚❤✐s s♦❧✈❡r ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♦♥❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦tt❧❡♥❡❝❦ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡s ❛ ♠✐①❡❞ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❆s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❚r❛✈❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s♠❛♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ s♣❛❝❡✱ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ t❡st t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✱ t✇♦ s❡ts ♦❢ t❡st ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧❧② t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ♦♥ ❛ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ●■❱▼P ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✇❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s✐① ♦t❤❡r ✐♥ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ t✇♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❡t ♦❢ t❡st ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉r ♦t❤❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❡t ✐t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✐t② ♦❢ ●■❱▼P ♦♥ t✇♦ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❧♦✇❡r r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♥❡✇ ❜❡st s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❡t ♦❢ t❡st ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐t ✇❛s s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●■❱▼P ✐s ❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✱ ❜✉t ❤✐❣❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r t❤r❡❡✳ ■t ✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤✐s s❡❝♦♥❞ s❡t ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ❜✉t ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡st ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦✉♥❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♠♣❡❞❡s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ r♦❜✉st♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ✉♥r❡❧❛t❡❞ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣✱ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✱ ■t❡r❛t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡✲ ❛r❝❤✱ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ❱◆❉✱ ●❘❆❙P✱ s❡t✉♣ t✐♠❡s
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✺
✷✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ◆ã♦✲❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s
❝♦♠ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✸ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✾
✸✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ s❡♠ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ▼á✲
q✉✐♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✷ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❘✉✐③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✸ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❈♦♥str✉t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✹ ▼❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✹✳✶ ■t❡r❛t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✹✳✷ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✹✳✸ ●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✺ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✷✻ ✹✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■❱P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●■❱P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●■❱▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✹ ▼ó❞✉❧♦s ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❤♦rt❡st Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ P❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ●✉❧♦s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹✳✹ ❇✉s❝❛s ▲♦❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹✳✺ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ❝♦♠ ❖r❞❡♠ ❊st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✹✳✻ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ❝♦♠ ❖r❞❡♠ ❆❧❡❛tór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✹✳✼ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✹✳✽ P❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✹✳✾ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✹✳✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ■♥t❡✐r❛ ▼✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✹✾
✺✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s✲t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✳✶ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❱❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❘✉✐③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✳✷ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❘❛❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✸ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❱❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❘✉✐③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✹ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❘❛❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✻✸
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✻✻
❆ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✼✵
❇ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ✼✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✹✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ❞♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ P❈❱❆ ❝♦♠ ♦ P❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✶ ❇♦①♣❧♦t ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❘P❉s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ■❱P✱ ●■❱P ❡
●■❱▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ✲ ■❴✶✵✵❴✶✵❴❙❴✶✲✶✷✹❴✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✸ ❇♦①♣❧♦t ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❘P❉s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❆✶✱ ●❆✷ ❡
●■❱▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❚✉❦❡② ❍❙❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✺ ❇♦①♣❧♦t ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s RP Dbest ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ▼❡t❛✲❘❛P❙✱ ❆❈❖✱
❘❙❆✱ ▼❱◆❉ ❡ ●■❱▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✶ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❈♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ ●✉❧♦s❛ ✲ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❉❡s❝✐❞❛ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸ ■t❡r❛t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✲ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ✲ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✺ ●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✲ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✻ ❋❛s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ●❘❆❙P ✲ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✼ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✲ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✽ ▼✐①❡❞ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✲ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✾ ■❱P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✵ ●■❱P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✶✶ ●■❱▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✶✷ ❣❡r❛❙♦❧✉❝❛♦❆❙P❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✸ ❣❡r❛❙♦❧✉❝❛♦P❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡●✉❧♦s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✹ ❜✉s❝❛▲♦❝❛❧▼■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✶✺ ❜✉s❝❛▲♦❝❛❧■▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✻ ❜✉s❝❛▲♦❝❛❧❊▼❋✐rst ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✼ ❜✉s❝❛▲♦❝❛❧❊▼❇❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✶✽ ❱◆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✶✾ ❘❱◆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✵ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❝❛♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✶ ❇❦P❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✷ ▼①P❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✸ ❜✉s❝❛▲♦❝❛❧P■▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ▼✶ ❡ ▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ▼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ▼✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✺✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■❱P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●■❱P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●■❱▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✹ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞♦s ❉❡s✈✐♦s P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛✐s ❘❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ✭RP Davg✮ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
●❆✶✱ ●❆✷ ❡ ●■❱▼P ❝♦♠ t= 10,30,50 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❚✉❦❡② ❍❙❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✻ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞♦sRP Dbest ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ▼❡t❛✲❘❛P❙✱ ❆❈❖✱ ❘❙❆✱ ▼❱◆❉
❡ ●■❱▼P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ❇✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ●■❱▼P ♥❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❙❝❤❡✲
❞✉❧✐♥❣❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❇✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ●■❱▼P ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s
❡♠ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❝♦♠ t ❂ ✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❇✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ●■❱▼P ♥❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❙❖❆
✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ t ❂ ✶✵✱ ✸✵ ❡ ✺✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❇✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ●■❱▼P ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s
❡♠ ❙❖❆ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ t ❂ ✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❇✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ●■❱▼P ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s
❡♠ ❙❖❆ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ t ❂ ✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❇✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ●■❱▼P ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s
❡♠ ❙❖❆ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ t ❂ ✺✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❈❖ ❆♥t ❈♦❧♦♥② ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆r♥❛♦✉t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❆◆❖❱❆ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❱❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ✲ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛
❆❙P❚ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❤♦rt❡st Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡
●❆✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❱❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❘✉✐③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ●❆✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❱❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❘✉✐③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ●❆❉P ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈❤❛♥❣ ❡ ❈❤❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ●■❱▼P ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ●❘❆❙P✱ ■▲❙✱ ❱◆❉✱ P■▼ ❡ P❘ ●■❱P ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ●❘❆❙P✱ ■▲❙✱ ❱◆❉ ❡ P❘
●❘❆❙P ●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ■▲❙ ■t❡r❛t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤
■❱P ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ■▲❙✱ ❱◆❉ ❡ P❘ ▲❈ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t❛s
▲❇ ▲♦✇❡r ❇♦✉♥❞ ✲ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ■♥❢❡r✐♦r ▲❘❈ ▲✐st❛ ❘❡str✐t❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s
▼❡t❛✲❘❛P❙ ▼❡t❛✲❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❢♦r ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ Pr✐♦r✐t② ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❘❛✲ ❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮
P❈❱❆ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ❆ss✐♠étr✐❝♦
P❍ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❍❡❧❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ P■▼ ▼✐①❡❞ ■♥t❡❣❡r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ■♥t❡✐r❛ ▼✐st❛ P▼❙P Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s P❘ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣
P❙▼ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❘P❉ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ P❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ❉❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✲ ❉❡s✈✐♦ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈♦
RP Davg ❉❡s✈✐♦ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ▼é❞✐♦
RP Dbest ❉❡s✈✐♦ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈♦ à ▼❡❧❤♦r ❙♦❧✉çã♦
❘❙❆ ❘❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❆♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❨✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❘❱◆❉ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t
❙❆❉P ❙✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❆♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈❤❛♥❣ ❡ ❈❤❡♥ ✭✷✵✶✶✮
❙❆P ❙❤♦rt❡st ❆❞❥✉st❡❞ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❘❛❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❙▲ ❙♠❛❧❧❡st ▲♦❛❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❘❛❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮
❙❙❇✶ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❛r✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
❯P▼❙P❙❚ ❯♥r❡❧❛t❡❞ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❉❡♣❡♥✲ ❞❡♥t ❙❡t✉♣ ❚✐♠❡s ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ◆ã♦✲ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❉❡♣❡♥t❡❞❡s ❞❛ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❱◆❉ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ❱◆❙ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❙❡❛r❝❤
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s ❡stá s❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✳ ❚❛❧ ❢❛t♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ à ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡ t❡r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ t❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s✳
P❧❛♥❡❥❛r ♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✲ t❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡❥❛ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❚❛✐s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s✱ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡s ❡ ♥ã♦✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ❞✐t❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐✲ ❝❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ é ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦✱ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥ã♦✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ♥ã♦✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ t❡♠✲ ♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês ❯♥r❡❧❛t❡❞ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❙❡t✉♣ ❚✐♠❡s✮✱ ♦✉ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❯P▼❙P❙❚✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡r t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❡stã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡♠ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❡stã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ t❡♠ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ t❛♥t♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ❚❡ór✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r à ❝❧❛ss❡ ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s tê①t❡✐s ✭P❡r❡✐r❛ ▲♦♣❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ót✐♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ❡♠ t❡♠✲ ♣♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡str✐t♦s✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛✳ ◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❊st❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ❞❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❛❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❡ ❱❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❘✉✐③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❡stã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
✶✳✵ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚✳ ❊♠ ❘❛❜❛❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛ r❛♥❞ô♠✐❝❛ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ♠❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✐❞❡✐❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛♦ ●r❡❡❞② ❘❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✕ ●❘❆❙P ✭❋❡♦ ❡ ❘❡s❡♥❞❡✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❊♠ ❱❛❧❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❘✉✐③ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭❍♦❧❧❛♥❞✱ ✶✾✼✺❀ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❜✉s❝❛s ❧♦❝❛✐s ✏❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛s✑✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✲t❡st❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚✱ ♦ ♣r✐✲ ♠❡✐r♦ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ❡♠ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❡ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❙❖❆ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳
❇❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡ ♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✲t❡st❡ ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♦❜t❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧✳ ❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚✱ ♦✉ ♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ é ♦ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✳
❈♦♠ ❡ss❡ ✐♥t✉✐t♦✱ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s três ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ q✉❡ r❡ú♥❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♠❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❞❡s❝❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r s✐ só✱ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ■❱P ❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♦ ■t❡r❛t❡❞ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✕ ■▲❙ ✭▲♦✉r❡♥ç♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ■▲❙✱ ♦t✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ s✉❜♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❣❡r❛✲ çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣✉❧♦s❛ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❙❤♦rt❡st Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡ ✕ ❆❙P❚✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣❛t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❙❤♦rt❡st Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡ ✕ ❙P❚ ✭❇❛❦❡r✱ ✶✾✼✹✮✳ ◆❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡①✲ ♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❉❡s❝❡♥t ✕ ❱◆❉ ✭▼❧❛❞❡♥♦✈✐❝ ❡ ❍❛♥s❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ❜✉s❝❛s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞♦ ■▲❙✳ ❊st❛s ❜✉s❝❛s ❧♦❝❛✐s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr♦❝❛s ❡ ✐♥s❡rçõ❡s ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ P❛t❤ ❘❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✕ P❘ ✭●❧♦✈❡r✱ ✶✾✾✻✮ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛♥❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡♥tr❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ P❘ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❛❝❦✇❛r❞ r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥stró✐ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✏♠❡❧❤♦r✑ ❛té ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✏♣✐♦r✑✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❡ ●■❱P✱ é ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✭■❱P✮ ❛♦ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❣✉❧♦s❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣✉❧♦s❛✳ ◆❡st❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ●❘❆❙P✳ ❆♦ ❢❛③❡r ✐st♦✱ ✈✐s❛✲s❡ ❛ ♦❜t❡r✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❣❡r❛❞❛s t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣✉❧♦s❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳ ❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❣✉❧♦s❛s ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❛ ót✐♠♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s❀ ❥á ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✸ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✭♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✮✳ ❖t✐♠✐③❛r ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♥♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛✐①❡✐r♦ ❱✐❛❥❛♥t❡ ❆ss✐♠étr✐❝♦ ✭P❈❱❆✮✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P■▼ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ●■❱▼P é ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ P❈❱❆✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♠♦✲ ❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ●■❱▼P é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❱◆❉ s❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❜✉s❝❛s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❛❝❦✇❛r❞ r❡✲ ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♣❡❧❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♠✐①❡❞ r❡❧✐♥❦✐♥❣✳ ❚❛❧ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❞♦✐s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✱ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ❖ ✜♠ ❞❡ss❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ P❘ s❡ ❞á q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡q✉✐❞✐st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ♥ã♦✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❯P▼❙P❙❚✮✳ ❚❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ r♦❜✉st♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
P❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ tr❛t❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲
♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦s❀
• ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐s✲
t✐♥t❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦❀
• ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✲t❡st❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r
♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛❀
• ❉✐✈✉❧❣❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✹ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦s s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s sã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s✳
Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚✱ sã♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s tê①t❡✐s✱ q✉í♠✐❝❛s✱ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛ ✐♥st✐❣❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
◆♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ t❡♠ ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❚❛❧ ❢❛t♦ ✐♥❞✉③ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥á✲❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳
✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛
◆❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐✲ ♥❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✱ P▼❙P ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✮✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✱ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲ ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ◆ã♦✲❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❯P▼❙P❙❚✮✱ q✉❡ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s P❛✲
r❛❧❡❧❛s
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✭P▼❙P✱ ❞❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês ❞❡ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✮ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡♠ ▼❝◆❛✉❣❤t♦♥ ✭✶✾✺✾✮ ❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❡❧❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳
❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡r ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♣ré✲✜①❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ só ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ s❛❜❡r ❡♠ q✉❛❧ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ s❡rá ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❡ss❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳
❖s P▼❙Ps sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ três ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ✭❈❤❡♥❣ ❡ ❙✐♥✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✿ ♠áq✉✐✲ ♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s✱ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡s ❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ♥ã♦✲ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ◆❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s✱ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳ ❏á ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✉♥✐❢♦r✲ ♠❡s✱ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ♥ã♦✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳
❖✉tr❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s P▼❙Ps s❡ ❞á q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈❤❡♥❣ ❡ ❙✐♥ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✿
✭❛✮ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦✿
✭✐✮ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦✳ ✭✐✐✮ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦✳
✭✐✐✐✮ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦✱ ♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✳ ✭❜✮ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛✿
✷✳✷ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ✻ ✭✐✮ ▲❛t❡♥❡ss t♦t❛❧ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♦✉ ❧❛t❡♥❡ss ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳
✭✐✐✮ ▲❛t❡♥❡ss ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳
✭✐✐✐✮ ❆tr❛s♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♦✉ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✭✐✈✮ ❆tr❛s♦ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦✳
✭✈✮ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✭❝✮ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✿
✭✐✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♦✉ ✢✉①♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✭✐✐✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦✳
✷✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s P❛✲
r❛❧❡❧❛s ◆ã♦✲❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ Pr❡✲
♣❛r❛çã♦ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
◆♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ♥ã♦✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ t❡♠✲ ♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❯P▼❙P❙❚✮ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ N = {1, ..., n} ❞❡ n t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ M = {1, ..., m} ❞❡ m ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✿
✭❛✮ ❈❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♣♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛❀ ✭❜✮ ❈❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ j ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ pjk q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛
k ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡rá ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛✳ P♦r ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✱ ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s sã♦ ❞✐t❛s ♥ã♦✲ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s❀
✭❝✮ ❊①✐st❡♠ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ Sijk✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ k r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛
♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❝✉❥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s i ❡ j s❡rã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛s✱ ♥❡st❛ ♦r❞❡♠✳ ❚❛✐s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ sã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✳ ❆ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡Sijk 6=Sjik ❡ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡Sijk6=Sijh✱ ♦♥❞❡hé ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛❀
✭❞✮ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t❛✲ r❡❢❛✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r S0jk✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ 0 ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✜❝tí❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥✉❧♦ ✭p0k = 0✮✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛sn t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❛s m ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❡st❡✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦✳ ❊ss❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ é ♦ ❝❤❛✲ ♠❛❞♦ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✱ ❞❡♥♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r Cmax✳ P❡❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝✐t❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚
é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r RM | Sijk | Cmax ✭●r❛❤❛♠ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✼✾✮✳ ◆❡st❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦
RM ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♥ã♦✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ Sijk ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡ Cmax ♦
♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥✳
❖ P▼❙P ❝♦♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s ❡ s❡♠ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✭PM||Cmax✮ ♣❡r✲
✷✳✷ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ ✼ ❡ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✾✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❯P▼❙P❙❚ é ✉♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ PM||Cmax✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❡❧❡
t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à ❝❧❛ss❡ ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳
P❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ t♦♠❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ s❡t❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ❞✉❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ ❝♦♥té♠ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s✲ s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❛s ❞✉❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛s ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✷✳✷ ❡ ✷✳✸ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❡ss❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ▼✶ ❡ ▼✷
▼✶ ▼✷ ✶ ✷✵ ✹ ✷ ✷✺ ✷✶ ✸ ✷✽ ✶✹ ✹ ✶✼ ✸✷ ✺ ✹✸ ✸✽
✻ ✾ ✷✸
✼ ✺✽ ✺✷
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ ❡stã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ◆❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ▼✶ ❡ ▼✷ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ▼✶ ❡ ▼✷✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ▼✶
▼✶ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼
✶ ✷ ✶ ✽ ✶ ✸ ✾ ✻
✷ ✹ ✼ ✻ ✸ ✼ ✽ ✹
✸ ✼ ✸ ✹ ✷ ✸ ✺ ✸
✹ ✸ ✽ ✸ ✺ ✺ ✷ ✷
✺ ✽ ✸ ✼ ✾ ✻ ✺ ✼
✻ ✽ ✽ ✶ ✷ ✷ ✶ ✾
✼ ✶ ✹ ✺ ✷ ✸ ✺ ✶
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ❞❛s ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✷✳✷ ❡ ✷✳✸ ❡stã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦str❛ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✸ ❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ✸ ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✸✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✸ ♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ▼✷✱ S032 = 4✳ ❖s ♦✉tr♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s
t❛❜❡❧❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❥á ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ s❡rá ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✺ ❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ✹ ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✷ ❡stá ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♥❡✲ ❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✹ ❛♣ós t❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✺ ♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ▼✶✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❡st❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r S541= 9✳
