P a n A m e r i c a n H e a l t h O r g a n i s a t i o n
i n t h e A m e r i c a s
1 9 7 7 - 1 9 8 0
S c i e n t i f i c P u b l i c a t i o n N o . 4 2 7
P A N A M E R I C A N H E A L T H O R G A N I Z A T I O N P a n A m e r i c a n S a n i t a r y B u r e a u , R e g i o n a l O f f i c e o f t h e
W O R L D H E A L T H O R G A N I Z A T I O N 5 2 5 T w e n t y - T h i r d S t r e e t , N . W .
W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 0 3 7 , U S A
IS B N 9 2 7 5 3 1 4 2 7 6
IS B N 9 2 75 1 1 4 2 7 7
© P a n A m e r ic a n H e a lt h O r g a n iz a tio n , 1982
P u b lic a tio n s o f th e P a n A m e r ic a n H e a lt h O r g a n iz a tio n e n jo y c o p y r ig h t p r o te c tio n in a c c o rd a n c e w i t h th e p r o v i sions o f P r o to c o l 2 o f th e U n iv e rs a l C o p y r ig h t C o n v e n tio n . F o r r ig h ts o f r e p r o d u c t io n o r t r a n s la t io n o f P A H O p u b lic a tio n s , in p a r t o r
in toto,
a p p lic a t io n s h o u ld b e m a d e t o th e O ff ic e o f P u b lic a tio n s , P a n A m e r ic a n H e a lt h O r g a n iz a tio n , W a s h in g to n , D . C . T h e P a n A m e r ic a n H e a lt h O r g a n iz a tio n w e lc o m e s s u c h a p p lic a tio n s .T h e d e s ig n a tio n s e m p lo y e d a n d th e p re s e n ta tio n o f th e m a t e r ia l in th is p u b lic a t io n d o n o t im p ly th e exp ression o f a n y o p in io n w h a ts o e v e r o n th e p a r t o f th e S e c re ta r ia t o f th e P a n A m e r ic a n H e a lt h O r g a n iz a tio n c o n c e rn in g th e le g a l s ta tu s o f a n y c o u n t r y , t e r r it o r y , c it y , o r a re a o f its a u th o r itie s , o r c o n c e rn in g th e d e lim it a t io n o f its f r o n t ie r s o r b o u n d a rie s .
F O R E W O R D ... ix
I N T R O D U C T I O N ... x i C H A P T E R I . D E M O G R A P H I C A N D S O C I O E C O N O M I C B A C K G R O U N D ... 1
I n t r o d u c t i o n ... 1
P o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h ... 2
U r b a n - r u r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n ... 3
A g e a n d s e x s t r u c t u r e ... 4
M i g r a t i o n ... 5
D e n s i t y ... 9 L i t e r a c y ... 1 0 D e p e n d e n c y ... 1 1 E c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d t h e l a b o r f o r c e ... 1 1 F o o d a n d n u t r i t i o n ... 1 6
C H A P T E R I I . H E A L T H S T A T U S M E A S U R E S : T O T A L P O P U L A T I O N ... 1 7
I n t r o d u c t i o n ... 1 7 H e a l t h t r e n d s ... 1 7 L i f e e x p e c t a n c y ... 1 7 G e n e r a l m o r t a l i t y ... 2 1 C r u d e d e a t h r a t e s ... 2 1 A g e - s p e c i f i c d e a t h r a t e s ... 2 1 A g e - a d j u s t e d d e a t h r a t e s ... 2 2 M o r t a l i t y b y c a u s e ... 2 2 F e r t i l i t y ... 2 8 S p e c i f i c h e a l t h p r o b l e m s ... 3 0
D i s e a s e s s u b j e c t t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l H e a l t h R e g u l a t i o n s
( s m a l l p o x , c h o l e r a , p l a g u e , a n d y e l l o w f e v e r ) ... 3 0 S m a l l p o x ... 3 0 C h o l e r a ... 3 0 P l a g u e ... 3 1 Y e l l o w F e v e r ... 3 3 P a r a s i t i c d is e a s e s ( m a l a r i a , C h a g a s ’ d i s e a s e , l e i s h m a n i a s i s ,
a n d s c h i s t o s o m i a s i s ) ... 3 4 M a l a r i a ... 3 4 E r a d i c a t i o n p r o g r a m ... 3 4 C h a g a s ’ d i s e a s e ... 3 5 L e i s h m a n i a s i s ... 3 7 S c h i s t o s o m i a s i s ... 3 7 O t h e r c o m m u n i c a b l e d i s e a s e s ... 3 8 D e n g u e ... 3 8 L o u s e - b o r n e t y p h u s ... 3 9 L o u s e - b o r n e r e l a p s i n g f e v e r ... 3 9 H e p a t i t i s ... 3 9 T u b e r c u l o s i s ... 4 0 L e p r o s y ... 4 3 T y p h o i d f e v e r ... 4 4
N o n - c o m m u n i c a b l e c h r o n i c d i s e a s e s ... 4 6 C a r d i o v a s c u l a r d i s e a s e ... 4 6 D i a b e t e s m e l l i t u s ... 5 3 M a l i g n a n t n e o p l a s m s ... 5 5 A c c i d e n t s , s u i c i d e s , a n d h o m i c i d e s ... 6 4 A c c i d e n t s ... 6 4 S u i c i d e s ... 6 4 H o m i c i d e s ... 6 8
C H A P T E R I I I . H E A L T H S T A T U S M E A S U R E S : S P E C I A L P O P U L A T I O N
G R O U P S ... 6 9
I n t r o d u c t i o n ... 6 9 I n f a n t s a n d c h i l d r e n ... 6 9 S p e c i f i c h e a l t h p r o b l e m s ... 7 9 D i s e a s e s p r e v e n t a b l e b y v a c c i n a t i o n ... 7 9 M e a s l e s ... 8 1 P o l i o m y e l i t i s ... 8 4 D i p h t h e r i a ... 8 7 W h o o p i n g c o u g h ... 8 9 T e t a n u s ... 9 2 A c u t e r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n s ... 9 5 D i a r r h e a l d i s e a s e s ... 9 8 M a l n u t r i t i o n ... 1 0 2 Y o u t h ... 1 0 3 W o m e n ... 1 0 4 G e n e r a l m o r t a l i t y t r e n d s ... 1 0 6 M a t e r n a l m o r t a l i t y t r e n d s ... 1 0 6 C a u s e s o f m a t e r n a l d e a t h ... 1 0 9 M a t e r n a l n u t r i t i o n ... 1 1 8 W o m e n i n h e a l t h o c c u p a t i o n s ... 1 2 1 T h e E l d e r l y ... 1 2 1
C H A P T E R I V . H E A L T H R E S O U R C E S ... 1 2 4
I n t r o d u c t i o n ... 1 2 4 H e a l t h e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ... 1 2 4 H o s p i t a l s ... 1 2 4 O u t p a t i e n t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ... 1 2 7 H u m a n r e s o u r c e s ... 1 3 2 P h y s i c i a n s ... 1 3 3 N u r s e s ... 1 3 6 D e n t i s t s ... 1 4 2 V e t e r i n a r i a n s ... 1 4 3 O t h e r p e r s o n n e l ... 1 4 4
C H A P T E R V . U T I L I Z A T I O N O F H E A L T H S E R V I C E S ... 1 4 5
I n t r o d u c t i o n ... 1 4 5 H e a l t h s e r v i c e s c o v e r a g e ... 1 4 5 H e a l t h s e r v i c e s u t i l i z a t i o n ... 1 4 6 H o s p i t a l u t i l i z a t i o n ... 1 4 6
C H A P T E R V I . D E V E L O P M E N T O F T H E H E A L T H I N F R A S T R U C T U R E ... 1 5 6
H e a l t h s e r v i c e s s y s t e m s ... 1 5 6 E x p a n s i o n o f t h e i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y ... 1 5 6 P l a n n i n g a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ... 1 5 8
C H A P T E R V I I . E N V I R O N M E N T A L H E A L T H ... 1 5 9
I n t r o d u c t i o n ... 1 5 9 W a t e r s u p p l y a n d s a n i t a t i o n ... 1 5 9 S o l i d w a s t e s ... 1 6 4 F o o d p r o t e c t i o n ... 1 6 4 P o l l u t i o n ... 1 6 5 O c c u p a t i o n a l h e a l t h ... 1 6 5 H u m a n e c o l o g y a n d h e a l t h ... 1 6 6
1 Censuses in the Americas, around 1970 and 1980 ...
168
2 M idyear population estimates (in thousands) for countries in the Americas ...
169
3 Percentage distribution of population by age and sex in countries of the Americas, 1 9 8 0 ...
170
4 Percentage of the fem ale population 15-49 years of age in the Americas, by country,
1950-2000 ...
171
5 Percentage of the population under 15 years of age in the Americas, by country, 1950-2000 ...
172
Annex II
1 N um ber of deaths w ith rates per 1,000 population by country, 1960 and 1970-1980...
173
2 N um ber of deaths (ICD -8th Revision) from specific causes w ith crude and age-adjusted
death rates per 100,000 p o p u la tio n ...
175
3 N um ber of deaths (ICD -9th Revision) from specific causes w ith crude and age-adjusted
death rates per 100,000 p o p u la tio n ...
201
4 C om parison betw een the m ortality lists used in Annex Tables II-2 and I I - 3 ...
207
5 a. N um ber of deaths from all causes, by age, sex, and c o u n tr y ...
211
b. C rude, age-adjusted, and age-specific death rates per 1,000 population, by sex and country
(all causes) ...
212
C rude, age-adjusted, and age-specific death rates per 100,000 population, by sex and country
(selected c a u se s)...
214
6 a. Five leading causes of death (ICD -8th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, all
ages, by sex and country ...
270
b. Five leading causes of death (ICD -8th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 live births, children
under 1 year, by age and c o u n tr y ...
277
c. Five leading causes of death (ICD -8th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, children
1-4 years, by sex and c o u n tr y ...
283
d. Five leading causes of death (ICD -8th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, ages
5-14, by sex and c o u n try ...
288
e. Five leading causes of death (ICD -8th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, ages
15-44, by sex and c o u n try ...
293
f. Five leading causes of death (ICD -8th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, ages
45-64, by sex and c o u n try ...
299
g. Five leading causes of death (ICD -8th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, age
65 and over, by sex and c o u n tr y ...
305
7 a. Five leading causes of death (ICD -9th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, all
ages, by sex and country ...
311
b. Five leading causes of death (ICD -9th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 live births, children
under 1 year, by age and c o u n tr y ...
313
c. Five leading causes of death (ICD -9th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, children
1-4 years, by sex and c o u n tr y ...
315
d. Five leading causes of death (ICD -9th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, ages
5-14, by sex and c o u n try ...
317
e. Five leading causes of death (ICD -9th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, ages
15-44, by sex and c o u n try ...
319
f. Five leading causes of death (ICD -9th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, ages
45-64, by sex and c o u n try ...
321
g. Five leading causes of death (ICD -9th Revision) w ith rates per 100,000 population, age
65 and over, by sex and c o u n tr y ...
323
8
N um ber of live births w ith rates per 1,000 population, by country, 1960 and 1970-1980 ...
325
9
a. Reported cases of diphtheria w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country, 197 7 -1 9 8 0 ...
327
b. Reported cases of gonococcal infections w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country,
1977-1980 ...
328
c. Reported cases of infectious hepatitis w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country,
1977-1980 ...
329
d. R eported cases of leprosy w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country, 1977-1980 ...
330
e. R eported cases of m alaria w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country, 1977-1980 ...
331
f. Reported cases of measles w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country, 1977-1980 ...
332
Annex I
h. Reported cases of syphilis w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country, 1977-1980 ...
334
i. Reported cases of tetanus w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country, 1977-1980 ...
335
j. R eported cases of all forms of tuberculosis w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country,
1977-1980 ...
336
k. Reported cases of typhoid fever w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country, 1977-1980 . . . .
337
1. R eported cases of w hooping cough w ith rates per 100,000 population, by country,
1977-1980 ... ’ ... ...
338
Annex III
1
N um ber and percentage of deaths under 5 years of age, by co u n try ...
339
2
N um ber of infant deaths w ith rates per 1,000 live births, by country, 1960, 1970, and
1977-1980 ...
340
3
N um ber of deaths in children 1-4 years of age w ith rates per 1,000 population, by country,
1960, 1970, and 1977-1980 . . . .’...’...’...
341
4
N um ber of m aternal deaths w ith rates per 10,000 live births, by country, 1960 and 1970-1980 . . . .
342
Annex IV
1
Number of hospitals by type and country, around 1978 ...
344
2
N um ber of hospital beds by type of hospital, w ith ratios per 1,000 population, by country,
around 1978...
345
3
Number and percentage distribution of hospitals, by ow nership and country, around 1978 ...
346
4
N um ber and percentage distribution of hospital beds by ow nership and country, around 1978 . . . .
347
5
N um ber and percentage distribution of all types of short-stay hospitals, by size and country,
around 1978...
348
6
N um ber and percentage distribution of beds in all types of short-stav hospitals, by hospital
size and country, around 1978 ...
349
7
N um ber and percentage distribution of m inistry of health short-stay hospitals, by size and
country, around 1978 ...
350
8
N um ber and percentage distribution of beds in m inistry of health short-stay hospitals, by
hospital size and country, around 1978 ...
351
9
N um ber and percentage distribution of social security short-stay hospitals, by size and country,
around 1978...
352
10
N um ber and percentage distribution of beds in social security short-stay hospitals, by hospital
size and country, around 1978 ...
353
11
Number and percentage distribution of other public sector short-stay hospitals, by size
and country, around 1978 ...
354
12 N um ber and percentage distribution of beds in other public sector short-stay hospitals, by
size and country, around 1978 ...
355
13
N um ber and percentage distribution of private sector short-stay hospitals, by size and country,
around 1978...
356
14
N um ber and percentage distribution of beds in private sector short-stay hospitals, by hospital
size and country, around 1978 ...
357
15
N um ber of physicians, nurses, and nursing auxiliaries per 10,000 population, around 1979 ...
358
16 Physicians, nurses, nursing auxiliaries, nursing personnel, and dentists per 10,000 population,
by subregion, around 1972 and 1979 ...
359
17
D istribution of physicians by specialty an d country, around 19 7 8 ...
360
18
Nurses by m ajor function and country, around 1980 ...
361
19
Nursing auxiliaries by m ajor function and country, around 1980 ...
362
20
Professional and auxiliary health personnel, by country, around 1979 ...
363
21
Professional and auxiliary health personnel, by country, around 1979 ...
364
Annex V
1
N um ber of discharges and patient days for all hospitals and short-stay hospitals, w ith ratios
per 100 population, by country, around 1978 ...
365
2
Indices of utilization of short-stay hospitals, all types of ownership, by country, around 1978 ...
366
3
Indices of utilization of short-stav m inistry of health hospitals, by country, around 1978
...
367
4
Indices of utilization of short-stay social security hospitals, by country, around 1978 ...
368
7 Indicesof utilization of short-stay hospitals, by size of hospital and country, around 1978 ...
371
8 Percentage of children under 1 year receiving BCG, D PT , measles, and poliom yelitis vaccines,
by country, 1977 ...
372
9 Percentage of children under 1 year receiving BCG, D PT , measles, and poliom yelitis vaccines,
by country, 1978 ...
373
10 Percentage of children under 1 year receiving BCG, D PT, measles, and poliom yelitis vaccines,
by country, 1979 ...
374
11 Percentage of children under 1 year receiving BCG, D PT, measles, and poliom yelitis vaccines,
by country, 1980 ...
375
Annex V II
1 N um ber (in thousands) and percentage of the population w ith w ater supply services in L atin
Am erica, around 1979 ...
376
2 N um ber (in thousands) and percentage of the population w ith sew erage services in L atin
Am erica, around 1979 ...
377
A n n e x V I I I ( L a t e D a t a ) ... 3 7 9 1 N u m b e r o f d e a t h s f r o m s p e c i f i c c a u s e s w i t h c r u d e a n d a g e - a d j u s t e d d e a t h r a t e s p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0
p o p u l a t i o n i n B r a z i l ... .. ... 3 8 0 2 F i v e l e a d i n g c a u s e s o f d e a t h w i t h r a t e s p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n i n B r a z i l , b y a g e a n d s e x ... 3 8 2
T h i s r e p o r t o n
H e a lth C o n d itio n s in th e A m e ric a s, 1 9 7 7 -1 9 8 0
c o v e r s t h e p e r i o d o f t r a n s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e e n d o f t h e p r o g r a m s e t f o r t h i n t h e T e n - Y e a r H e a l t h P l a n f o r t h e A m e r i c a s 1 ( 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 8 0 ) a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e n e w h e m i s p h e r i c c o m m i t m e n t t o a c h i e v e h e a l t h f o r a l l b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 . A s s u c h , t h i s e i g h t h c o m p i l a t i o n o f d a t a o n t h e s t a t e o f h e a l t h i n t h e R e g i o n d e p i c t s i n s t a t i s t i c a l f o r m t h e p r o g r e s s m a d e b y M e m b e r C o u n t r i e s o f t h e P a n A m e r i c a n H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n i n c o n t r o l l i n g d i s e a s e a n d e x t e n d i n g l i f e e x p e c t a n c y . S t a r t i n g w i t h t h i s p r e m i s e , t h e D i r e c t i n g C o u n c i l o f P A H O l a u n c h e d a P l a n o f A c t i o n t o i m p l e m e n t t h e R e g i o n a l S t r a t e g i e s o f h e a l t h f o r a l l b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 . 2T h e c h a l l e n g e o f a c h i e v i n g t h e g o a l o f h e a l t h f o r a l l w i l l r e q u i r e t h e u n f l a g g i n g c o m m i t m e n t o f g o v e r n m e n t s , t h e a l l o c a t i o n o f r e q u i r e d r e s o u r c e s , a n d t h e r e f o r m a n d r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f h e a l t h s y s t e m s i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n m a x i m u m e q u i t y , e f f i c i e n c y , a n d e f f e c t i v e n e s s . A n e s s e n t i a l a n d i n n o v a t i v e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e P l a n o f A c t i o n a n d o f t h e R e g i o n a l S t r a t e g i e s i s a n e w r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f i n t e r s e c t o r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d o f f u l l c o m m u n i t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e p l a n n i n g , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e a c t i o n s t a k e n i n e a c h o f t h e s e i m p o r t a n t a r e a s w i l l d e p e n d o n t h e a d e q u a c y o f i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o d e c i s i o n - m a k e r s . S t a t i s t i c s h a v e b e e n c a l l e d t h e i n t e g e r s o f s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l a r i t h m e t i c . T h e y p r o v i d e q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n o n c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h p e r m i t s m o r e e f f e c t i v e m a n a g e m e n t o f p u b l i c a f f a i r s . I n t h e h e a l t h f i e l d a n d i n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f h e a l t h i n t o t h e p r o c e s s o f e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , i t i s i m p o r t a n t , n o w m o r e t h a n e v e r , t o h a v e a v a i l a b l e a c c u r a t e a n d c u r r e n t s t a t i s t i c s .
T h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e r i e s o f r e p o r t s s e r v e s m u l t i p l e u s e r s . I t m a k e s a v a i l a b l e t o g o v e r n m e n t s a c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y t i c t o o l f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i r o w n h e a l t h s i t u a t i o n s a n d h e a l t h s y s t e m s ; i t s e r v e s t h e P A H O G o v e r n i n g B o d i e s b y p r o v i d i n g a b a s i s f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f g o a l s a n d o b j e c t i v e s a n d a s b a c k g r o u n d f o r s e t t i n g p r i o r i t i e s f o r t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s ; a n d i t e n a b l e s o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n h e a l t h t o g e t h e r w i t h e c o n o m i c s , e m p l o y m e n t , a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , e d u c a t i o n , a n d o t h e r d a t a n e c e s s a r y f o r p r o d u c i n g a f u l l p i c t u r e o f s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n t h e R e g i o n . I n a d d i t i o n , i t o f f e r s s t u d e n t s , s c h o l a r s , a n d r e s e a r c h e r s a n i n v a l u a b l e c o m p i l a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e h e a l t h s i t u a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e s o f t h e A m e r i c a s .
T h i s r e p o r t h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o b o t h t h e T e n - Y e a r H e a l t h P l a n a n d t h e n e w d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e P l a n o f A c t i o n , a n d t h u s i n c o r p o r a t e s a s e p a r a t e s e c t i o n o n t h e h i g h - r i s k p o p u l a t i o n s d e f i n e d b y t h e P l a n , i n c l u d i n g c h i l d r e n a n d y o u t h , w o m e n , a n d t h e e l d e r l y . T h e c o m p a r a t i v e a p p r o a c h u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s e s , f i g u r e s , a n d n a r r a t i v e f o c u s e s o n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p r o g r e s s a c h i e v e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e T e n - Y e a r H e a l t h P l a n a n d o n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a b e n c h m a r k f o r t h e f u t u r e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e i m p a c t o f t h e P l a n o f A c t i o n .
'P A H O O f f ic i a l D o c u m e n t 118 (19 7 3 ).
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Health for All by the Year 2000—Plan of Action for the Implementation of Regional Strategies.
P A H O O f f ic ia l D o c u m e n t 179 (19 8 2 ).t h e m w e l l i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e i r c r u c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f f u l f i l l i n g t h e g o a l o f h e a l t h f o r a l l b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 .
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h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e X X I P a n A m e r i c a n S a n i t a r y C o n f e r e n c e . I t r e p r e s e n t s a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f a s e r i e s o f s t a t i s t i c a l i n q u i r i e s i n t o t h e c o n d i t i o n o f h e a l t h i n t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e R e g i o n i n i t i a t e d b y t h e P a n A m e r i c a n S a n i t a r y C o n f e r e n c e i n 1 9 5 4 . T h e r e p o r t s s e r v e a s a b a s i s f o r t h e p l a n n i n g , d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f h e a l t h s e r v i c e s a c t i v i t i e s a n d a s a c r u c i a l c o m p o n e n t o f d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g f o r t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n i n f u l f i l l i n g i t s r o l e o f p r o v i d i n g t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n t o M e m b e r G o v e r n m e n t s .T h i s e d i t i o n h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d a s a c r i t i c a l g u i d e l i n e i n t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f a s t a t i s t i c a l f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e P l a n o f A c t i o n f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f R e g i o n a l S t r a t e g i e s . T h e n e w f o r m a t i n c l u d e s t r a d i t i o n a l d a t a o n p o p u l a t i o n , v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s , c o m m u n i c a b l e d i s e a s e s , h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , h e a l t h m a n p o w e r , h o s p i t a l s , a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e t o p i c a l a r e a s f o r o r g a n i z i n g t h e d a t a h a v e b e e n c h o s e n t o p e r m i t a n e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p r o g r e s s m a d e i n a c h i e v i n g t h e g o a l s o f t h e T e n - Y e a r H e a l t h P l a n a n d t o p r e p a r e t h e s t a t i s t i c a l b a s i s f o r t h e m o n i t o r i n g a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e P l a n o f A c t i o n . M a j o r n e w s e c t i o n s i n c l u d e : ( 1 ) d e m o g r a p h i c a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c b a c k g r o u n d w h i c h s e r v e d a s a b a s i s f o r t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e R e g i o n a l S t r a t e g i e s ; ( 2 ) h e a l t h s t a t u s m e a s u r e s o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n ; ( 3 ) h e a l t h s t a t u s m e a s u r e s o f s p e c i a l h i g h - r i s k p o p u l a t i o n g r o u p s a s d e f i n e d b y t h e S t r a t e g i e s a n d t h e P l a n o f A c t i o n ; ( 4 ) h e a l t h r e s o u r c e s ; ( 5 ) h e a l t h s e r v i c e s u t i l i z a t i o n ; ( 6 ) d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e h e a l t h i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ; a n d ( 7 ) e n v i r o n m e n t a l h e a l t h .
T h e p a s t d e c a d e h a s w i t n e s s e d i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y o f h e a l t h i n f o r m a t i o n . R e g i s t r a t i o n o f v i t a l e v e n t s , r e p o r t s o f c o m m u n i c a b l e d i s e a s e s , d e v e l o p m e n t o f h u m a n r e s o u r c e s , a n d h e a l t h f a c i l i t y d a t a h a v e s h o w n s o m e i m p r o v e m e n t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , e x i s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m s s t i l l r e q u i r e m o d e r n i z a t i o n a n d e x p a n s i o n t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l g e o g r a p h i c a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c d e t a i l a n d t o i m p r o v e t h e a c c u r a c y , c o v e r a g e , a n d t i m e l i n e s s o f t h e d a t a . T h e s e c h a n g e s a r e v i t a l i f g o v e r n m e n t s a r e t o b e a b l e t o m a k e t h e d e c i s i o n s n e c e s s a r y t o i m p l e m e n t t h e P l a n o f A c t i o n a n d t o m o n i t o r a n d e v a l u a t e t h e r e s u l t s a n d t h e i r i m p a c t .
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A n a l y s i s o f d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e h e a l t h s t a t u s o f a p o p u l a t i o n . T h e m a g n i t u d e a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a p o p u l a t i o n , i t s a g e a n d s e x c o m p o s i t i o n , r a t e o f i n c r e a s e , a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n b y u r b a n a n d r u r a l l o c a l i t i e s a r e a l l i m p o r t a n t d e m o g r a p h i c f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e h e a l t h c o n d i t i o n s a n d n e e d s o f a c o u n t r y .
T h e h e a l t h s t a t u s o f a p o p u l a t i o n is d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l l e v e l s a t t a i n e d b y t h a t p o p u l a t i o n . A c o u n t r y w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h n a t i o n a l i n c o m e is l i k e l y t o h a v e a l o w e r i n f a n t m o r t a l i t y r a t e t h a n o n e w i t h a d e v e l o p i n g e c o n o m y . I n c o m e , e d u c a t i o n , a n d n u t r i t i o n m u s t a l l r e a c h a n e c e s s a r y t h r e s h o l d b e f o r e a n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f h e a l t h is o b t a i n e d ; t h i s u n i d i r e c t i o n a l m o d e l u l t i m a t e l y r e d u c e s m o r t a l i t y a n d m o r b i d i t y f r o m i n f e c t i o u s a n d p a r a s i t i c d i s e a s e s a n d o t h e r c a u s e s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y a m o n g c h i l d r e n u n d e r 5 y e a r s o f a g e ) , p r o l o n g s l i f e , a n d c o n t r i b u t e s t o i n c r e a s e d e c o n o m i c p r o d u c t i v i t y .
T h e s e d e m o g r a p h i c f a c t o r s o f i n c o m e , e d u c a t i o n , n u t r i t i o n , a n d a g e a r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t i n d i c a t o r s o f t h e q u a l i t y o f a p e r s o n ’s l i f e . Q u a l i t y o f l i f e w i t h i n a c o u n t r y a l s o a f f e c t s t h e p o p u l a t i o n ’s a t t i t u d e . I f i n d i v i d u a l s a r e n o t a b l e t o f i n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o i m p r o v e t h e m s e l v e s e c o n o m i c a l l y i n r u r a l a r e a s t h e y m i g r a t e i n s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r s t o l a r g e m e t r o p o l i t a n c i t i e s . I f a u n i v e r s a l g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n is n o t a p e r c e i v e d n a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e , h i g h r a t e s o f u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h a r e l i k e l y t o o c c u r b e c a u s e o f i n c r e a s e s i n f e r t i l i t y .
I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n ’s g o a l o f h e a l t h f o r a l l b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 , d e m o g r a p h i c a n d s o c i o e c o n o m i c t r e n d s m u s t b e m o n i t o r e d s i n c e t h e y a r e t h e m a j o r d e t e r m i n a n t s o f a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s i n t h is r e s p e c t . A t p r e s e n t t h e r e a r e o v e r 6 0 0 m i l l i o n p e r s o n s l i v i n g i n t h e R e g i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a s , a b o u t
4 0 p e r c e n t i n N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a a n d 6 0 p e r c e n t i n L a t i n A m e r i c a . B y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 t h e l a t t e r p o p u l a t i o n is e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e b y 6 5 p e r c e n t t o o v e r 6 0 0 m i l l i o n . T h i s w i l l r e s u l t i n a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e o f 2 . 5 p e r c e n t . H o w e v e r , l a t e p r o j e c t i o n s r e l e a s e d i n t i m e f o r i n c l u s i o n h e r e i n d i c a t e a p o s s i b l e d e c r e a s e i n t h e g r o w t h r a t e d u r i n g t h e 1 9 8 0 - 2 0 0 0 p e r i o d t o 2 . 2 . p e r c e n t . T h e r e s u l t w o u l d b e a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n u n d e r 1 5 y e a r s o f a g e a n d a c o n s e q u e n t i n c r e a s e i n g r o w t h o f t h e l a b o r f o r c e . S u c h g r o w t h i n c r e a s e w i l l r e q u i r e g r e a t e r c o m m e r c i a l i n v e s t m e n t a n d h i g h e r l e v e l s o f i n d u s t r i a l c o n s u m p t i o n i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d e m p l o y m e n t a t p r e s e n t o r h i g h e r l e v e l s . T h i s p o s s i b i l i t y e m p h a s i z e s t h e n e e d f o r a c c e l e r a t i o n i n d e v e l o p i n g s t r a t e g i e s t o e n h a n c e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e t o a n y d e s i r e d i m p r o v e m e n t s i n h e a l t h c o n d i t i o n s a n d q u a l i t y o f l i f e . P r o g r a m s c a p i t a l i z i n g o n g r e a t e r k n o w l e d g e o f s o c i o e c o n o m i c d y n a m i c s i n t h e R e g i o n w i l l r e q u i r e m o r e t i m e l y a n d a c c u r a t e d e m o g r a p h i c d a t a a n d a n a l y s e s . T h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e s e a s s e s s m e n t s a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e w i l l u l t i m a t e l y d e t e r m i n e t h e o u t c o m e o f e f f o r t s t o m e a s u r e p r o g r e s s t o w a r d P A H O ’s g o a l s . N o w , m o r e t h a n e v e r , s t a t i s t i c s a r e t h e t o o l s b y w h i c h t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n w i l l e n s u r e t h a t h e a l t h f o r a l l b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 c e a s e s t o b e a s l o g a n a n d b e c o m e s a m e a s u r a b l e r e a l i t y .
T h e m a j o r s o u r c e s o f d a t a f o r t h i s c h a p t e r a r e p u b l i c a t i o n s o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s a n d i t s s p e c i a l i z e d a g e n c i e s a s w e l l a s t h o s e o f o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . A s w i t h a n y t y p e o f e s t i m a t e a n d p r o j e c t i o n , a l l d a t a a r e s u b j e c t t o e r r o r . I n c o r r e c t a s s u m p t i o n s m a y b e m a d e w h e n c a l c u l a t i n g p r o j e c t i o n s , c e r t a i n i n d i c e s m a y n o t r e f e r t o a n e n t i r e c o u n t r y , a n d d i f f e r e n c e s i n d e f i n i t i o n s m a y v a r y w i t h i n a n d b e t w e e n c o u n t r i e s .
D e m o g r a p h i c d a t a r e q u i r e d f o r a s s e s s m e n t s a n d p r o j e c t i o n s a r e n o r m a l l y o b t a i n e d f o r m o s t c o u n t r i e s f r o m c e n s u s r e s u l t s a t 1 0 - y e a r i n t e r v a l s . S i n c e 1 9 7 5 ,
a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s ( 3 1 o f 4 8 ) c o u n t r i e s 1 o f t h e A m e r i c a s h a v e c a r r i e d o u t c e n s u s e s . O f t h e 3 1 , a t o t a l o f 2 1 , o r o v e r 6 7 p e r c e n t , s u b m i t t e d r e s u l t s t o t h e U . N . A l is t o f t h e s e c o u n t r i e s w i t h t h e i r m o s t r e c e n t c e n s u s e s is s h o w n i n A n n e x T a b l e 1 - 1 . I t s h o u l d b e k e p t i n m i n d , h o w e v e r , t h a t n o t a l l r e c e n t c e n s u s d a t a h a v e b e e n t a b u l a t e d o r p u b l i s h e d ; t h e r e f o r e , p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s w i l l b e s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n a s n e w i n f o r m a t i o n b e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e .
T h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e R e g i o n 2 p r e s e n t u n i q u e p r o b l e m s t o t h e o v e r a l l p l a n o f a c h i e v i n g h e a l t h f o r a l l b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 b e c a u s e o f t h e i r g r e a t v a r i a t i o n s i n c l i m a t e , g e o g r a p h y , s o c i o e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s , a n d c u l t u r e . I n t h i s d e m o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s , c o u n t r i e s o f t h e R e g i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a s h a v e b e e n d i c h o t o m i z e d i n t o t w o b r o a d r e g i o n s : N o r t h e r n a n d L a t i n A m e r i c a . N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a c o n s i s t s o f C a n a d a , U n i t e d
'H e r ein a f t e r in th is p u b lic a t io n th e te r m "c o u n tr ie s " m a y in c lu d e o th e r p o lit ic a l u n its .
2I n th is p u b lic a t io n , th e te r m
Region of the Americas
in c lu d e s a ll c o u n trie s in N o r th e r n a n d L a t in A m e r ic a . T h e w o r dregion
( lo w e r case) re fe rs to e ith e r N o r th e r n o r L a t in A m e r ic a . T h e C a r ib b e a n is a lw a y s u n d e rs to o d as a s u b re g io n o f L a t in A m e r ic a a n d is n o t m e n tio n e d in d e p e n d e n tly o f it .Middle America
d e no te s C o n tin e n ta l M id d le A m e r ic a a n d th e C a r ib b e a n .South America
re fe rs to th e T r o p ic a l a n d T e m p e r a te s u b re g io n s o f L a t in A m e r ic a o n ly .S t a t e s , B e r m u d a , a n d S t . P i e r r e a n d M i q u e l o n . L a t i n A m e r i c a is c a t e g o r i z e d b y s u b r e g i o n s b a s e d o n t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n :
(1 ) T h e C a r i b b e a n — A n t i g u a , B a h a m a s , C a y m a n I s l a n d s , C u b a , D o m i n i c a , D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c , G r e n a d a , G u a d e l o u p e , H a i t i , J a m a i c a , M a r t i n i q u e , M o n t s e r r a t , N e t h e r l a n d s A n t i l l e s , P u e r t o R i c o , S t . K i t t s - N e v i s - A n g u i l l a , S a i n t L u c i a , S t . V i n c e n t , T r i n i d a d a n d T o b a g o , T u r k s a n d C a i c o s I s l a n d s , t h e V i r g i n I s l a n d s ( U K ) , a n d t h e V i r g i n I s l a n d s ( U S ) ;
(2 ) C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a — B e l i z e , C o s t a R i c a , E l S a l v a d o r , G u a t e m a l a , H o n d u r a s , M e x i c o , N i c a r a g u a , a n d P a n a m a ;
(3 ) T r o p i c a l S o u t h A m e r i c a — B o l i v i a , B r a z i l , C o l o m b i a , E c u a d o r , F r e n c h G u i a n a , G u y a n a , P a r a g u a y , P e r u , S u r i n a m e , a n d V e n e z u e l a ; a n d
(4 ) T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a — A r g e n t i n a , C h i l e , U r u g u a y , a n d t h e F a l k l a n d I s l a n d s .
P O P U L A T I O N G R O W T H
D u r i n g t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s , t h e R e g i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a s e x p e r i e n c e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n i n
Figure 1. E stim ated and projected population in the Americas, 1950-2000.
P o p u la tio n (in m illio n s )
Ta
bl e 1.
Tot al popul at
i on and annual rates of gr owt h i n t he Ameri cas, by subregi on, 1950- 2000.
T o t a l p o p u l a t i o n ( i n m i l l i o n s ) A n n u a l r a t e o f g r o w t h
S u b r e g i o n
1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0
1 9 5 0 -1 9 5 5
1 9 6 0 -1 9 6 5
1 9 7 0 -1 9 7 5
1 9 8 0 -1 9 8 5
1 9 9 0 -1 9 9 5
1 9 9 5 -2 0 0 0
N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a
1 6 6 1 9 9 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 7 0 2 9 0 1 . 8 0 1 . 4 9 0 . 8 6 0 . 9 6 0 . 7 6 0 . 6 1
L a t i n A m e r i c a
1 6 4 2 1 5 2 8 3 3 6 8 4 7 8 6 0 8 2 . 7 2 2 . 7 7 2 . 6 4 2 . 6 5 2 . 4 6 2 . 3 4
C a r i b b e a n 17 2 0 2 5 3 1 3 7 4 3 1 . 8 2 2 . 2 7 2 . 0 7 1 . 7 8 1 . 7 1 1 . 6 1
C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a
3 6 4 9 6 7 9 3 1 2 8 1 7 2 3 . 0 0 3 . 2 5 3 . 1 9 3 . 2 6 3 . 0 4 2 . 9 1
T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a
2 5 3 1 3 6 4 1 4 6 5 1 1 . 9 4 1 . 6 6 1 . 3 4 1 . 2 7 1 . 0 4 0 . 9 3
T r o p i c a l S o u t h A m e r i c a
8 6 1 1 5 1 5 4 2 0 4 2 6 7 3 4 1 3 . 0 0 2 . 9 4 2 . 7 8 2 . 7 6 2 . 5 2 2 . 3 7
S o u r c e : S e l e c t e d D e m o g r a p h i c I n d i c a t o r s b y C o u n t r y , 1 9 5 0 - 2 0 0 0 , U n i t e d N a t i o n s , 1 9 8 0 .
r a t e s o f p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e . T h e e s t i m a t e d a n d p r o j e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n f r o m 1 9 5 0 - 2 0 0 0 is s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 . F o r t h e p e r i o d 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 5 5 t h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a t e o f p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h f o r N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a w a s 1 . 8 , c o m p a r e d w i t h 2 . 7 f o r L a t i n A m e r i c a ( T a b l e 1 ) . B y 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 5 i t w a s 1 . 5 a n d 2 . 8 a n d p r o j e c t i o n s i n d i c a t e a d e c r e a s e d u r i n g 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 5 t o 1 .0 a n d 2 . 7 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
I f p r e s e n t t r e n d s c o n t i n u e , i t is a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 t h e o v e r a l l a n n u a l r a t e o f p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e w i l l r e a c h a l o w o f 2 . 3 i n L a t i n A m e r i c a . B y s u b r e g i o n , T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a w i l l h a v e t h e l o w e s t r a t e o f i n c r e a s e ( 0 . 9 ) , a n d C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a t h e h i g h e s t ( 2 . 9 ) . I t s h o u l d b e k e p t i n m i n d t h a t s i n c e d e m o g r a p h i c p r o j e c t i o n s i n v o l v e s e v e r a l a s s u m p t i o n s a b o u t u n c e r t a i n f u t u r e t r e n d s o f f e r t i l i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y , e s t i m a t e s a r e s u b j e c t t o p l a u s i b l e v a r i a t i o n a n d t h e r e f o r e f u t u r e r e - a s s e s s m e n t . H o w e v e r , t h e l a t e s t e s t i m a t e s o f m i d y e a r p o p u l a t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 i n d i c a t e t h a t i n 1 9 5 0 b o t h L a t i n A m e r i c a a n d N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a c o n t a i n e d e q u a l s h a r e s o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e , w h i l e b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 i t i s p r o j e c t e d t h a t L a t i n A m e r i c a ’s p r o p o r t i o n w i l l i n c r e a s e t o 6 8 p e r c e n t a n d t h a t N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a ’s w i l l f a l l t o 3 2 p e r c e n t .
T h e s e d a t a e m p h a s i z e t h e a l r e a d y r e c o g n i z e d n e e d t o l o o k a t d e m o g r a p h i c s o n a f r e q u e n t b a s i s t o e n s u r e t h a t m o n i t o r i n g o f p r o g r e s s t o w a r d h e a l t h f o r a l l is n o t f a u l t e d b y a r t i f a c t s i n p o p u l a t i o n d y n a m i c s .
U r b a n - r u r a l D i s t r i b u t i o n
T h e a n a l y s i s o f a p o p u l a t i o n i n t e r m s o f i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n u r b a n a n d r u r a l l o c a l i t i e s i n t h e R e g i o n h a s a l w a y s b e e n b e s e t b y d a t a a n d d e f i n i t i o n p r o b l e m s . W h e r e a s v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s a n d t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n c r i t e r i a a r e f a i r l y o b v i o u s , e s t i m a t e s o f u r b a n a n d r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n a r e d r a w n m a i n l y f r o m t h e r e s u l t s o f 1 0 - y e a r c e n s u s e s . U r b a n a n d r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n d a t a a r e e s s e n t i a l t o t h e p l a n n i n g a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f p r o g r a m s t o e x t e n d p r i m a r y h e a l t h c a r e w i t h i n a c o u n t r y — t h e m a i n t h r u s t o f t h e r e g i o n a l s t r a t e g i e s f o r h e a l t h f o r a l l b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 .
I n 1 9 5 0 a t o t a l o f 4 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n L a t i n A m e r i c a w a s l i v i n g i n u r b a n a r e a s ( T a b l e 2 ). B y 1 9 8 0 t h i s p r o p o r t i o n r e a c h e d 6 5 p e r c e n t a n d t o w a r d t h e e n d o f t h e c e n t u r y i t is e x p e c t e d t h a t o v e r t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f L a t i n A m e r i c a w i l l l i v e i n u r b a n l o c a l i t i e s a s d e f i n e d b y t h e U . N . D u r i n g t h e 1 9 5 0 - 2 0 0 0 p e r i o d , t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n i n N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a is p r o j e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e f r o m 6 4 t o 8 1 p e r c e n t .
Tab
l e 2. Percent age di stri buti on of ur ban popul at i on i n t he Ameri cas, by subregi on, 1950- 2000.
S u b r e g i o n 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0
N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a
6 3 . 8 6 7 . 1 7 0 . 5 7 3 . 6 7 7 . 2 8 0 . 7
L a t i n A m e r i c a
4 1 . 2 4 9 . 4 5 7 . 3 6 4 . 7 7 0 . 6 7 5 . 1
C a r i b b e a n 3 3 . 6 3 8 . 1 4 4 . 6 5 1 . 2 5 7 . 2 6 2 . 3
C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a
3 9 . 8 4 6 . 7 5 3 . 8 6 0 . 7 6 6 . 9 7 2 . 2
T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a
6 4 . 8 7 2 . 7 7 7 . 9 8 2 . 2 8 5 . 4 8 7 . 8
T r o p i c a l S o u t h A m e r i c a
3 6 . 3 4 6 . 4 5 6 . 2 6 5 . 0 7 1 . 6 7 6 . 2
S o u r c e : S e l e c t e d D e m o g r a p h i c I n d i c a t o r s b y C o u n t r y , 1 9 5 0 - 2 0 0 0 , U n i t e d N a t i o n s , 1 9 8 0 .
7 3 8 p e r c e n t . N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a , w h i c h h a d a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n l i v i n g i n u r b a n a r e a s i n 1 9 5 0 a s d i d T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a , i s p r o j e c t e d t o h a v e a 1 2 1 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e b y t h e e n d o f t h e c e n t u r y .
A g e a n d S e x S t r u c t u r e
H e a l t h p r o b l e m s w i t h i n a c o u n t r y a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n b y a g e . A c o u n t r y o r r e g i o n w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y y o u n g p o p u l a t i o n
is m o r e l i k e l y t o s u f f e r f r o m i n f e c t i o u s a n d p a r a s i t i c d i s e a s e s , i n f l u e n z a , p n e u m o n i a , a n d a c c i d e n t s , w h i l e o n e w i t h a n o l d e r p o p u l a t i o n w i l l f i n d t h a t c h r o n i c d e g e n e r a t i v e d i s e a s e s a r e t h e m a j o r c a u s e o f m o r t a l i t y a n d m o r b i d i t y .
T a b l e 3 g i v e s t h e p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n b y b r o a d a g e g r o u p s a n d s e x f o r t h e R e g i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a s , a r o u n d 1 9 8 0 . W h i l e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 p e r c e n t o f m a l e s a n d f e m a l e s w e r e u n d e r 5 y e a r s o f a g e i n N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a , i n L a t i n A m e r i c a t h e f i g u r e w a s a b o u t 8 p e r c e n t . N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a g i v e s t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f a r a p i d l y a g i n g p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o n l y 4 1 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n u n d e r 2 5
T a b l e 3 . P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p o p u l a t i o n b y a g e a n d s e x i n t h e A m e r i c a s , b y s u b r e g i o n , 1 9 8 0 .
S u b r e g i o n
A U a g e s
U n d e r 5 y e a r s
5 - 14 y e a r s
15 - 24 y e a r s
25 - 44 y e a r s
4 5 - 64 y e a r s
65 ; a n d
y e a r s o v e r
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a 4 8 . 8 5 1 . 2 3 . 7 3 . 5 7 . 8 7 . 5 9 . 5 9 . 3 1 3 . 8 1 4 . 1 9 . 5 1 0 . 2 4 . 5 6 . 5
L a t i n A m e r i c a 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 7 . 8 7 . 6 1 2 . 8 1 2 . 5 1 0 . 0 9 . 8 1 1 . 7 1 1 . 7 5 . 8 6 . 0 1 . 9 2 . 2
C a r i b b e a n 5 0 . 1 4 9 . 9 6 . 4 6 . 2 1 2 . 7 1 2 . 3 1 0 . 4 1 0 . 2 1 1 . 8 1 2 . 0 6 . 3 6 . 6 2 . 6 2 . 7
C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e
Amer i c a 5 0 . 3 4 9 . 7 9 . 0 8 . 7 1 3 . 9 1 3 . 5 1 0 . 2 9 . 8 1 0 . 9 1 0 . 8 4 . 8 5 . 0 1 . 6 1 . 8
T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a 4 9 . 7 5 0 . 3 5 . 3 5 . 1 9 . 6 9 . 3 9 . 0 8 . 8 1 3 . 4 1 3 . 2 9 . 0 9 . 4 3 . 5 4 . 4
T r o p i c a l S o u t h A m e r i c a 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 8 . 0 7 . 8 1 3 . 0 1 2 . 8 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 1 1 . 7 1 1 . 8 5 . 6 5 . 8 1 . 6 1 . 8
y e a r s o f a g e , i n c o n t r a s t t o o v e r 6 0 p e r c e n t i n L a t i n A m e r i c a . T o t a l s b y s e x s h o w e d l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e f o r a l l a g e g r o u p s w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h o s e 6 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r w h e r e f e m a l e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y o u t n u m b e r e d m a l e s . F i g u r e 2 s h o w s t h e m e d i a n a g e b y s u b r e g i o n f o r t h e A m e r i c a s f o r 1 9 5 0 , 1 9 8 0 , a n d 2 0 0 0 . I n 1 9 8 0 t h e m e d i a n a g e i n L a t i n A m e r i c a r a n g e d f r o m 1 7 . 2 y e a r s i n C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a t o 2 6 . 9 y e a r s in T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a ; o v e r a l l t h e m e d i a n a g e w a s 1 9 . 3 y e a r s . F r o m 1 9 5 0 t o 1 9 8 0 t h e m e d i a n a g e i n c r e a s e d i n S o u t h A m e r i c a b u t d e c r e a s e d i n C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a a n d t h e C a r i b b e a n . B y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 t h e m e d i a n a g e i n L a t i n A m e r i c a is p r o j e c t e d t o r a n g e f r o m 1 8 . 9 i n C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a t o 2 9 . 8 i n T e m p e r a t e S o u t h A m e r i c a .
I n c o n t r a s t , t h e m e d i a n a g e i n N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a w a s 3 0 i n 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 9 8 0 a n d w i l l r e a c h a b o u t 3 6 b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 — a l m o s t t w i c e t h a t o f C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a .
I t is e s t i m a t e d t h a t b y t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n u n d e r 5 w i l l d e c l i n e b y o n l y 2 p e r c e n t i n L a t i n A m e r i c a t o a b o u t 1 3 . 5 , w h i l e t h e o l d e r a g e g r o u p 6 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r w i l l i n c r e a s e f r o m 4 t o 4 . 6 p e r c e n t . T h u s , a l t h o u g h t h e a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e R e g i o n is s h i f t i n g , i t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t L a t i n A m e r i c a w i l l c o n t i n u e t o m a i n t a i n a r e l a t i v e l y y o u n g
Figure 2. M edian age in the Americas, by subregion,
1950, 1980. and 2000.
N o r th e r n A m e r ic a
C o n tin e n ta l M id d le A m e r ic a
i n n f l
C a r ib b e a n
T r o p ic a l S o u th A m e r ic a
| 1950
[H11980
□
2000
T e m p e r a te S o u th A m e r ic a
a n
m
p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e r e f o r e c o n t i n u e t o b e a t r is k a s f a r a s t r a d i t i o n a l h e a l t h p r o b l e m s a r e c o n c e r n e d , w i t h s o m e i n c r e a s e s i n p r o b l e m s r e l a t e d t o h i g h e r l e v e l s o f s o c i o e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t a n d y o u t h — a c c i d e n t s , s u i c i d e , o t h e r f o r m s o f v i o l e n c e , a l c o h o l i s m , d r u g u s e a n d a b u s e , a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l i l l n e s s .
M i g r a t i o n
T h e i n c r e a s i n g u r b a n i z a t i o n i n L a t i n A m e r i c a is o n e o f t h e m o s t v i s i b l e c a t a l y s t s t o u r b a n p o v e r t y a n d i t s a s s o c i a t e d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s . U r b a n p o v e r t y h a s l o n g b e e n l i n k e d t o r u r a l - u r b a n m i g r a t i o n . O n t h e a v e r a g e , L a t i n A m e r i c a n c o u n t r i e s h a v e d i s p l a y e d a f a s t e r m o v e m e n t f r o m r u r a l t o u r b a n a r e a s t h a n o t h e r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d . H o w e v e r , m o s t u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h i n L a t i n A m e r i c a c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e — t h e e x c e s s o f b i r t h s o v e r d e a t h s .
M i g r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e R e g i o n is h a r d l y l i m i t e d t o i n t r a c o u n t r y m o v e m e n t . I n t e r n a t i o n a l m i g r a t i o n h a s h i s t o r i c a l l y b e e n t r i g g e r e d b y t h e d e s i r e t o s e e k i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e . A l t h o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n is n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s , t h e L a t i n A m e r i c a n D e m o g r a p h i c C e n t e r ’s ( C E L A D E ) R e s e a r c h o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l M i g r a t i o n i n L a t i n A m e r i c a p r o g r a m h a s b e e n a b l e t o c o m p i l e d a t a o n L a t i n A m e r i c a n s r e s i d i n g i n c o u n t r i e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e o f b i r t h ( T a b l e s 4 - 6 ) .
M e x i c o w a s t h e m o s t c o m m o n c o u n t r y o f r e s i d e n c e f o r m i g r a n t N o r t h e r n A m e r i c a n s . A t o t a l o f 2 0 p e r c e n t o f C a n a d i a n a n d U . S . m i g r a n t s t o t h e r e s t o f t h e R e g i o n l i v e d t h e r e a r o u n d 1 9 7 0 a n d d u r i n g t h i s s a m e p e r i o d a l l t h e c o u n t r i e s i n C o n t i n e n t a l M i d d l e A m e r i c a h a d a m a j o r i t y o r a p l u r a l i t y o f m i g r a n t s r e s i d i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e s a m e t r e n d w a s n o t i c e d f o r t h e C a r i b b e a n c o u n t r i e s .
A s f o r S o u t h A m e r i c a , a s t u d y o f t h e s i t u a t i o n s h o w s a v a r i a t i o n i n t h i s p a t t e r n . W h i l e A r g e n t i n a , P e r u , a n d V e n e z u e l a h a d a p l u r a l i t y o f 3 0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e m i g r a n t s r e s i d i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , o n l y E c u a d o r h a d a m a j o r i t y o f 6 3 p e r c e n t . B o l i v i a , C h i l e , P a r a g u a y , a n d U r u g u a y h a d 7 0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e m i g r a n t s l i v i n g i n A r g e n t i n a a r o u n d 1 9 7 0 . B r a z i l h a d 3 4 p e r c e n t o f i ts m i g r a n t s i n A r g e n t i n a , w h i l e 2 4 p e r c e n t w e r e r e s i d i n g i n P a r a g u a y . A t o t a l o f 6 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e m i g r a n t s b o r n i n C o l o m b i a w e r e l i v i n g i n V e n e z u e l a .
C o u n t r y o f b i r t h
C o u n t r y o f r e s i d e n c e
C e n s u s
y e a r B a r b a d o s C u b a
D o m i n i c a n
R e p u b l i c H a i t i J a m a i c a
T r i n i d a d a n d T o b a g o
A r g e n t i n a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 2 4 0 0 76 30 3 3 0
A r g e n t i n a ( a ) 1 9 7 0
B o l i v i a ( a ) 1 9 5 0 22 11 1
B r a z i l ( a ) 1 9 5 0 2 8 2 4 2 24
C h i l e ( a ) 1 9 7 0 2 4 5 80 52
C o l o m b i a ( a ) 1 9 6 4 1 2 5 9
E c u a d o r ( b ) 1 9 5 0 4 5 66
G u y a n a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 P a r a g u a y ( a ) 1 9 7 2
P e r u ( a ) 1 9 7 2 3 1 0
U r u g u a y ( a ) 1 9 7 5
V e n e z u e l a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 1 7 6 10 1 3 9 1 8 8 6 3 5 3 1 1 7 4 8 7 0
C a n a d a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 8 6 1 5 1 4 5 5 8 5 5 4 2 6 0 2 5 2 9 5 16 7 5 5
C o s t a R i c a ( a ) 1 9 6 3 6 7 4 ... 2 1 1 0
C o s t a R i c a ( a ) 1 9 7 3 5 6 9 35 15 2 4 3 2 3
E l S a l v a d o r ( a ) 1 9 7 1 1 1 4 26 1
G u a t e m a l a ( a ) 1 9 7 3 4 3 0 35 15 91
H o n d u r a s ( b ) 1 9 6 1
M e x i c o ( a ) 1 9 7 0 4 1 7 5 ,.. . .. . ..
N i c a r a g u a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 ,.. ... ...
P a n a m a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 1 1 4 0 1 1 4 0 . .. 3 9 7 8
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( c ) 1 9 7 0 ... 4 3 9 0 4 8 6 1 2 2 8 2 8 0 2 6 6 8 5 7 6 2 0 6 7 3
B a r b a d o s ( a ) 1 9 6 0 _ ...
C u b a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 ... - 5 5 1 2 2 5 7 9 6 2 5 7 .. .
D o m i n i c a n
R e p u b l i c ( a ) 1 9 7 0 17 9 4 9 - 19 9 6 5 51 11
H a i t i ( a ) 1 9 5 0 ... 3 0 5 2 13 3 5 2 - 2 6 2
J a m a i c a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 4 1 4 4 2 6 6 ... - 4 8 2
T r i n i d a d a n d
T o b a g o ( a ) 1 9 6 0 ... ...
-S o u r c e : B o l e t í n D e m o g r á f i c o , Afío X , N o . 2 0 , S a n t i a g o d e C h i l e , J u l y 1 9 7 7 , CELADE.
C o u n t r y o f b i r t h
C o u n t r y o f r e s i d e n c e
C e n s u s
y e a r C a n a d a
C o s t a R i c a
E l
S a l v a d o r G u a t e m a l a H o n d u r a s M e x i c o N i c a r a g u a P a n a m a
U n i t e d S t a t e s
A r g e n t i n a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 3 7 3 2 0 9 6 4 1 0 2 8 8 7 3 9 5 3 2 1 2 6 7 4 7
A r g e n t i n a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 . . . .
B o l i v i a ( a ) 1 9 5 0 1 1 7 10 8 9 8 7 0 5 9 8 5 8
B r a z i l ( a ) 1 9 5 0 4 0 2 4 7 1 6 8 8 3 1 2 9 9 2 5 6 5 7 9 8 7
C h i l e ( a ) 1 9 7 0 3 5 0 1 0 1 1 0 9 6 6 1 2 2 3 1 9 5 6 2 1 6 3 6 6 1
C o l o m b i a ( a ) 1 9 6 4 3 8 4 4 0 0 1 4 6 1 6 4 7 5 3 2 7 2 2 2 0 8 7 5 6 1
E c u a d o r ( b ) 1 9 5 0 4 0 4 2 11 18 4 1 1 2 7 7 2 8
G u y a n a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 2 1 5 3 1 7
P a r a g u a y ( a ) 1 9 7 2 1 5 2 9 . . . 6 4 6 . . . 9 2 7
P e r u ( a ) 1 9 7 2 . . . . ■. . . 5 9 9 1
U r u g u a y ( a ) 1 9 7 5 . . .
V e n e z u e l a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 6 4 7 1 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 8 1 1 6 5 1 7 1 7 8 6 6 1 0 7 9 1 0 8 3 2
C a n a d a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 - 5 3 8 0 3 0 9 6 4 0
C o s t a R i c a ( a ) 1 9 6 3 8 2 - . . . . * . . . . 4 7 1 1 8 3 6 8 3 2 3 2 1 9 5 5
C o s t a R i c a ( a ) 1 9 7 3 8 6 - 7 6 6 4 0 4 4 5 2 4 2 5 1 1 8 7 1 1 5 9 8 2 1 5 1
E l S a l v a d o r ( a ) 1 9 7 1 4 6 4 2 2 - 3 4 1 3 1 4 2 9 0 6 3 6 7 8 4 5 1 4 6 1
G u a t e m a l a ( a ) 1 9 7 3 1 7 9 8 0 5 1 4 0 5 2 - 6 2 3 1 3 1 9 6 1 0 9 8 2 1 7 3 5 2 7
H o n d u r a s ( a ) 1 9 6 1 8 2 2 9 4 3 8 0 0 2 4 4 9 7 - 3 7 9 3 5 5 3 1 5 9 1 4 3 3
M e x i c o ( a ) 1 9 7 0 3 3 5 2 9 9 8 1 2 1 3 6 9 6 9 9 4 2 - 3 6 7 4 1 1 8 3 9 7 2 4 6
N i c a r a g u a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 1 3 3 4 6 9 3 2 2 1 0 4 5 1 6 9 1 9 7 0 3 - 5 9 0 1 8 4 8
P a n a m a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 9 9 3 8 2 5 . . . 5 9 1 2 5 8 2 - 6 8 9 4
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( c ) 1 9 7 0 . . . 1 6 6 9 1 15 7 1 7 17 3 5 6 2 7 9 7 8 7 5 9 7 1 1 1 6 1 2 5 2 0 0 4 6
-B a r b a d o s ( a ) 1 9 6 0 3 1 5 7 1 9
C u b a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 87 • • « • • ■ . . . 1 2 0 1 * • . ■ * . 2 1 7 8
D o m i n i c a n
R e p u b l i c ( a ) 1 9 7 0 1 3 1 4 0 1 1 3 4 3 2 1 6 1 15 1 9 2 6 6 3
H a i t i ( a ) 1 9 5 0 1 6 2 . . . . . . ■ 3 8 9
J a m a i c a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 5 0 6 . . . • • . . . ■ • 2 0 5 3 1 7 8 1
T r i n i d a d a n d
T o b a g o ( a ) 1 9 6 0 5 2 5 . . . 1 4 2 0
S o u r c e : B o l e t f n D e m o g r à f i c o , Afto X , N o . 2 0 , S a n t i a g o d e C h i l e , J u l y 1 9 7 7 , CELADE.
Count r y of bi r t h
C o u n t r y o f C e n s u s
r e s i d e n c e y e a r A r g e n t i n a B o l i v i a B r a z i l C h i l e C o l o m b i a E c u a d o r G u y a n a P a r a g u a y P e r u U r u g u a y V e n e z u e l a
A r g e n t i n a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 - 8 8 8 3 0 4 8 1 9 5 1 1 6 8 4 0 1 1 3 8 6 1 7 8 2 1 5 3 8 4 4 5 1 6 4 5 3 9 7 4 9 9 1
A r g e n t i n a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 - 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 8 6 0 0 1 4 2 1 5 0 2 3 0 0 5 0 5 8 3 0 0
B o l i v i a ( a ) 1 9 5 0 3 2 7 8 - 4 6 8 2 3 9 6 4 9 0 6 6 . . . 1 3 2 1 0 2 6 9 7 4 2 1
B r a z i l ( a ) 1 9 5 0 1 5 4 9 2 5 1 2 0 - 8 3 2 5 2 7 8 7 4 7 5 1 4 7 6 2 2 3 5 8 1 7 0 2 3 3 3 6
Ch i 1 e ( a ) 1 9 7 0 1 3 2 7 0 7 5 6 3 9 3 0 - 8 0 0 9 6 7 • . . 2 9 0 3 8 0 4 7 5 9 3 8 8
C o l o m b i a ( a ) 1 9 6 4 1 1 9 0 • • • 2 2 6 7 1 1 3 0 - 1 0 1 2 6 . . . . . * 1 4 5 5 1 6 2 2 4
E c u a d o r ( b ) 1 9 5 0 8 5 29 2 4 3 3 8 1 4 5 8 4 - • . . . . . 1 7 8 3 . . . 7 0
G u y a n a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 . . . . . ■ . . . 3 7 4
P a r a g u a y ( a ) 1 9 7 2 2 7 3 8 9 3 6 4 3 4 2 7 6 3 5 9 . . . • . » - 7 6 3 . . .
P e r u ( a ) 1 9 7 2 4 2 8 6 4 1 1 5 3 0 7 7 7 5 2 5 1 5 2 8 2 3 9 9
-U r u g u a y ( a ) 1 9 7 5 1 9 3 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 . . . * . .
-V e n e z u e l a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 4 4 8 1 1 1 6 6 2 3 4 5 2 9 9 9 1 7 7 9 7 3 5 2 9 2 6 6 4 1 8 6 2 1 6 8 7 9 3
-C a n a d a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 3 1 4 5 3 2 2 5 . . . 1 2 1 1 0 . . . 1 5 9 0
C o s t a R i c a ( a ) 1 9 6 3 1 4 4 . . . 3 7 8 9 6 5 8 1 3 5 . . . 7 5 . . . 3 2 0
C o s t a R i c a ( a ) 1 9 7 3 2 0 0 • . • 5 3 5 0 1 5 1 7 1 3 7 2 2 2 2 7 4 8 2 1 4
E l S a l v a d o r ( a ) 1 9 7 1 8 5 17 3 7 1 2 6 1 4 1 4 4 1 9 5 0 2 2 3 0
G u a t e m a l a ( a ) 1 9 7 3 2 4 0 6 0 9 8 2 3 9 3 7 5 9 7 1 4 4 1 1 0
H o n d u r a s ( b ) 1 9 6 1 • • • • • . . • • • • • * * . . . . . .
M e x i c o ( a ) 1 9 7 0 1 5 8 5 . . . 5 3 8 8 4 5 1 1 3 3 . . . 8 0 4 8 0 5
N i c a r a g u a ( a ) 1 9 7 1 1 0 7 8 4 1 0 0 3 0 4 8 7
P a n a m a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 3 7 4 . . * 2 1 0 4 7 6 1 2 1 2 8 1 4 6 2 5 2 7 3 2 4
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( c ) 1 9 7 0 4 4 8 0 3 6 8 7 2 2 7 0 6 9 1 5 3 9 3 6 3 5 3 8 3 6 6 6 3 1 7 9 2 2 1 6 6 3 5 0 9 2 11 3 4 8
B a r b a d o s ( a ) 1 9 6 0 . . . 1 8 4
C u b a ( a ) 1 9 7 0 3 5 4 1 0 5 . . > 2 2 7 . . . 5 4 6
D o m i n i c a n
R e p u b l i c ( a ) 1 9 7 0 2 1 3 21 5 6 4 7 1 2 0 5 7 4 3 4 5 3 3 1 1 4
H a i t i ( a ) 1 9 5 0 * . * . . . . . . . * . . * .
J a m a i c a ( a ) 1 9 6 0 > • > . . . • • • ■ > ■ . . . . . . . . .
T r i n i d a d a n d
S o u r c e : B o l e t i n D e m o g r á f i c o , A f l o X , N o . 2 0 , S a n t i a g o d e C h i l e , J u l y 1 9 7 7 , C EL A D E .
