S F
Car bon stock an d dynam ics in a mana ged forest in Central Amazon Estoque e dinâmica de carbono em oresta manejada na Amazônia Central
Cintia Rodrigues de Souz a¹, Celso Paulo de Az evedo ¹, Luiz Marcelo Brum Ros s²,
Joaquim dos Santos³ and Niro Higuchi³
Resumo
A oresta amazônica tem estado cada vez mais em evidência nas discussões mundiais acerca de seu papel central no controle das mudanças climáticas globais, tanto pela capacidade de emitir gases do efeito estufa para a atmosfera, via queimadas ou desmatamentos, como de absorver carbono da atmos-fera por meio do crescimento do povoamento. Este trabalho analisou dados de uma oresta manejada experimentalmente em 1987, em Manaus/AM. O objetivo foi estudar o estoque e dinâmica de carbono. Os inventários orestais foram realizados em 15 hectares de parcelas permanentes. As taxas médias de recrutamento foram de 4,9%, 4,8%, 3,7% e 5%, para os tratamentos testemunha e exploração de 1/3, 1/2 e 2/3, respectivamente; e as taxas médias de mortalidade foram de 3,1%, 6%, 4,8% e 6,7%, para os tratamentos testemunha e exploração de 1/3, 1/2 e 2/3, respectivamente. A área basal (23,1 m2 ha-1, 23,6
m2 ha-1 e 23,7 m2 ha-1), o volume (345 m3 ha-1 em 2005, 351,3 m3 ha-1 em 2007 e 353,7 m3 ha-1 em 2010)
e o estoque de carbono (149,2 t ha-1 em 2005, 151,8 t ha-1 em 2007 e 152,6 t ha-1 em 2010) apresentaram
aumento a cada medição realizada. Entretanto, a diferença estatística entre estes valores não foi signi ca-tiva, assim, concluiu-se que a oresta manejada experimentalmente esteve em equilíbrio com a atmosfera durante o período avaliado. A comparação do estoque de carbono dos anos mensurados com o estoque pré-exploratório, em 1986, mostrou que no ano de 2010 o estoque de carbono se igualou ao conteúdo de antes da exploração orestal, signi cando a recuperação da oresta.
Palavras-chave: manejo orestal, mudanças climáticas, biomassa, dinâmica orestal.
Abstract
The Amazon forest has been in evidence in global discussions about their role in control of global climate change, both by the ability to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere via burning or thinning, how to absorb carbon from the atmosphere by through the growth of the stand. This study analyzed data from a forest managed in 1987, in Manaus/AM. This work aimed to study the carbon stock and dynamics. The forest inventories were conducted in 15 hectares of permanent plots. The average rates of recruitment were 4.9%, 4.8%, 3.7% and 5% for control treatments and logging of 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3, respectively, and the average mortality rates were 3.1%, 6%, 4.8% and 6.7%, for control treatments and logging of 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3, respectively. The basal area (23.1 m2 ha-1 in 2005, 23.6 m2 ha-1 in 2007 and 23.7 m2 ha-1 in 2010),
the volume (345 m3 ha-1 in 2005, 351.3 m3 ha-1 in 2007 and 353.7 m3 ha-1 in 2010) and the carbon content
(149.2 t ha-1 in 2005, 151.8 t ha-1 in 2007 and 152.6 t ha-1 in 2010) increased in all measurements. However,
the statistical di erence between these values was not signi cant, so it was concluded that the forest was in equilibrium with the atmosphere during the period evaluated. A comparison of the carbon stock of the years measured with the stock pre-exploratory, in 1986, showed that in 2010 the carbon stock equaled the content before logging, meaning the forest recovery.
Keywords: forest management, climatic changes, biomass, forest dynamics.
INTRODUCTION
Tropical orests, mainly the Amazon rain orest, are important to control t he global cl imate
chan-ges, bot h by the capac it y to emi t greenhouse e ec t gases into the atmosphere, vi a burni ng s or de
o-restation, and to absorb carbon rom th e at mosphere by the growth o the settlement . On one hand,
¹Pesquisa do ra Douto ra. Emb rapa Amazônia Ocidental - Empresa Brasileira de Pes quisa Agrope cuária, Rodovia
AM 010 km 29 - Zona rural - Cai xa-postal: 319 - 69011-970 - M anaus, AM, Brasil. E-mail: cintia.souza@embrapa.br;
celso.az eved o@em brapa.br.
²Pesquisa do r Doutor. Embrapa Florestal – Empresa Brasi leira de Pe squi sa Agropecuária. Estrada da Riberia, Km 111 –
Souza et al. – Carbon stock and dynamics in a managed forest in Central Amazon
the ores t can act as a si nk, because trees absorb carbon during photosynth esis a nd store th e excess
in th e orm o biomass (HIGUCHI et al., 2004). Bellassen and Luyssaert (2014) claim that in recent
decades, the orests have absorbed about 30% o the annual CO
2 emissions, the equivalent to 2 Pg
o carbon per year.
However, orests can also be carb on sources due to t he reductio n in thei r productivity and
in-crease in mortality rates arising rom the increase in temperature and the severity o the drought
(CLA RK, 2004, HIG UCHI et al., 2011), or due to de orestation and burnings, signi cant sources o
greenh ouse gases to the atmosphere (FEARNSIDE, 1997; Houghton et al., 2000). The disclosure o
the second inventory o greenhouse gases emission o Brazil ( SEEG Brasil, 2017) showed that de
o-restat ion and agric ultu ral act iv it ies are responsible or the larger sh are o carbon diox ide emissions,
wi th net emissions in the sector represent ing 68% o the total emissions o this gas in 2015 and
about 20% o glob al emissions o greenhouse g ases. According to Brien en et al. (2015), the Amazon
rain orest is on e o the largest reservoirs o terrestri al ca rbo n, with stock o 150 to 200 Pg C in living
biomass a nd soils. To properly ma nage this immense n atural reservoir o carbon will certa in ly gre
a-tly contribute in the e ort to reduc e emi ssions o carbon into the atmospher e in Brazil .
In 2014, IPCC disclosed in its repo rt on g lobal warmin g that practices in orest management are
import ant to account or both mitiga tion and adaptati on. The possible practices and impacts are:
management o ores ts or sustainabl e timber production including extending rotatio n cycles,
redu-cing damag e to remaining trees, reduredu-cing logging wast e, implementing soil conservation prac tices,
and using wood in a more e cien t way, sustainable e xtort ion o wood energy (IPC C, 2014).
The sustainab le orest ma nagement o ers two possibilitie s or mitigating the e ects o gl obal
war ming: st oring carbon in wood products, while the manage d orest g rows again (cap turin g more
carbon rom the atmosphere), and through changes in logging practices, which can signi cantly
re-duce th e damage to the remaining orest and the consequent carbon emission (FEARNSIDE, 1995).
This st udy aims to e valuate the contribution o the sustainable orest management to the carbon
sequ estration rom t he atmosphere, t hrough the quanti cation o carbon stock and dynamics in
Cent ral Amaz on.
MATERIAL AN D M ETHODS Exp erim ental site
The study was per ormed at Ex perimental Station o Tropical Forestry o t he National Institute
or Amaz on Rese arch, INPA , i n the municipality o Manaus (AM), b etween t he coordi nat es 2
o 37’ to 2 o 38’ S and 60 o 09’ and 60 o 11’ W.
The orest cover is typical o tropical humid dense orest o terra rme, characterized as one o
the most heterogeneo us o the Amazon. By Köppen classi cation, the climate o the region is o the
“Amw” type, tropical rainy, with high temperature, rai n al l, and relative humidity. The mean annual
temperature is 26. 7 °C and the mea n annual relative humidit y is 83%. Annual precipita tion reaches
2500 mm, being concentrated mai nly in the rainy se ason, between the months o December and
May. The so-called dry season occurs between June and November.
The most represent ative soil o t he regi on is the yellow latosol, which oc cupies the sur ace o p
la-teaus, with the presence o mean and porous horizon, si tuated between two little porous hori zons
(CHAUVEL, 1982).
Exp erim ental design
The ex periment al desi gn was in randomized block s, bei ng our blocks o 24 ha (400 x 600 m).
Each block conta ined six tre atments o 4 ha (200 x 200 m), corresponding to the di erent
silvicul-tural treat ments a pplied in 1987, when loggi ng was done. The log ging treatments used were:
- Treatment 0: control , without logging;
- Treatment 1: removal o 1/3 o the ba sal area;
- Treatment 2: removal o 1/2 o the ba sal area;
The permanent plots o 1 ha each (100 x 100 m) were inst alled in the center o the t reatments,
canceling possible edge e ects. Selective explo itation tr eatment s were applied in 1987. The orest
dynamics data used were th ose o the years 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2010, to c onorm to orest inven
-tories conducted in t he same yea rs, in non- managed a reas.
All individual trees with diameter at breast hei ght ( DBH) equal or superio r to 10 c m were
me-asured. With the collected data, we calculated th e ra te s o recruitment and mortality, the periodic
ann ual inc rements in DBH (PAI
DBH, c m year -1
), basal area (PAI
G, m 2 ha -1 year -1 ), volume (PAI V, m 3 ha -1 year -1
), and carbon stock (PAI
C, t C ha -1
year
-1
).
The individual volume (v
i) was obt ained by usi ng th e equation ad juste d by Li ma (2010) or the
central region o Manaus. Volume per hect are (plot) was obta ined by the sum o the indivi dual
volumes o each t ree.
vi = 0.001176 * (DBH)1.99868 (R2 = 0.89 and uncertainty = 4.0%)
In which:
v
i = trade volume with bark in m 3
;
DBH = diameter at brea st h eigh t i n cm;
For the determina tion o the ca rbon content, we used the equatio ns propose d by Silva (2007). FBabg = 2.2737 x DBH1.9156 (R2 = 0.85) FBtot = 2.7179 x DBH1.8774 (R2 = 0.94) DBabg = (FBabg) x 0.592 DBtot = (FBtot) x 0.584 Cabg = (DBabg) x 0.485 Ctot = (DBtot) x 0.485 In which: FB
abg = above-ground level res h biomass;
B
tot = total resh biomass (a bove groun d level + thi ck root s);
DB
abg = above-ground level dry b iomass;
DB
tot = total dry biomass (above ground level + thick roots);
C
abg
= vegetation carbon above-ground level;
C
tot = t ot al carbon (above ground level + thick roots).
The statistical analyzes wer e per ormed to assess i the in crea ses in diamete r, basal area, volume
and carbon stock, mortal ity, recruit ment and annual p eriodic i ncrements (in diameter, basa l area,
volume and carbon stock) were infuenced by di erent treatments over time. For this we used the
analysis o variance with repeate d measures in time. The treatments were the years o measurement.
To evaluate the orest recovery a ter the ex pe riment al ma nagement, an analysis o variance was
made, to compare the orest carbon stocks be ore an d ate r t he loggin g, ollowed by a mult iple
com-parison proce dure, Dunnett’s test, taking as a control actor the carbon stock in the orest in 1986.
All analyzes wer e per ormed using t he sta ti stical so tware SAS® 9.2.
RESULTS AND DIS CUS SIO N
In the evaluated orest area, were identi ed in 2010 7,097 individuals rom 284 species belonging
to 50 bota nical amilies. Reg arding carbon st ock, the most representative amilies were
Lecythida-ceae, Fab aLecythida-ceae, Sapotacea e, EuphorbiaLecythida-ceae, ApocynaLecythida-ceae, BurseraLecythida-ceae, and La urac eae, respectively.
Souza et al. – Carbon stock and dynamics in a managed forest in Central Amazon
Table 1. Carbon stocks (in 2005, 2007 and 2010) and increments for the most representative families of the ma-naged forest.
Tabela 1. Estoques e incrementos de carbono (em 2005, 2007 e 2010) para as famílias mais representativas da oresta manejada. Family C Stock 2005 (t ha-1) C Stock 2007 (t ha-1) C Stock 2010 (t ha-1) C Increment 2005-2007 (t ha-1 year-1) C Increment 2007-2010 (t ha-1 year-1) Lecythidaceae 300.76 305.21 311.78 2.22 2.19 Fabaceae 274.97 279.17 290.65 2.09 3.83 Sapotaceae 194.57 194.22 191.87 -0.17 -0.78 Euphorbiaceae 125.47 128.81 130.06 1.67 0.41 Apocynaceae 80.13 79.38 80.62 0.37 0.41 Burseraceae 76.40 77.74 80.37 0.67 0.87 Lauraceae 69.88 72.22 72.57 1.17 0.12
The species with the h igh est carbon stocks were Eschweilera coriacea (DC) S.A. Mori (76.7 tons
o carbon in 2010), Couratari alta (40.8 t C), Protium hebetatum (37.6 t C), Micrandropsis sclero xylon
(32.3 t C) and Inga obidensis (31.2 t C). There was a pr edominan ce o pione er species. Besides Inga
obidensis , the ollow ing speci es also showed signi cant values: Croton lanjouwensis (29.4 t C), Cecro
-pia sci ado ph ylla (14. 3 t C) and Vismia sp. ( 14.1 t C).
Re gard ing the foristic composition, other authors obtained similar resul ts in the same el d o
study, such as Jardim and Hosokawa (1986) and Carneiro (2004), w hich highlight ed that the
Sapo-tace ae ami ly was the richest in number o species; however, the botanical amily with the highest
number o indi viduals was Lec ythidaceae. In this study, t he species that showed highe r carbon
sto-cks we re: Eschweilera coriacea (D.C.) S.A . Mori (matamatá amarelo, with 76.7 t o carbon in 2010),
Couratari alta Kunth . (taua ri, with 40.8 t C), Protium hebetatum D.C. Daly (breu vermelho, with 37.6
t C) , Micrandropsis scleroxy lon (W.A. Rodrigues) W.A. Rodrigues (piãozinho, with 32.3 t C) and Inga
obidensis Ducke (ingá vermelh o, with 31.2 t C).
We evaluat ed t he recruitment and mortality rates or e ach app lied treatment. Betwee n 2005 and
2010, the recruitment and mortality ra tes showed a great variation, with no clear de nition o a
behavioral pattern. In most cases, t he recruitment rates observed were higher than the mortality
rates in the analyzed periods. The results regarding the annual recruitment and mortality rates can
be ound in Table 2.
Table 2. Annual recruitment and mortality rates (%) for the periods 2005/2007 and 2007/2010. Tabela 2. Taxas de recrutamento e mortalidade anuais (%) para os períodos 2005/2007 e 2007/2010.
Treatment Recruitment (%) Mortality (%) Recruitment (%) Mortality (%)
2005/2007 2007/2010 0 4.65 2.46 5.17 3.75 1 3.96 3.98 5.67 8.18 2 3.77 2.81 3.69 6.91 3 4.71 4.36 5.29 9.13 Mean 4.14 3.72 4.88 8.07
Fontes (2012) c laims th at deaths o trees are more requent in th e rainy seaso n, indicating a
stron g infuence o the rain all on tre e mortality (the storms were re sponsible or 45% o deaths).
Higuchi e t a l. (2011) and Negrón-Juarez et al. (2010) also concluded that th e comb ination betwe en
rain al l and winds is responsible or most o the tree mortality i n the Amazon regi on, supplanting
the hydric st res s c aused by drought events.
In the Tapajós National Forest , Sil va et al. (1995) obtained recruitment rate o 3.1% per year,
eleven years a ter heavy exploita tion and without silv ic ul tural treatment s. In the orests o Vitória
do Jari/AP, recruitmen t values were signi cantly lower. Azevedo et al. ( 2008), analyzing the e ect
o di erent levels o exploita tion on the dynamics o the remnant orest, ound the ollowing mean
values o total recruitme nt: 1.68% or light e xploita tion treatments, 2.15% or th e average, and
po st-exploit ation. A s or mortality, Kohler et al. (2001) state tha t, normally, the mean rates i n
undis-turb ed tropical ores ts vary between 1% and 3. 2% per year, valu es close to th ose ound in this study.
In studies in the B razilian Amazon orest, Alder and Silva (2000) ound mo rtality rates ranging
be tween 0.5% an d 4.1%. Several authors ound lower mortality rates th an those recorded i n this
study. In a study cond ucted by Colpini et al . (2010), t he mortalit y rate o a orest in Mato Grosso
was 0.78%. Hig uchi et al. (2004) ound mortalit y o 0.7% in a ores t in the region o Manaus (AM),
be tween 1986 and 2000. Silva et al. ( 1995) studied a orest in the A maz on 13 years a ter logging,
and ac hieve d ann ua l morta lity rate o 2.2% or a ll spe cies and 1. 3% or commercial species.
The di erence betwee n the ap plied trea tments was a lso evaluated regarding carbo n
sequestra-tion . Figure 1 graphically shows the evoluti on i n the carbon stock or the studied treatments.
Figure 1. Carbon dynamics (annual mean) of trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm in Manaus region in the period between 2005 and 2010.
Figura 1. Dinâmica do carbono (medias anuais) de árvores com DAP ≥ 10 cm na região de Manaus no período entre 2005 e 2010.
Observing Figure 1, we notice that the unlo gged area presented the greatest carbo n stocks
throu-ghout the perio d evaluated . In addition , the amount o carbon is increasing over time. Concerning
logging trea tments, t he treatment 2 ( removal o ½ o the exploitable basal area), was the only one
that has shown increase in the amount o carbon. This and the log ging o 1/3 o the basal area
showed a reduction in values between t he 2007 and 2010 measurement s. By way o comparison,
in 1986, one year be ore the expe rimental exploita tion held in the are a, the m ean stock o carbon
in the area was o 167.5 t ha
-1
, i.e., a value rather close t o the stock o the unexplored area in the
year o 2010. Table 3 shows the mean values o DBH, basal a rea, volume, and carbon stock or the
area experimentally managed. We perorme d analysi s o variance o measures repe ated in time, i n
which all the variables analyzed signi cantly va ried over time (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0014, p = 0.0014,
and p = 0.0077, or DBH, basal area, volume, and carbon st ock, resp ectively). When considering
the interaction between time and treatment, i.e., th e evaluation o w hether the logging treatments
in fuenced these variables, only the DBH showed a statisti cally signi cant di erenc e (p = 0.0003).
Thus, w e could say that, statistically, the applied treatments only exerted signi cant in fuence on the
Souza et al. – Carbon stock and dynamics in a managed forest in Central Amazon
Table 3. Mean values (mean ± standard deviation) of DBH (cm), basal area (m2 ha-1), volume (m3 ha-1), and total carbon stock (t ha-1) in the years 2005, 2007, and 2010 on each evaluated logging treatment (for indivi-duals with DBH ≥ 10 cm).
Tabela 3. Valores médios (média ± desvio padrão) de DAP (cm), área basal (m2 ha-1), volume (m3 ha-1) e estoque de carbono total (t ha-1) para os anos de 2005, 2007 e 2010, para cada tratamento avaliado (para indivíduos com DAP ≥ 10 cm). Year Treatments DBH (cm) BA (m2 ha-1) V (m3 ha-1) C (t ha-1) 2005 0 21.0 24.78 ± 2.26 369.28 ± 33.75 158.7 ± 13.3 1 21.0 22.2 ± 3.2 331.4 ± 48.2 143.2 ± 18.8 2 21.0 22.7 ± 2.6 338.7 ± 38.7 146.6 ± 16.2 3 20.3 22.8 ± 0.5 340.8 ± 8.1 148.4 ± 2.7 Mean 20.4 23.1 ± 1.1 345.0 ± 16.7 149.2 ± 6.7 2007 0 20.4 25.39 ± 2.37 378.46 ± 35.25 162.6 ± 13.8 1 20.6 22.3 ± 3.3 333.3 ± 49.1 143.9 ± 19.1 2 21.1 23.2 ± 2.4 346.5 ± 35.9 149.8 ± 15.1 3 21.3 23.2 ± 0.4 346.8 ± 5.5 150.8 ± 1.5 Mean 20.5 23.6 ± 1.3 351.3 ± 19.2 151.8 ± 7.8 2010 0 21.7 25.74 ± 2.19 383.58 ± 32.69 164.8 ± 12.9 1 19.8 22.4 ± 3.6 333.5 ± 53.9 143.7 ± 21.1 2 19.9 23.6 ± 2.6 351.7 ± 38.7 151.5 ± 16.1 3 20.4 23.2 ± 0.9 345.8 ± 5.5 150.2 ± 5.5 Mean 20.9 23.7 ± 1.4 353.7 ± 21.3 152.6 ± 8.8 Mean 23.5 350.0 151.2 Standard deviation 1.2 17.7 7.2
Con dence interval (95%) 1.4 20.5 8.4
Uncertainty 5.8 5.8 5.5
Tab le 4 p resents the periodic annual increments in DBH, basal area, volu me, and car bon stock
or the exploitation tr eatments evaluated. We no tice tha t mo st o the per iodic annual increments
showed posit ive values in the evaluated periods. Only or the in terval between 2007 and 2010, the
pe riodic annual incr ement in ca rbon pr esented negative values or the 1/3 and 2/3 explo itation tr
e-atment s o the basal area, which means that th e or est su bjec ted t o these trea tments emitted a g reater
amount o carb on into the atmosphere than the amou nt ab sorbed. This act may be related to t he
greater mortality tha t occ ur red d uring this period or these treatments, as we can obser ve in Table 2.
Table 4. Periodic annual increments (PAI) in DBH (cm year-1), basal area (m2 ha-1 year-1), volume (m3 ha-1 year-1), and carbon stock (t ha-1 year-1) for for individuals with DBH ≥ 10 cm.
Tabela 4. Incrementos periódicos anuais (IPA) in DAP (cm ano-1), área basal (m2 ha-1 ano-1), volume (m3 ha-1 ano-1), e estoque de carbono (t ha-1 ano-1) para todos os indivíduos com DAP ≥ 10 cm.
Treat. PAI DBH (cm year-1) PAI BA (m2 ha-1 year-1) PAI V (m3 ha-1 year-1) PAI C (t ha-1 year-1) 2005-2007 2007-2010 2005-2007 2007-2010 2005-2007 2007-2010 2005-2007 2007-2010 0 0.20 0.16 0.362 0.288 3.805 2.095 1.56 0.89 1 0.23 0.23 0.065 0.013 0.970 0.187 0.30 -0.06 2 0.23 0.22 0.261 0.116 3.894 1.727 1.24 0.58 3 0.29 0.25 0.191 0.053 2.848 0.793 0.96 -0.22 Mean 0.25 0.23 0.172 0.060 2.571 0.902 0.833 0.10
These results o the p eriod ic annu al increments are lower than those ound in the literatur e. Silva
et al . (1995) ound a g rowth rate in diameter o 0.3 cm year
-1
, thirteen years a ter logging, in the
Tapajós National Forest. Silva ( 2004) , in Paragominas/PA, compared the growth rates in two sit
ua-tions: in the orest wh ere e xp loitation based on s ustainable orest ma nagement o ccurr ed , the grow th
rate was 0.5 cm year
-1
; on the other hand, the rate was 0.3 cm year
-1
in the are as where c onvent io nal
exploitation occurred, seven years a ter the exploitation. When compari ng the treatments, the one
wh ich showed the highest increment in the studie d period was the one o he avy i nt ensit y, with 75%
o the basal area exploited. De Graa (1986) ound a rate o 0. 4 cm year
-1
, in Suriname, nine years
ound higher increment values in diameter, as expected in re lation to a non-managed area. T he
va-lues ranged rom 2 cm year
-1
, or pio neer specie s, to 0.1 cm year
-1
, or some brushwood species.
The same happened with the increments in volume. Research conducted by Higuchi et al. (1997),
in the same region o study, describ e the growth and the development o a ores t, ten years a ter
the selective exp loitation o wood . The results showed that the increments in trade volu me wi th
bark were: 5. 57 m 3 ha -1 year -1
or exploit ation o light intensity (DBH ≥ 55 cm) ; 4.45 m
3
ha
-1
year
-1
or mean explo itation (DBH ≥ 50 cm); and 5.75 m
3 ha -1 year -1 or heavy exploitation (DBH ≥ 40
cm). In th e unmanaged area , the PAI wa s 2. 82 m
3
h a
-1
year
-1
. As well as in the study o Silva et al.
(1996) , or trade species (inclu ding only speci es locally and na tionally commerci aliz ed and with
DBH ≥ 50 cm) , the increase was 1 m
3
h a
-1
year
-1
. In th e region o Santarém/PA, Silva et al. ( 1996)
also obtained higher inc rement values, 7 and 13 years a ter exploitation. In these area s, the periodic
ann ual i ncrements in volume range d rom 1.6 m
3 ha -1 year -1 in primary orest to 4.8 m 3 ha -1 year -1 in
manag ed orest. A possible expla nat ion or these results is that Silva et a l. (1996) and Higuchi et al.
(1997) eval uated the orests about a decade a ter the exploitation, when they were showing higher
growth due to th e intervention carr ied out . The orests studi ed in the pre sent study were evaluated
23 years a ter the management, when a balance in its growth process is expected, app roaching the
rat es presented by primary orest.
Some studi es conducted by other authors aim to elucidate the infuence (positive or negative)
that orest management may have rega rding carbon sequestration rom t he atmosp here. Schmid
et al. (2006) state that orest management (with di erent inte nsities o thi nning , number o years
o t he cyc le, silvicultural treatment s etc .) infuen ces a particular orest to be c onside red a c arbon
source or sink. Seidl e t a l. (2007) evaluated the correlatio n between carbon sequestration and the
sust ain able wood production in a mul tiple-use ore st i n Austri a and conc luded that carbon se
ques-tration rom atmosphere is hi gh er in sustainably managed orests than in non-managed orests. The
estimated costs indicate that the car bon sequest ration through orest management is an e cien t
mean to reduce atmosp heric CO
2. The authors emphasize the importance o developing susta inable
manag ement strat egies con sistent with the multiple uses o orests.
To evaluate the orest recovery process a ter the experimen tal manageme nt, we made a
compari-son between t he carbon contents o the orest be ore logg ing (occurred in 1987) and t he stocks in
the years i n which measurements occurred (2005, 2007, and 2010) . B y Fi gure 2 we may note that
the orest is very close to reach the ex isting stocks pri or to exploitation. To con rm this in ormati on,
an a nalysis o var iance was per ormed, ollowe d by post hoc Dunnett’s test.
Figure 2. Forest carbon stocks in 1986 (pre-logging) and in the years 2005, 2007, and 2010, in forest experimen-tally managed.
Souza et al. – Carbon stock and dynamics in a managed forest in Central Amazon
The di erences in me an values between trea tment g roups a re greater than what would be e
xpec-ted by chance, thus, there is statistical ly signi cant di eren ce (p = 0.022). To isolate the group tha t
di ers rom the others, D unnett’s test was ca rried out, considering it a s a actor o control t he carbon
stock in the orest in 1986 (pre-logging).
Comparing to the c arbon stock contained in the orest be ore the experimen tal log ging, stocks
o 2005 and 2007 were signi cantly di erent. On the other hand, in 2010, the carbon stock did not
show a statistically signi cant di erence, i.e., the carbon conte nt equaled the quantities present in
the orest be ore the exploitation o this area, being recovered 23 years a ter ex ploitation, regardi ng
carbon stocks. Nevertheless, we cannot say that the orest a re a is re ady t o be ma naged again, mai nly
because o its foristic comp ositi on, where in the managed are a there is st ill greater predomi nance
o pioneering species, when c ompared with the non-ma naged area.
CONCLUS ION
Re gard ing the e ect o orest management o n carb on seques tr ation, we con cluded th at th ere
was no di erence between the log ging treatments e mployed. Ater 23 years o appl ic ation o the
treatments, the carb on stocks in the a rea equale d the st ocks existing be ore loggi ng, indicating orest
recovery in terms o biomass. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that the area is ready to be mana ged
again, mainly due to the high number o pioneer species still e xisting in the area.
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