❲❊▲▲■❙❙❖◆ ❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙
P❉❇❊❙❚ ✲ ❯▼❆ ❋❊❘❘❆▼❊◆❚❆ ❉❊
P❘❖❈❊❙❙❆▼❊◆❚❖ P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖ P❆❘❆
❆◗❯■❙■➬➹❖✱ ▼❆◆■P❯▲❆➬➹❖✱ ❊❉■➬➹❖ ❊
❋■▲❚❘❆●❊▼ ❉❊ ❆❘◗❯■❱❖❙ ❉❖ P❘❖❚❊■◆ ❉❆❚❆
❇❆◆❑ ✭P❉❇✮
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
P❉❇❊❙❚ ✲ ❯▼❆ ❋❊❘❘❆▼❊◆❚❆ ❉❊
P❘❖❈❊❙❙❆▼❊◆❚❖ P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖ P❆❘❆
❆◗❯■❙■➬➹❖✱ ▼❆◆■P❯▲❆➬➹❖✱ ❊❉■➬➹❖ ❊
❋■▲❚❘❆●❊▼ ❉❊ ❆❘◗❯■❱❖❙ ❉❖ P❘❖❚❊■◆ ❉❆❚❆
❇❆◆❑ ✭P❉❇✮
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✳
❲❊▲▲■❙❙❖◆ ❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙
P❉❇❡st ✲ ❯♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛
❛q✉✐s✐çã♦✱ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞♦
Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦ ✭P❉❇✮
❲❊▲▲■❙❙❖◆ ❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙
P❤✳ ❉✳ ❘❛q✉❡❧ ❈❛r❞♦s♦ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦✲▼✐♥❛r❞✐ ✕ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❉r❛✳ ❱❛❧❞❡t❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ✕ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❘❡s✉♠♦
❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦ ✭P❉❇✮✱ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡str✉t✉✲ r❛✐s ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❡ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ✈❡♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥té♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❉◆❆s✱ ❘◆❆s ❡ s❡✉s ❧✐✲ ❣❛♥t❡s✳ ❙❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❛tô♠✐❝❛s✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳
P♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s✱ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❡rr♦s ♦✉ ♦♠✐ssõ❡s ♥❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ár❞✉❛✱ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦s ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♣♦r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛t❛r✱ ♦r❞❡♥❛r✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r ♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s P❉❇✳ ◆❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ❡st❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦ P❉❇❡st ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦✳ ❊st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❘❈❙❇✶✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s ✜❧tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❡st❡ s✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳
❉❡♥tr❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡♣❛r❛r ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s❀ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ♦✉ r❡t✐r❛r ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛❧❤♦ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❍❊❆❉❊❘✱ ❚■❚▲❊ ❡ ❘❊✲ ▼❆❘❑❙❀ r❡♠♦✈❡r✱ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛r ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ♥♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✱ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❊▲■❳ ❡✴♦✉ ❙❍❊❊❚ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s át♦♠♦s ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦✉ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡sí❞✉♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✳
❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ t✐♣♦ sã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛ s❡r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛✳ ❍á ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ♥❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ át♦♠♦s✱ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ át♦♠♦s ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♦❝✉♣â♥❝✐❛s✳
❊✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦ P❉❇❡st ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❡①tr❛✐ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❜✉s❝❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❡①❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♦✉ ✉s❛r ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❝s❜✳♦r❣
❆ ❉ú✈✐❞❛✳✳✳
❚♦❞♦s ♦s t❡♠♣♦s sã♦ ❞❡ ❞ú✈✐❞❛✳
▼❛s ❞❡ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡♠ s❡r✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱
❆s é♣♦❝❛s ❝♦♥t✉r❜❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s✳
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ✉♠ ❞✐❛ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛r ♣♦r ❡❧❡✳
❊st❡s sã♦ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❡s❢♦rç♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❘❡❣✐str♦ ♠❡✉s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❛♠ ♦ tr✐❧❤❛r ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❡st❡ ❝❛✲ ♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦✲ ♠❡ ❡ ❞❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ❢♦rç❛s ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss❛ ❝✐t❛r ❛ t♦❞♦s ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s✱ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❝✐t❛r✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠✳
■♥✐❝✐♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♥❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❛s ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❋át✐♠❛ ❙❛♥t♦s ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠❛❞❛ ♠ã❡✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ♠✐♠✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❤♦♥❡st✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❢❡t♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ s❡♠ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❡st♦✉ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❝❤❡❣❛r✐❛ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
❆ ▲✉❝é❧✐❛ ❱✐✈✐❛♥❡ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛✱ ❛ q✉❡♠ ❞❡✈♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❛✉sê♥✲ ❝✐❛✱ ❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♥✉♥❝❛ ♣♦❞❡r❡✐ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛r✱ s❡♥ã♦ r❡tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ t♦❞♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ♠✐♠✳
❆♦s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ✲ ▲❇❙✱ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❛ ✐♠❡rsã♦ ❡♠ s❡✉s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ s❡q✉❡r✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♣r❡st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✿ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❱❛❧❡♥t❡ P✐r❡s✱ ▲❛❡rt❡ ▼❛t❡✉s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❡ ❙❛♥❞r♦ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ■③✐❞♦r♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡st❡③❛ ❞♦s ❛✉①í❧✐♦s ❡♠ ♠❡✉s ❛❢❛③❡r❡s✳
➪s ♠✐♥❤❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❘❛q✉❡❧ ❈❛r❞♦s♦ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ▼✐♥❛r❞✐ ❡ ❱❛❧❞❡t❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♦✉s♦ ♠❡ r❡❢❡r✐r ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠✐❣❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛r❛♠ s✉❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♣♦s✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r❛♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦ q✉❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡rá ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ s❡♠ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ♣♦r ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳
▼❡✉s s✐♥❝❡r♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✹
✷✳✶ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✷ ❆♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✸ Pr♦t❡í♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✹ ❆ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s P❉❇ ✭Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✹✳✶ ❉❡♣ós✐t♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✺ ❖ ❈♦♥sór❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✇✇P❉❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✻ ■♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♦♠✐ssõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✼ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✶✼
✸✳✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✶✳✶ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶✳✸ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❊❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷✳✻ ❘❡♣r♦❞✉t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷✳✼ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ✸✸
✹✳✷ ❖ ❙✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸ ❖ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✹ ❖ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✺ ❆ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✻ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✹✵
✺✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✶✳✶ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✶✳✷ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❲❊❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✹✷
P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✹✼
▼❛♥✉❛❧ ✺✶
❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✻✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ♣❡♣tí❞✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✸ ❆♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✹ P❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♥♦ P❉❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✺ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡s♣❡❧❤♦s ❞♦ P❉❇ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❇▲❆❙❚ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✷ ❚❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✸ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✹ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçõ❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✺ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ P❉❇❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✻ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✼ ❘❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✶❇❩❘ ✲ ▼✐♦❣❧♦❜✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✽ ❉❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✾ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹✳✶ ▼❛r❝❛ P❉❇❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✷ Pá❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸ Pá❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✹ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ◆♦♠❡s✱ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✷ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦s ♥♦ P❉❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ▲♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ●✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ P❉❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✺ P❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ P❉❇ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ✶❯❉❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s✉♣♦rt❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦s ✶❇❩❘ ✲ ▼✐♦❣❧♦❜✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✶ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ P❉❇❡st ❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞s ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ P❉❇❡st ❡ ❘❈❙❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ r❡♠❡t❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦s ❡✴♦✉ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❡✴♦✉ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✭❆tt✇♦♦❞ ❚✳❑✳ ❡ ❊✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❞✉③✐❞❛✱ ❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❛ss✉♠✐✉ ✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó✲ ❣✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❱❡r❧✐✱ ✷✵✶✹ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛✿ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s✱ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s às s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♦✉tr❛✱ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❊str✉t✉r❛❧ ❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s às ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s tê♠ s❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡s❢♦rç♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✱ sã♦ ❛s ❞♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♠❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r❡s ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❇♦✉ts❡❧❛❦✐s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r át♦♠♦s ❡✴♦✉ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s ❡ át♦♠♦s ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♦❝✉♣â♥❝✐❛s✱ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛s às té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳
P❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s t❡♠ s❡ ❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞♦ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ✭❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✮ ✭❙t❛❥✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❈♦❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ q✉❡ ❧✐❞❡♠ ❝♦♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ❡ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❛tr❡❧❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣♦❞❡r q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♠ ✉s❛r t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r✳ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❡s✲
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
q✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥t❡s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡stã♦ ❢♦❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝❤❛r ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛r✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳
▼❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✶ ❞❛ ❯❋▼●✱ ✈❡❡♠ tr❛t❛♥❞♦
♦♠✐ssõ❡s ❡ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s P❉❇✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸✳ P✐r❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ♥♦t✐❝✐♦✉ ♦ ❡♠❜r✐ã♦ q✉❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥♦✉ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊♠ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ tr❛t❛✈❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ át♦♠♦s ❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s✱ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ♠ú❧✲ t✐♣❧❛s ♦❝✉♣â♥❝✐❛s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ✉s❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡ss❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❝r✐♣ts ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❡r❧ ❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ❛♠✲ ♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
◆❡ss❛ s❡çã♦✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s q✉❡ ❣✉✐❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
✶✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧
Pr♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛r✱ ✜❧tr❛r ✭s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✲ ✜❝♦s✮✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦♠✐ssõ❡s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥sór❝✐♦ ✇✇P❉❇ ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
• Pr♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s P❉❇ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✉❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s✲ s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧✳
• Pr♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ s✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡
❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
• ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦
❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s✳
• ❚❡st❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s✳
• Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
✶✳✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
• ❯♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❥á ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
• ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
• ❆s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
• ❊ ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐rã♦ ❛
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
✷✳✶ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ sã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛s ❞❡♠❛♥✲ ❞❛s ♣♦r ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳❊♠ t❡♠♣♦s ♣ós✲❣❡♥ô♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ♣r♦t❡ô♠✐❝❛✱ ❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❞❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ t❡♠ ❣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❉♦r♥ ❡ ◆♦r✲ ❜❡rt♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
❆ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❈r✐st❛❧♦❣r❛✜❛ ♣♦r ❞✐❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦s ❳ ❡ ❛ ❘❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ✭❇❡r❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ❡♥♦✈❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ♣♦r ❤♦♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛❜ ✐♥✐t✐♦ ✭❉♦r♥ ❡ ◆♦r❜❡rt♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✱ t❡♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❊str✉t✉r❛❧✳
❆ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❊str✉t✉r❛❧ é ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❜✐♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐✲ ❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❡ss❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✭▲✉s❝♦♠❜❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛r♠❛③❡✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❡ ♣♦❧✐♣❡♣tí❞❡♦s ✭❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❉♦r♥ ❡ ◆♦r❜❡rt♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ♦✉ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❡stá ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▲❡s❦✱ ✷✵✵✶ ❡ ❇❡r❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ s✉❣❡r✐r❛♠✱ ❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛✐①❛ s✐♠✐❧❛✲ r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ t❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞❛s✳ ❯♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ sã♦ ❛s ❣❧♦❜✐♥❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞❛s✱ ♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s tr✐❞✐✲ ♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳ ❆ ♣r♦t❡ô♠✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❡♥♦✈❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦t❡✐❝♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ s❡ ❞♦❜r❛♠ ❞❡
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✺
❢♦r♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s t❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ♥❛t✐✈❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭▲❡s❦✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
✷✳✷ ❆♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s
■s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✿ ✉♠ át♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❜♦♥♦✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❜♦♥♦ α ✭❈α✮ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❛
q✉❛tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s✿ ✉♠ át♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✭❍✮✱ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♠✐♥♦ ✭✲◆❍✷✮✱
✉♠ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ ✭✲❈❖❖❍✮ ❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ❘✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ✭❱♦❡t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦✳
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡①♣❧✐❝❛t♦r✐✉♠✳❝♦♠✴q✉✐♠✐❝❛✴Pr♦t❡✐♥❛s✳♣❤♣
❉♦✐s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s s❡ ❧✐❣❛♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝❛r❜♦①í❧✐❝♦ ✭✲❈❖❖❍✮✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦✱ r❡❛❣❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛♠✐♥❛ ✭✲◆❍✷✮ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✭❍✷❖✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳ ❉❡st❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ át♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ✭❈✮ ❡ ♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✭◆✮✱ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ♣❡♣tí❞✐❝❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐♣❡♣tí❞❡♦ q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡st❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♦s ♣♦❧✐♣❡♣tí❞✐♦s ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳
P♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ três ❧❡tr❛s ✭❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✮✱ ♦✉ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✭◆❡❧s♦♥ ❡ ❈♦①✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❇❡r❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ◆❡❧s♦♥ ❡ ❈♦① ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s ✭❣r✉♣♦s ❘✮✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s✿ ❆♣♦❧❛r❡s✱ P♦❧❛r❡s✱ P♦❧❛r❡s ❇ás✐❝♦s ❡ P♦❧❛r❡s ➪❝✐❞♦s ❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝♦✲q✉í♠✐❝❛s ♥♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡✱ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛✳
✷✳✸ Pr♦t❡í♥❛s
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ♣❡♣tí❞✐❝❛
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡①♣❧✐❝❛t♦r✐✉♠✳❝♦♠✴q✉✐♠✐❝❛✴Pr♦t❡✐♥❛s✳♣❤♣
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ◆♦♠❡s✱ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s
◆♦♠❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çã♦ ◆♦♠❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çã♦ ●❧✐❝✐♥❛ ♦✉ ●❧✐❝♦❝♦❧❛ ●❧②✱ ●❧✐ ● ❚✐r♦s✐♥❛ ❚②r✱ ❚✐r ❨
❆❧❛♥✐♥❛ ❆❧❛ ❆ ❆s♣❛r❛❣✐♥❛ ❆s♥ ◆ ▲❡✉❝✐♥❛ ▲❡✉ ▲ ●❧✉t❛♠✐♥❛ ●❧♥ ◗ ❱❛❧✐♥❛ ❱❛❧ ❱ ■s♦❧❡✉❝✐♥❛ ■❧❡ ■ ●❧✉t❛♠❛t♦ ♦✉
➪❝✐❞♦ ❣❧✉tâ♠✐❝♦ ●❧✉ ❊ ❆s♣❛rt❛t♦ ♦✉➪❝✐❞♦ ❛s♣árt✐❝♦ ❆s♣ ❉ Pr♦❧✐♥❛ Pr♦ P ❆r❣✐♥✐♥❛ ❆r❣ ❘ ❋❡♥✐❧❛❧❛♥✐♥❛ P❤❡ ♦✉ ❋❡♥ ❋ ▲✐s✐♥❛ ▲②s✱ ▲✐s ❑ ❙❡r✐♥❛ ❙❡r ❙ ❍✐st✐❞✐♥❛ ❍✐s ❍ ❚r❡♦♥✐♥❛ ❚❤r✱ ❚❤❡ ❚ ❚r✐♣t♦❢❛♥♦ ❚r♣✱ ❚r✐ ❲ ❈✐st❡✐♥❛ ❈②s✱ ❈✐s ❈ ▼❡t✐♦♥✐♥❛ ▼❡t ▼
❋♦♥t❡✿ ◆❡❧s♦♥ ❡ ❈♦① ✭✷✵✶✶✮
❆ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ♣❡♣tí❞✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡ é ❡st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛ ♥❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✭❈✳ ❡ ❏✳✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❆♥❞r❡❛s ❉✳ ❇❛①❡✈❛♥✐s✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞♦ ❡♥♦✈❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦té✐❝♦ ✭▲❡s❦✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
✷✳✹ ❆ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s P❉❇ ✭Pr♦t❡✐♥ ❉❛t❛ ❇❛♥❦✮
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❆♠✐♥♦á❝✐❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s
r❛s ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❡ ♥❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r✲ t✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s r❡✢❡t✐r❛♠ ♥♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❛ ❈r✐st❛❧♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❘❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ▼❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ✭◆▼❘✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ P❉❇ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵✾✳✷✼✹ ❡str✉t✉r❛s✶✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈r✐st❛❧♦❣r❛✜❛ ♣♦r ❉✐❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛✐♦s ❳✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✷✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✷✿ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦s ♥♦ P❉❇
❊①♣✳▼❡t❤♦❞ Pr♦t❡✐♥s ◆✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❆❝✐❞s Pr♦t❡✐♥✴◆❆ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❡s ❖t❤❡r ❚♦t❛❧ ✪
❳✲❘❆❨ ✽✾✳✶✻✼ ✶✳✻✶✵ ✹✳✹✵✷ ✹ ✾✺✳✶✽✸ ✽✾✱✵✼✪
◆▼❘ ✾✳✺✶✺ ✶✳✶✶✷ ✷✷✹ ✽ ✶✵✳✽✺✾ ✶✵✱✶✻✪
❊▲❊❈❚❘❖◆ ▼■❈❘❖❙❈❖P❨ ✺✹✷ ✷✾ ✶✼✺ ✵ ✼✹✻ ✵✱✼✵✪
❍❨❇❘■❉ ✻✽ ✸ ✷ ✶ ✼✹ ✵✱✵✼✪
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❝s❜✳♦r❣✴♣❞❜✴st❛t✐st✐❝s✴❤♦❧❞✐♥❣s✳❞♦
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✽
✷✳✹✳✶ ❉❡♣ós✐t♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s
P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ s❡❥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s P❉❇✱ ❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❝✐t❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ três ♣❛ss♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✿ ♦ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ P❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♥♦ P❉❇
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✵✮
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ ♣ós✐t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛r ❡rr♦s ❡ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✭❙t❡♣ ✶ ✮✳ ❆♣ós ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ é r❡♠❡t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❧t❛ ❛♦ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛♥t❡ ✭❙t❡♣ ✷ ✮✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛s r❡✈✐sõ❡s q✉❡ ❛❝❤❛r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ✭❙t❡♣ ✸ ✮✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛s r❡✈✐sõ❡s✱ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡♣❡t✐❞♦s ❝✐❝❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❡st❛ ❢❛s❡ ❡ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ♥♦ ♣❛ss♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ✭❙t❡♣ ✹ ✮✱ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡stá ♣r♦♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❆ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡✱ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛tô♠✐❝♦s ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❆♦ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛r s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦✱ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✈❛❧✐❞❛çõ❡s s❡rã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s✿
• ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✿ ❆s ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s
❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❤ ❡ ❍✉❜❡r ✭✶✾✾✶✮❀ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s ❞❡ ●❡❧❜✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮❀ ❛çú❝❛r❡s ❡ ❢♦s❢❛t♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦r♠❛✐s ❞❡ ●❡❧❜✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✳
• ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡st❡r❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛✿ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s q✉✐r❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❡ á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧❡✐✲
❝♦s sã♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❡st❡r❡♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ✭❲❡st❜r♦♦❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
• ◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❛tô♠✐❝❛✿ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s át♦♠♦s
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✾
• ❈♦♥t❛t♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s✿ ❆s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s át♦♠♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛s✲
s✐♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ❡ ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ◆▼❘ sã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛❧✱ ♦s ❝♦♥t❛t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲ ❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❲❡st❜r♦♦❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
• ◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ❡ át♦♠♦s✿ ◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❡ át♦♠♦s sã♦
❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ P❉❇ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❡ ❜❛s❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ●r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ♥ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s sã♦ s✐♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s sã♦ ❧✐st❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ át♦♠♦s ❡①tr❛s ♦✉ ❢❛❧t❛♥t❡s ✭❲❡st❜r♦♦❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
• ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✿ ❆ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦s r❡❣✐str♦s P❉❇ ❙❊◗❘❊❙ é
❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡❣✐st♦s ❞❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✳ ❆♣ós ❡st❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♦✉ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s s❡❥❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❉❇❘❊❋ ❡ ❙❊◗❆❉❱✱ sã♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ à ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❙❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛✱ ♦ ❇▲❆❙❚ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡❣✐str♦s P❉❇ ❙❊◗❘❊❙ ❡ ❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦s r❡❣✐str♦s ❞❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s é r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❲❡st❜r♦♦❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
• ➪❣✉❛s ❞✐st❛♥t❡s✿ ❆s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s át♦♠♦s ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s
❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s át♦♠♦s ♣♦❧❛r❡s ✭♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✮✱ ❞❛s ♠❛❝r♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ❡ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s✱ sã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s✳ ❖s át♦♠♦s ❞♦ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❞✐st❛♥t❡s sã♦ r❡♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❝r✐st❛❧♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✈❛t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✭❲❡st❜r♦♦❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ❣r❛✈❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦s ❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ P❉❇ s❡❥❛ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡✱ ❡st❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❲❡st❜r♦♦❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❤á ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s q✉❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ♣r❡✈❡r ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳
✷✳✺ ❖ ❈♦♥sór❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✇✇P❉❇
❈r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♦ ❝♦♥sór❝✐♦ ✇✇P❉❇ ❜✉s❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞♦ P❉❇ ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊st❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ é ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ♦s ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✭❍❡♥r✐❝❦ ❑✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵✾✳✷✼✹ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛s✷✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧❡✐❝♦s ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✵
♠❛❝r♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❈r✐st❛❧♦❣r❛✜❛ ♣♦r ❉✐❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛✐♦s ❳✱ ❘❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ▼❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ✭❘◆▼✮ ❡ ▼✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❈♦♥sór❝✐♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❡s♣❡❧❤♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ✭♠✐rr♦rs✮ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✿ ❘❈❙❇ P❉❇ ✭❊❯❆✮✱ ▼❙❉✲❊❇■ ✭❊✉r♦♣❛✮✱ P❉❇❥ ✭❏❛♣ã♦✮ ❡ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❇▼❘❇ ✭❊❯❆✮ s❡ ❥✉♥t♦✉ ❛♦ ✇✇P❉❇ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻ ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❖s ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡st❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❢♦r❛♠✿ ❘❈❙❇ P❉❇ ✭❊❯❆✮ ✭❇❡r♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ▼❛✲ ❝r♦♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✭▼❙❉✲❊❇■✮ ✭❊❯❘✮ ✭●♦❧♦✈✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ♦ P❉❇ ❏❛♣❛♥ ✭P❉❇❥✮ ✭❏P◆✮ ❞❛ ❖s❛❦❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✭❇❡r✲ ♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✸ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✳ ❖ ❇✐♦▼❛❣❘❡s❇❛♥❦ ✭❇▼❘❇✮ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❲✐s❝♦♥s✐♥✲▼❛❞✐s♦♥ ✭❯❙❆✮ ✭❯❧r✐❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥sór❝✐♦ ✇✇P❉❇ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻ ❡ tr❛t❛ s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❘◆▼ ❡♠ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ♣❡♣tí❞❡♦s✱ á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s✱ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❜✐♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✸✿ ▲♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s
❆❝❝❡ss P❉❇ ❋❚P ❉❡♣♦s✐t ❞❛t❛ ▼❛✐♥ ✇❡❜s✐t❡
❘❈❙❇ P❉❇ ❢t♣✿✴✴❢t♣✳r❝s❜✳♦r❣✴♣✉❜✴♣❞❜ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❡♣♦s✐t✳r❝s❜✳♦r❣ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❝s❜✳♦r❣ ▼❙❉✲❊❇■ ❢t♣✿✴✴❢t♣✳❡❜✐✳❛❝✳✉❦✴♣✉❜✴❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✴r❝s❜✴♣❞❜ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡❜✐✳❛❝✳✉❦✴♠s❞✲sr✈✴❛✉t♦❞❡♣✹ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡❜✐✳❛❝✳✉❦✴♠s❞ P❉❇❥ ❢t♣✿✴✴♣❞❜✳♣r♦t❡✐♥✳♦s❛❦❛✲✉✳❛❝✳❥♣✴♣✉❜✴♣❞❜ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❞❜❥✳♦r❣✴❞❡♣♦s✐t✳❤t♠❧ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❞❜❥✳♦r❣ ❇▼❘❇ ✕♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡✕ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜♠r❜✳✇✐s❝✳❡❞✉✴❞❡♣♦s✐t✴ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜♠r❜✳✇✐s❝✳❡❞✉
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✇♣❞❜✳♦r❣
❈❛❞❛ ❡s♣❡❧❤♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ P❉❇✱ ❡ tr❛t❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈✐sõ❡s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦s ♥♦ P❉❇ ✭❉❡s❤♣❛♥❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❲❛❦♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡s♣❡❧❤♦s ❞♦ P❉❇ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✇♣❞❜✳♦r❣
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✶
❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r ♦ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞ ❞❡st❡s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s✱ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡s♣❡❧❤♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s✱ q✉❡ ❥✉❧❣❛ s❡r ♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✳ ◆❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ tr❛t❛r❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ♣❞❜✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❛❝r♦♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❜✐✲ ♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ✈ár✐❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❢♦r✲ ♠❛t♦ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✸✳✸✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❛tô♠✐❝❛s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛❧♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦s ❳ ♦✉ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❘❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ▼❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❡ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✱ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦✱ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢♦✐ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s✳
❖s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s P❉❇ ❝♦♥tê♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❛❧ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✽✵ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s s❡✐s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡✐s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦ ✭❘❡❝♦r❞ ❚②♣❡✮ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐str♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛r ✉♠❛✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✹ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡st❡s r❡❣✐str♦s ❡♠ ❞❡③ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❙❡ssã♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜✐♦♠♦❧é✲
❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❊str✉t✉r❛ Pr✐♠ár✐❛✿ ❙❡ssã♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s
❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ➪t♦♠♦s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✿ ❈♦♥té♠ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞♦s át♦♠♦s ♥ã♦
❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❙❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✿ ❊st❛ s❡ssã♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ❞❛
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛✱ ❛❧❢❛ ❤é❧✐❝❡s ❡ ❢♦❧❤❛s ❜❡t❛✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡s ❞✐ss✉❧❢❡t♦✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❉✐✈❡rs❛s✿ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ sít✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❈r✐st❛❧♦❣rá✜❝♦s✿ ❊st❛
s❡ssã♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛❧♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✳
• ❙❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✿ ◆❡st❛ s❡ssã♦✱ ❡stá ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❛tô♠✐❝❛s
