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online
at
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j ou rn a l h o m epa ge :w w w . i n t l . e l s e v i e r h e a l t h . c o m / j o u r n a l s / d e m a
Efficacy
of
new
natural
biomodification
agents
from
Anacardiaceae
extracts
on
dentin
collagen
cross-linking
M.A.
Moreira
a,
N.O.
Souza
b,
R.S.
Sousa
b,
D.Q.
Freitas
b,
M.V.
Lemos
b,
D.M.
De
Paula
b,
F.J.N.
Maia
c,
D.
Lomonaco
c,
S.E.
Mazzetto
c,
V.P.
Feitosa
b,d,∗aDentalSchool,FederalUniversityofCeara,CampusofSobral,Sobral,Brazil bDentalSchool,PPGO-UFC,FederalUniversityofCeara,Fortaleza,Brazil
cDepartmentofOrganicandInorganicChemistry,FederalUniversityofCeara,Fortaleza,Brazil dPauloPicanc¸oSchoolofDentistry,Fortaleza,Brazil
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
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o
Articlehistory:
Received28March2017
Receivedinrevisedform7June2017 Accepted8July2017
Keywords:
Dentin Collagen Biomaterials Restorativedentistry Biomechanics
a
b
s
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c
t
Objectives.Severalpolyphenolsfromrenewablesourcesweresurveyedfordentin biomodi-fication.However,phenolsfromcashewnutshellliquid(CNSL,Anacardiumoccidentale)and fromAroeira(Myracrodruonurundeuva)extracthaveneverbeenevaluated.Thepresent inves-tigationaimedtocomparethedentincollagencrosslinking(biomodification)effectiveness ofpolyphenolsfromAroeirastembarkextract,proanthocyanidins(PACs)fromgrape-seed extract(Vitisvinifera),cardolandcardanolfromCNSLafterclinicallyrelevanttreatmentfor oneminute.
Methods.Three-pointbendingtestwasusedtoobtaintheelasticmodulusoffully dem-ineralizeddentinbeamsbeforeandafterbiomodification,whilstcolorchangeandmass variationwereevaluatedafterfourweekswaterbiodegradation.Coloraspectwasassessed byopticalimagesafterbiodegradationwhereascollagencross-linkingwasinvestigatedby micro-Ramanspectroscopy.Statisticalanalysiswasperformedwithrepeated-measurestwo wayANOVAandTukey’stest(p<0.05).
Results. The increase in elastic modulus after biomodification was in the order car-dol>cardanol>aroeira=PACswithcardolsolutionachievingmean338.2% increase.The massincreaseafterbiomodificationfollowedthesameorderaforementioned.Nevertheless, afterfourweeksaging,morehydrophobicagent(cardanol)inducedthehighestresistance againstwaterbiodegradation.Aroeiraandcardolattainedintermediateoutcomeswhereas PACsprovidedthelowerresistance.Tannin-basedagents(AroeiraandPACs)stainedthe specimens indarkbrowncolor. Nocolor alterationwasobservedwithcardol and car-danoltreatments.Allfouragentsachievedcrosslinkinginmicro-Ramanafteroneminute application.
Significance.Inconclusion,majorcomponentsofCNSLyieldoverallbestdentin biomodifi-cationoutcomeswhenappliedforoneminutewithoutstainingthedentincollagen.
©2017TheAcademyofDentalMaterials.PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
∗ Correspondingauthorat:LabPPGO-UFC,DentalSchool,FederalUniversityofCeará,RuaMonsenhorFurtadoS/N,Fortaleza,CE60430−350, Brazil.
E-mailaddresses:victorpfeitosa@hotmail.com,victor.feitosa@facpp.edu.br(V.P.Feitosa).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2017.07.003
1.
Introduction
Majordrawbacksindentinbondarerelatedtoenzymaticand hydrolyticdegradationofhybridlayerandresin-sparse colla-genmatrix[1].Itishypothesizedthatthequalityandlongevity ofthedentinadhesionmaybeimprovedbyincreasingthe dentin collagen mechanical properties [2]. In this regard, dentinbiomodificationimprovesthestiffnessoftheadhesive interfaceandprotectsthecollagenfibrilsfrombiodegradation bypromotingcollagencrosslinking[3].
A variety of crosslinking (biomodification) agents have provedtoeffectivelyincreasemechanicalpropertiesofdentin organic matrix [4]. Nevertheless, condensed tannins, also knownasproanthocyanidins(PACs),fromgrapeseedextract (Vitisvinifera)areagroupofplant-derivedpolyphenolswith highlight and high crosslink potential to collagen thereby providingbiostability[3,5–7].Thepositiveinfluenceofthese substancesonbondstrength[8]anddentinpropertiessuch asultimatetensile strength[4], resistanceto demineraliza-tion/biodegradation [9,10] and elastic modulus [11,12] was describedinseveralinvestigations.Duetothedarkcolorof PACssolution,themainshortcomingforitsclinicalusestillis therisktostaintoothsubstrates[13].
Further plant extracts from Anacardiaceae such as
Anacardiumoccidentale (cashew) andMyracrodruonurundeuva
(Aroeira) [14] have potential significant capabilities for application indentin biomodification.Cardol and cardanol are long carbon-chain phenols (Fig. 1) obtained from the
industrial extractionofcashew nutshell liquid (CNSL)[15]
during productionofnuts. They haveantioxidant capacity
[16,17],enzymeinhibitorypotential[18,19]andtwo hydrox-ylsinp-position(inthecaseofcardol)similartothoseofPACs (Fig.1).ExtractsofAroeirashowedanti-inflammatory prop-erties[20,21]andantimicrobialactivity[22].Moreover,major polyphenols of Aroeira are characterized by hydrolysable tannins [23] with high chemical interaction with proteins producingtannin-proteincomplexesrelativelyinsolubleand resistanttodegradation[24].
Although several plant-derived polyphenols were tested fordentincollagencrosslinking[25,26],cardol/cardanolfrom cashewnutshellliquidandAroeiraextracthaveneverbeen evaluated. Therefore, the aim ofthe present study was to determinetheeffectsofcardol,cardanolandAroeiraextract ascrosslinkersonmechanicalpropertiesanddegradationof demineralizeddentinincomparisontoPACswithinclinically relevantapplicationtime.Thehypothesistestedwasthat car-dol,cardanol,PACsandAroeiraprovidesimilarincreaseon elasticmodulusandmassvariationofdemineralizeddentin beams.
2.
Materials
and
methods
2.1. Preparationofbiomodificationsolutions
Cardolandcardanolwereobtainedfromindustrialcashewnut shellliquid(CNSL)suppliedbyAmendoasdoBrasilLTDA (For-taleza,Brazil)separatedemployingamethodologydescribed
Fig.1–Chemicalstructuresofbiomodificationagentssurveyed.(a)Mainpolyphenolfromaroeiraextract.(b)Major structureofproanthocyanidinsfromgrapeseedextract.(c)ChemicalstructureandNMRgraphofpurifiedcardanol.(d) ChemicalstructureofcardolwithitsrespectiveNMRgraph.*Descriptionofnuclearmagneticresonancegraphsand outcomesofgaschromatography/massspectroscopyanalyses:cardanol—Lightbrownoil,1HNMR(CDCl
3,ı):1,03(t);1,06;
1,08;1,36;1,45;1,50;1,71;2,19(t,2H);2,65;2,94;2,95;5,13(m)5,21(m);5,53(m);6,63(m,1H);6,65(m,1H);6,73(d,2H);7,13 (t,1H)ppm.GC/MS(EI):m/z=302.Cardol—Darkbrownoil,1HNMR(acetone-d6,ı):0,80(t);1,26(m);1,51(m);2,05(m);2,39
byLomonacoetal.[27].Theproductswerealsocharacterized bygaschromatography/mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear
magneticresonance (NMR) toensure their purity[27]. The CNSLcomponentsweredilutedinEtOH/H2O(1:1volumeratio)
at2wt% concentration. Aroeira extractwas obtained from commercial mastic stem bark (M&A Natural Products, For-taleza,Brazil) of M. urundeuva species through infusion in EtOH/H2O(1:1volumeratio)with15%bark(15gbarkin100mL
hydroethanolicsolution).After5minagitation in25◦C,the
mixturewasfilteredtwicetoobtain thesolutionofAroeira polyphenols with approximately 2% concentration, as the totalamountofpolyphenolsinAroeirastembarkis approx-imately 13% [23]. Proanthocyanidins (PACs) solution was preparedafterdissolving6.5%grapeseedextract(V.vinifera, MeganaturalGold,Madera,CA,USA)inEtOH/H2O(1:1volume
ratio)with5minagitationat25◦Candfinaldoublefiltering.
ThesolutionswerebufferedtopH7.2.Ethanol/watersolution wasemployedtostandardizethedissolutionofagents,once cardanolhasverylowsolubilityinonlydistilledwater. Chem-icalstructuresofmajorpolyphenolfromAroeira,monomeric unitofproanthocyanidinsfromgrape-seedextract,and struc-turesofcardolandcardanolaredepictedinFig.1.
2.2. Structuralcharacterizationofcardanolandcardol
NMR spectra were recorded on Avance DRX-500 (500MHz for 1H, Bruker, Bremen, Germany) using CDCl
3 as solvent
for cardanol, and acetone-d6 for cardol. The gas chro-matography/massspectrometryanalyseswereperformedon GC/MS QP-2010 Ultra (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), equipped witha(5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane(DB-5) capillary col-umn(30m×0.25mm),usinghelium(He)ascarriergasand
aflowrateof1mL/mininasplitlessmode.
2.3. Samplepreparation
Twentyfiveextractedcaries-free humanthirdmolarswere used in this study after approval by the Research Ethics CommitteeofFederalUniversityofCeará(protocol1482602). Teethwerecutwithslow-speedwater-cooleddiamondsaw (Isomet 4000; Buehler, Lake Bluff, USA). One 0.5mm-thick disk from middle coronal dentin was obtained from each tooth [12]. Disks were then sectioned into dentin beams (1.7mm×0.5mm×6mm).Atotalof75beamswereobtained
andwerecompletelydemineralizedin10%H3PO4solutionfor
5hat20◦C[12].Demineralizationwasconfirmedwithdigital
radiography.
2.4. Dentinbiomodification
Demineralized dentin beams (n=15/group) were randomly dividedinfivegroupsandtreatedwithdistilledwater(control) oroneofthefourbiomodificationsolutionstested(PACsfrom grapeseedextract,cardol,cardanolandAroeirabarkextract). Beforethetreatment,theinitialdryweightandinitialflexural modulus(three-pointbendingtest)wereassessedas previ-ouslydescribed[12].Forbiomodification,thedemineralized beamswereindividuallyimmersedin1mLofeachsolution for1min,tosimulateaclinicallyrelevanttime.Afterwards, beamswerevigorouslyrinsedwithdistilledwaterfor30sto
removeunboundcrosslinkers.Theflexuralmoduluswas re-assessed immediately afterimmersion,and treatedbeams were individually storedin 1mL artificial salivacontaining 5mMHEPES,2.5mMCaCl2,0.05mMZnCl2and120mMNaCl
(pH7.4)at37◦Cforfourweekstoundertakecollagen
degrada-tion[28].
2.5. Elasticmodulus
Specimens were testedon three-pointbending set-up ina universaltestingmachine(Instron4484;InstronInc.,Canton, USA), witha 5Nload cell at0.5mm/mincrosshead speed. Load–displacement curves were converted to stress–strain curves.Widthandthicknessofthespecimensweremeasured andtheapparentelasticmoduluswascalculatedat3%strain aspreviouslydescribed[12].DatawereexpressedinMPa,and thepercentagevariationinelasticmoduluswascalculatedas theratioofthefinalvalue(afterbiomodification)totheinitial values(baseline).
2.6. Masschange
Demineralizeddentinbeamswereweighed before(M1)and
after(M2)dentinbiomodificationwithananalyticalbalance
(0.01mgprecision,AUX-220,Shimadzu,Tokyo,Japan).Further massassessmentwassurveyedafter4weeksdegradationin artificialsaliva(M3).Ineachperiod,specimenswereinitially
driedinavacuumdesiccatorcontainingsilicagelbeadsfor 72hatroomtemperature.Massvariation(Wmc%)was
deter-mined as the percentage ofgain or lossin mass foreach specimenaspreviouslydescribed[12]basedonthefollowing formulaforbiomodification:
Wmc(%)= [(M2×100)/M1]−100,
where M1 is the demineralized dentin beam mass before
dentin biomodification and M2 is the massof biomodified
dentinmatrix. Moreover,to assess the biodegradation per-centagemassvariation,thefollowingformulawasused:
Wde(%)= [(M3−M1)×100]/M1,
where M1 is the demineralized dentin beam mass before
dentinbiomodificationandM3isthemassofdentinmatrix
after four weeksartificial salivaimmersion. Afterthe final weighing,pictures ofeachspecimenwereobtainedusinga professional camera(Canon, Tokyo,Japan)withMacro lens (100mm,Canon)inordertoobservethefinalcolorandaspect ofbiomodifieddemineralizeddentinbeams.
2.7. Micro-Ramanspectroscopy
Vibrationalanalysisofthe demineralizeddentinspecimens beforeandafterbiomodificationtreatmentasaforementioned was assessed using the Micro-Raman spectrophotometer (Xplora,HoribaJobinYvon,Paris,France)calibratedinternally inzerousingthesiliconstandardsampleprovidedbythe man-ufacturer.TheconfigurationoftheequipmentwereHeNelaser with 3.2mW power, 633nmlaser wavelength, 10s acquisi-tiontime,5accumulations,1.5mspatialresolution,2.5cm−1
Table1–Mean(SD)ofelasticmodulus(MPa)ofdemineralizeddentinspecimens.
Initialmodulus(MPa) Modulusaftertreatment(MPa) Elasticmodulusvariation(%)
Control(H2O) 2.76(0.8)a 2.62(0.6)a -5.0(2.3)D
Grapeseedextract 2.45(0.7)a 3.83(0.9)b 56.3(5.0)C
Cardol 2,23(0.5)a 9.78(2.1)d 338.2(45.1)A
Cardanol 2.91(1.1)a 6.11(1.4)c 109.9(16.0)B
Aroeirabarkextract 2.92(0.9)a 4.66(1.2)b 59.5(7.9)C
Differentcapitallettersdepictsignificantdifferenceinpercentagevariation(p<0.05)whilstdifferenttinylettersindicatestatisticaldifference onelasticmodulus(p<0.05).
UK)and60×70mfieldarea.Forobservationofdentin
col-lagencross-linking,the rangewas700–1800cm−1 tosurvey peaks/shouldersat1117cm−1 and1235cm−1accordingtoa previousinvestigation[29].Ramananalyseswereperformed intriplicatepergroup.
2.8. Statisticalanalysis
Analysisofelasticmodulusdatawascarriedoutviaone-way repeated-measuresANOVA(biomodificationagent),followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p<0.05), after passing normality (p=0.657)andequalvariance(p=0.335)tests.Thedataof per-centagemodulusvariationresults,percentagemasschange after biomodification, and percentage mass variation after 4weeksdegradation were separately analyzed byone-way ANOVAandTukey’stest(˛=5%).
3.
Results
NMR analysis demonstrated 99.8% purityand detection of solelycardanol (Fig. 1c) andcardol (Fig.1d) structures sep-arately.Means ofelastic modulusand standard deviations are presented in Table 1. The statistical analysis depicted significantdifferencesbetweenbiomodificationgroupswhen compared to control group (p<0.05). Modulus was signifi-cantlyincreasedbybiomodificationregardlesstheagentused. Thehigherresultswereobservedwhenusingcardol(mean 338.2%increase)followedbycardanol(mean109.9%increase). ThetreatmentswithAroeira(mean59.5%increase)and proan-thocyanidinsfromgrape-seedextract(mean56.3%increase) werestatisticallysimilarandachievedhighermodulusthan control(distilledwater),butlowerthanCNSLreagents.
MasschangeoutcomesareshowninTable2.Cardol pro-vided the highestincrease ofweightafter biomodification, followed by cardanol. Aroeira (mean 8.6%) and PAC(mean 9.1%) induced similar mass increase (p=0.739). After four weekswaterdegradation,controldemonstratedmean39.5% massdecrease which wasstatistically similar (p=0.892) to PAC (mean 38.6% decrease). Cardol and Aroeira presented
Table2–Mean(SD)ofmassvariation(%)ofdentin specimens.
Massvariation(%) Afterbiomodification 4weeks degradation
Control(distilledwater) +0.8(0.3)d −39.5(6.9)C Grapeseedextract +9.1(3.0)c −38.6(4.3)C
Cardol +22.9(5.8)a −21.5(2.9)B
Cardanol +15.1(2.2)b −5.0(2.3)A
Aroeirabarkextract +8.6(1.8)c −19.8(7.6)B
Differentlettersindicatestatisticallysignificantdifference(p<0.05) withineachcolumn.
lowermassreduction(mean21.5%and19.8%respectively)in comparisontocontrolandPAC(p<0.05). Cardanolafforded thehighestresistanceagainstbiodegradationwithmean5% massdecrease.
Representativepicturesofspecimensafterbiodegradation arepresentedinFig.2.Darkcolorwasobservedinspecimens treatedwithPACandAroeirawhilstthosetreatedwith car-dolandcardanoldidnotdemonstratesignsofpigmentation. Controlspecimensdepictedaspectofhighlydegraded dem-ineralizeddentin.Ramanspectra(Fig.3)showed,forallfour biomodificationagents,emergenceofashoulderat approxi-mately1117cm−1andincreaseofapeakat1235cm−1which
representscollagencrosslinking.
4.
Discussion
Thepresentstudydeterminedtheeffectivenessofthreenew plant-derivedcompoundsasbiomodifiersinfully demineral-izeddentin.Itwasobserveddifferencesinspecimens’elastic moduli among experimentalsolutions, and biodegradation rateswerestrikinglydistinct.Therefore,thetestedhypothesis needstoberejected.
Crosslinkingofdentinmayaffordstabilization, biodegra-dationresistanceandstrengtheningtocollagenmatrix[26]. Morestableandresistantcollagennetworkishighly signifi-cantforitsfunctionasascaffoldsubstratefordentaladhesive infiltration [30]. The use of biomodification agents is
Fig.3–Vibrationalspectraofmicro-Ramananalysisfromsamespecimensbeforeandafter1minbiomodification treatment.Allreagentsinducedemergenceofshoulderat∼1117cm−1(blackarrow)andincreaseofAmideIIIpeakat
1235cm−1(dottedline)whichdemonstratescollagencrosslinkingaccordingtoLiuetal.[29].(A)Spectraoftreated(black)
anduntreated(grey)specimenssubjectedtotreatmentwithproanthocyanidinsofgrapeseedextract.(B)Spectraoftreated (black)anduntreated(grey)specimenssubmittedtotreatmentwithAroeiraextract.(C)Spectraoftreated(black)and untreated(grey)specimenswhichundergonetreatmentwith2wt%cardolsolution.(D)Spectraoftreated(black)and untreated(grey)specimenssubjectedtotreatmentwith2wt%cardanolsolution.
posed to improve mechanical properties of the dentin, to increaseresin–dentinbondstrength,toreducebiodegradation ratesofdemineralizedcollagenand,consequently,toextend thelongevityofadhesiverestorations[2,4,31].However,one limitationofthe present investigation andresearch design comprises the usageof0.5mm-thick demineralized dentin specimens,whilstthephosphoricaciddemineralized thick-nessofdentinin the clinicalscenario representsonlyfew micrometers[10].Indeed,thecross-linkingpotentialoftested biomodificationagentsmightbeimprovedinathinnerzone forinteraction.
Tannins are naturaland biocompatible polyphenols [14]
withoutstandingpotentialasbiomodificationagents[26]due totheirhighmolecularweightandtendencytoformcomplex aggregateswithproteins.Inthisstudy,twomaincategories oftanninsweretested:thehydrolysabletannins,whichare presentinAroeirabarkextracts(M.urundeuva)[23]and con-densed tannins or proanthocyanidins (PACs), the principal polyphenolsofgrape-seedextract[26].Furthermore,wetested cardolandcardanolfromCNSL.Toourknowledge,thisisthe firststudytosurveycardanolandcardolfordentininteraction (anddentalresearch).
Biomodificationagentswithlowermolecularweight(such ascardolandcardanol)mayattaingreaterandfaster pene-trationindentincollagenmatrix[32],whichmayexplainthe highestincreaseinmassandinelasticmodulusafter1min applicationofcardolandcardanolsolutions(Tables2and1
and grape-seedextract areunlikely toinduce formationof hydrophobicinteractions.
Apartfromtheincreaseinelasticmodulus,the biodegrada-tionresistanceisrelatednotonlytotheformationofcollagen crosslinks,butalsowiththehydrophilicityofthe biomodifica-tionagent[7].Cardolandcardanolarerelativelyhydrophobic incomparisonwithtannins,buttheformerisslightlymore hydrophilic than the latterdue tothe additionalhydroxyl. Morehydrophobicfeatureofcardanoljeopardizesthedentin diffusionandincreaseofmassaftertreatment.However, col-lagenfibrilsconnectedwithcardanolmoleculesmighttendto becomemorehydrophobic,avoidingthewaterseepage dur-ing 4-week storageand consequently diminishing collagen degradation(Table2).
AlthoughPACspresentmultiplefreephenolfunctionalities (Fig.1b),theoligomericstructureswhichhavehigh biomod-ification potency [33], also have higher molecular weight, whatcouldjustifytheirslowerdiffusionincollagenmatrix, thereby explaining the reduced effectiveness in increasing elasticmodulusanddegradationresistancewhenappliedfor 1min.MostinvestigationsdepictedtheefficacyofPACsfrom grape-seedextractwhentheywereappliedfor1horlonger periods[4,11,12]. However,theefficacy ofPACsinclinically relevantapplicationtimehasalsobeendemonstratedinthin (fewmicrometers)demineralizeddentinlayer[10].
Hydrolysable tannins were related tosome interactions withproteins[23].However,noneofthebiomodification stud-ieshavetestedtheireffectsonthedentincollagenmatrix[26]. Aroeirabarkextracthasrepresentativehydrolysabletannins withmanygalloylgroups(Fig.1a)whichareabletointeract through hydrogen bondswiththe side chainsofhydroxyl, carboxyl-amineor amidegroups ofthecollagen molecules
[5]andcapableofinducingmorecovalentandnon-covalent bonds[3,26]. The formation ofthese hydrogen bondsmay occurlately afterpartialhydrolysisofthepolyphenols dur-ingwaterstorage.Therefore,althoughthepositiveeffecton elasticmoduluswassimilar(Table1)betweenbothtannins (PACs and Aroeira), the degradation resistance after using hydrolysabletannins(Aroeirabarkextract)solutionwas aug-mentedincomparisonwithPACs(Table2),likelyduetolater formationofcollagencrosslinks.
One of the benefits of using biomodification agents to crosslink dentinal collagen is that during formation of crosslinker-protein bonds, they may remove proteoglycans fromdentinmatrix,replacewaterboundtofibrillarcollagen andreducehydrophilicity[7]whatmayalsoaffordhigher dif-fusionofresinmonomersinto thefully expandedcollagen network[32].Hence,theyare abletoreducebiodegradation rates[26,31].Indeed,suchmechanismofimprovingadhesive penetrationandincreasinglongevityofadhesiveinterfaces needstobeverifiedforthesenewbiomodificationagents sur-veyedinthisstudy.
DentinspecimenstreatedwithPACsandAroeirapresented brownishcolor (Fig.2).This colorchange outcome may be attributedtotheiroxidativeproperties,darkcolorofsolutions and content of polymeric high-molecular weight polyphe-nols[13,14,26].Althoughpurecardolandcardanolare dark oils,their solutionsare transparent andtreated specimens didnotdepictnoteworthycoloralteration(Fig.2).Thismay be explained by their lower molecular weight and lesser
capacitytoformpolymericstructures.Infact,thecolor sta-bilityofdentinafterbiomodificationwithcardanolandcardol mightbeconsideredanotheradvantagefortheirclinicaluse andadrawbackwhenusingPACsandAroeirasolutions.
Cardolandcardanolcorrespondtomorethan95%ofthe compositionoftechnicalcashewnutshellliquidproducedin theindustries[27].Suchliquidisaproductofdiscard (byprod-uct) resultedfromtheboiling ofnutsand itwasestimated thatonemilliontonsareproducedyearlyworldwide[34].This liquidcannotbereleasedintheenvironment[27]duetoits veryslownaturalbiodegradation.Therefore,dental applica-tionofcardolandcardanolmayrepresentasortof“recycling” processtherebyprovidingusefulutilizationinrestorative den-tistrywithsustainability.
Cardol and cardanol are non-cytotoxic [15] compounds in low concentrations possessing antioxidant effects [16]
and,similar toPACs[13], theypresent inhibitionofmatrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 [18]. Bothcardolandcardanoldemonstratedremarkablepotential asdentinbiomodificationagentsinthepresentinvestigation asalsodemonstratedbymicro-Ramanspectroscopy(Fig.3), attaining thehighestincreaseinstiffnessofdemineralized dentin and resistance to degradation without specimens’ staining.
Furthermore,unlikepolyphenolsfromAroeiraandPACs, bothreagentsaresinglemolecules(Fig.1)pronetochemical synthesisofdentalmonomerswhichwouldaffordthe design-ingofcollagen-bindingandcollagen-crosslinkingmonomers withsubstantialperspectivefordentinbond.Indeed,further studiesareneededtounderstandlong-termbenefitsofthese
Anacardiaceae derived crosslinkers aswell astheir biocom-patibility with odontoblast-like cells. In conclusion, cardol demonstrated the highest potential to increase the elastic modulusofdemineralizeddentinwhilstcardanoltreatment attainedthelowestdegradation.Bothreagentsfromcashew nutshellliquidachievedoverallbestoutcomeswithout stain-ingdentinspecimens.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by CNPq-Brazil (grant 457931/2014-0). The authors have no financial interest in anyoftheproductsusedinthisstudy.
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