Estudo de modelos para o comportamento a altas queimas de varetas combustíveis de reatores a água leve pressurizada
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(2) INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS ENERGÉTICAS E NUCLEARES Autarquia associada à Universidade de São Paulo. ESTUDO DE MODELOS PARA O COMPORTAMENTO A ALTAS QUEIMAS DE VARETAS COMBUSTÍVEIS DE REATORES A ÁGUA LEVE PRESSURIZADA. RAPHAEL MEJIAS DIAS. Dissertação apresentada como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Ciências na Área de Tecnologia Nuclear - Reatores Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Teixeira e Silva. Versão Corrigida Versão Original disponível no IPEN. São Paulo 2016.
(3) ❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ●✐❧♠❛r ❡ ▼❛r❣❛r❡t❤ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣♦✐♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜✐✳.
(4) ❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❆♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛s ❡ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ✭■P❊◆✴❈◆❊◆✲❙P✮ ♣❡❧♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦✱ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ❡ ❙✐❧✈❛ ♣♦r s✉❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❣❡♥❡r♦s❛ ❞✐s♣♦✲ ♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ▲✉❝❛s ❇✐③③❛r✐❛ ❋r❡✐t❛s✱ ❖tá✈✐♦ ▲✉✐s ❉❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ P❡❞r♦ ❘✉ss♦ ❘♦ss✐ ❡ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ■P❊◆✴❈◆❊◆✲❙P✱ ❞♦ r❡❛t♦r ■P❊◆✴▼❇✲✵✶ ❡ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ❧✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛❞❛s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛s✳ ➚ ❈❆P❊❙✴❊▲❊❚❘❖❇❘❆❙ ❊▲❊❚❘❖◆❯❈▲❊❆❘ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳ ❊✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛ss♦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳.
(5) ✏ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ r❡♠♦t♦ r✐♥❝ã♦ ❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❝✐♥t✐❧❛♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡rr❛♠❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s♦❧❛r❡s✱ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ✉♠ ❛str♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥✈❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳✑. ❋r✐❡❞r✐❝❤ ◆✐❡t③s❝❤❡.
(6) ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❉❊ ▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❖ ❈❖▼P❖❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❆ ❆▲❚❆❙ ◗❯❊■▼❆❙ ❉❊ ❱❆❘❊❚❆❙ ❈❖▼❇❯❙❚❮❱❊■❙ ❉❊ ❘❊❆❚❖❘❊❙ ❆ ➪●❯❆ ▲❊❱❊ P❘❊❙❙❯❘■❩❆❉❆ ❘❛♣❤❛❡❧ ▼❡❥✐❛s ❉✐❛s. ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❝❡s✲ s✐✈❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s✱ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r❡t❛s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❘❡❛t♦r❡s ❛ ➪❣✉❛ ▲❡✈❡ Pr❡ss✉r✐③❛❞❛ ✭Pr❡ss✉r✐③❡❞ ❲❛t❡r ❘❡❛❝t♦r ✲ P❲❘✮ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❡ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛✳ ◆♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✳ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ♥❡st❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❛t♦r P❲❘ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ✸✳✸✱ ✸✳✹ ❡ ✸✳✺ ❞♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❋♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s tr♦✉①❡r❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s tér♠✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ❞❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✸ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✺✳ ◆❡ss❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦✱ ♦❜t❡✈❡✲s❡ ♠❡♥♦r❡s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ♠❡♥♦r❡s t❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛✲ çõ❡s ♥♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♥♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❛❧t❛s q✉❡✐♠❛s ♥❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✳.
(7) ▼❖❉❊▲■◆● ❖❋ P❲❘ ❋❯❊▲ ❆❚ ❊❳❚❊◆❉❊❉ ❇❯❘◆❯P ❘❛♣❤❛❡❧ ▼❡❥✐❛s ❉✐❛s. ❆❜str❛❝t ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ st✉❞✐❡s t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ♦✈❡r s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ✉s❡❞ t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ st❡❛❞② st❛t❡ ✐rr❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ Pr❡ss✉r✐③❡❞ ❲❛t❡r ❘❡❛❝t♦r ✭P❲❘✮ ❢✉❡❧ r♦❞s ✉♥❞❡r ❤✐❣❤ ❜✉r♥✉♣ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ st✉❞②✱ t❤❡ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞✳ ❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ st✉❞② ✇❛s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ❜✉r♥✉♣ ✐♥ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❢✉❡❧s ❛♥❞ t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❆ st❡❛❞② st❛t❡ ❢✉❡❧ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✇❛s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ t②♣✐❝❛❧ P❲❘ ❢✉❡❧ r♦❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ✸✳✸✱ ✸✳✹ ❛♥❞ ✸✳✺✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳ ■t ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❜r♦✉❣❤t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉❡❧ r♦❞ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❡✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲ ✸✳✸ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ t♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✺ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ▲♦✇❡r t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s✱ ❧♦✇❡r ❝❧❛❞❞✐♥❣ str❡ss ❛♥❞ str❛✐♥✱ ❧♦✇❡r ❝❧❛❞❞✐♥❣ ♦①✐❞❡ ❧❛②❡r t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉❡❧ r♦❞ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲ ✸✳✺ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳.
(8) ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✷✳✶ ▼✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✿ ✭❛✮ ❯❖2 ♥ã♦ ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞♦❀ ♣♦r♦s ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦✳ ✭❜✮ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ∼ 75M W d/kgU ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ✻ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘♦♥❞✐♥❡❧❧❛ ❡ ❲✐ss ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷ ❈❡r❛♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦rt❡ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛st✐❧❤❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ q✉❡✐♠❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ∼ 65M W d/kgU ✿ ✭❛✮ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♥ã♦ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ r❛✲ ❞✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛✳ ✭❜✮ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ♥❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ❞❛ ♣❛st✐❧❤❛ ❝♦♠✲ ❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣r❡t❛ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ é ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❡ ♦ ✼ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘♦♥❞✐♥❡❧❧❛ ❡ ❲✐ss ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ s♦❜ q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❛❞✐❛✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✐♥♦ ▼✶✲✸✲✶✶✳ ✭❛✮ r/r0 = 0, 84❀ ✭❜✮ r/r0 = 0, 61❀ ✭❝✮ r/r0 = 0, 45❀ ✭❞✮ r/r0 = 0, 14✳ ✽ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼♦❣❡♥s❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡✐♠❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦r✲ çã♦ ❞❡ r/r0 = 0, 55 ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞♦ r❡❝♦③✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❲❛❧❦❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✾ ✷✳✺ ❆ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✺✵✪✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❲❛❧❦❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ✻✵✵✱ ✾✵✵✱ ✶✷✵✵ ❡ ✶✺✵✵❑✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘♦♥❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✼ ▼✐❝r♦❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❩✐r❝❛❧♦②✲✹ ♦①✐❞❛❞♦ ♥❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✿ ✭❛✮ ✼✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❜✮ ✽✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❝✮ ✾✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❞✮ ✶✵✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❡✮ ✶✶✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❢✮ ✶✷✵✵➦❈✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❑✐♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✽ ▼✐❝r♦❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❩■❘▲❖ ➋ ♦①✐❞❛❞♦ ♥❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✿ ✭❛✮ ✼✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❜✮ ✽✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❝✮ ✾✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❞✮ ✶✵✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❡✮ ✶✶✵✵➦❈✱ ✭❢✮ ✶✷✵✵➦❈✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❑✐♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✾ ●❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❣❛s ❞❡ ③✐r❝ô♥✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✼✵✵➦❈✲✶✷✵✵➦❈✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙t❡✐♥❜rü❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✵ ❍✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛ ❞❡ ③✐r❝ô♥✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✈❛♣♦r ❡♠ ✪✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙t❡✐♥❜rü❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈❛③❛❧✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼. ✐.
(9) ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙. ✐✐. ✸✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●❡❡❧❤♦♦❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥♦ ❢♦❧❣❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●❡❡❧❤♦♦❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✸ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●❡❡❧❤♦♦❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✺✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ✭❦❲✴♠✮ ❡ ◗✉❡✐♠❛ ✭▼❲❞✴❦❣❯✮ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ✭❞✐❛s✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✷ ❊s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼✺➋ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✸➸ ♥ó ❛①✐❛❧ ✭♥ó ❞♦ ♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✸ ❊s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❩✐r❝❛❧♦②✲✹ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✸➸ ♥ó ❛①✐❛❧ ✭♥ó ❞♦ ♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✹ ❊s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ó①✐❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❩■❘▲❖➋ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✸➸ ♥ó ❛①✐❛❧ ✭♥ó ❞♦ ♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✺ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡✈❡st♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼✺➋✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✻ ●❛s❡s ❞❡ ✜ssã♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡✈❡st♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼✺➋✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✼ Pr❡ssã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡✈❡st♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼✺➋✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✽ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❢♦❧❣❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ♥♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ▼✺➋✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✾ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ▼✺➋ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✵ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ▼✺➋ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ▼✺➋ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r✳ ✺✵.
(10) ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✷✳✶. ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❧✐❣❛s ❞❡ ③✐r❝ô♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡s♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙t❡✐♥❜rü❝❦. ✺✳✶. P❛r❛♠❡tr♦s ❚❡r♠♦ ❍✐❞rá✉❧✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❘❡❛t♦r✳. ✺✳✷. ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❱❛r❡t❛ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✳. ✐✐✐. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✶✷. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✹✶. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✹✶. ❡t ❛❧✳. ✭✷✵✶✶✮.
(11) ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❽. ❆◆❙ ❈❘❯❉ ❋●❘ ●❞ ▼❲❞✴❦❣❯ ❍❡ ❍❲❘ ▲❲❘ ▼❖❳ ◆❋■ ◆❘❈ P◆◆▲ ♣♣♠ P✉ P❲❘ ❘❳❆ ❙❘❆ ❯ ❯❖2 U O2 − Gd2 O3. ●r❛✉ ❈❡❧s✐✉s ✭❉❡❣r❡❡ ❈❡❧s✐✉s ✮ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❈❤❛❧❦ ❘✐✈❡r ❯♥❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❉❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ▲✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ●❛s❡s ❞❡ ❋✐ssã♦ ✭❋✐s✐♦♥ ●❛s ❘❡❧❡❛s❡ ✮ ●❛❞♦❧í♥✐♦ ✭●❛❞♦❧✐♥✐✉♠ ✮ ▼❡❣❛✇❛tt✲❉❛②s P❡r ❦✐❧♦❣r❛♠s ❖❢ ❯r❛♥✐✉♠ ❍é❧✐♦ ✭❍❡❧✐✉♠ ✮ ❘❡❛t♦r ❛ ➪❣✉❛ P❡s❛❞❛ ✭❍❡❛✈② ❲❛t❡r ❘❡❛❝t♦r✮ ❘❡❛t♦r ❛ ➪❣✉❛ ▲❡✈❡ ✭▲✐❣❤t ❲❛t❡r ❘❡❛❝t♦r✮ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❞❡ Ó①✐❞♦ ▼✐st♦ ✭▼✐①❡❞ ❖①✐❞❡ ❋✉❡❧✮ ❬(U, P u)O2 ❪ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ❋✉❡❧ ■♥❞✉str✐❡s ❯✳❙✳ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ❘❡❣✉❧❛t♦r② ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ P❛❝✐✜❝ ◆♦rt❤✇❡st ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r② P❛rt❡s P♦r ▼✐❧❤ã♦ ✭♣❛rts ♣❡r ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ✮ P❧✉tô♥✐♦ ✭P❧✉t♦♥✐✉♠ ✮ ❘❡❛t♦r ❛ ➪❣✉❛ Pr❡ss✉r✐③❛❞❛ ✭Pr❡ss✉r✐③❡❞ ❲❛t❡r ❘❡❛❝t♦r✮ ❘❡✲❈r②st❛❧❧✐③❡❞ ❆♥♥❡❛❧❡❞ ❙tr❡ss ❘❡❧✐❡❢ ❆♥♥❡❛❧❡❞ ❯râ♥✐♦ ✭❯r❛♥✐✉♠ ✮ ❉✐ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❯râ♥✐♦ ✭❯r❛♥✐✉♠ ❉✐♦①✐❞❡ ✮ ❉✐ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❯râ♥✐♦ Ó①✐❞♦ ●❛❞♦❧í♥✐♦. ✐✈.
(12) ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s. ✐. ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s. ✐✐✐. ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s. ✐✈. ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦. ✶. ✶✳✶. ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✷✳✶. ✷✳✶✳✷. ✷✳✷. ✹. ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❆❧t❛s ◗✉❡✐♠❛s ♥♦s ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ◆✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ✷✳✶✳✶. ✸. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❆❧t❛s ◗✉❡✐♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ P❛st✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❯❖2. ✹. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✺. ✷✳✶✳✶✳✶. ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✺. ✷✳✶✳✶✳✷. ▲✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❆❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞♦s ●❛s❡s ❉❡ ❋✐ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✼. ✷✳✶✳✶✳✸. ❈♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❚ér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✽. ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❆❧t❛s ◗✉❡✐♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✶✶. ✷✳✶✳✷✳✶. ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ❆❧t❛s ◗✉❡✐♠❛s ♥❛ ❈♦rr♦sã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✶✷. ✷✳✶✳✷✳✷. ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ❆❧t❛s ◗✉❡✐♠❛s ♥❛ ❍✐❞r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦. ✶✻. ✷✳✶✳✷✳✸. ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ❆❧t❛s ◗✉❡✐♠❛s ♥❛s Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❞♦. ✳. ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✶✼. ❈ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✶✼. ✸ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆. ✶✾. ✸✳✶. ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙ér✐❡ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✶✾. ✸✳✷. ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❋❘❆P❈❖◆. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷✵. ✸✳✸. ✸✳✷✳✶. ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✵. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷✵. ✸✳✷✳✷. ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✸. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷✵. ✸✳✷✳✸. ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✹. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷✶. ✸✳✷✳✹. ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✺. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷✶. ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷✷. ✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s. ✷✻. ✹✳✶. ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❘❡❢r✐❣❡r❛♥t❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✹✳✷. ❈♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ●ás. ✈. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✷✻ ✷✽.
(13) ❙❯▼➪❘■❖. ✹✳✸ ✹✳✹ ✹✳✺ ✹✳✻ ✹✳✼ ✹✳✽ ✹✳✾ ✹✳✶✵ ✹✳✶✶ ✹✳✶✷ ✹✳✶✸. ❈♦♥❞✉tâ♥❝✐❛ ❆tr❛✈és ❞♦s P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❛t♦ P❡r✜❧ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❈♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❚ér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ❋❧✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❘❡❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❋♦rs❜❡r❣✲▼❛ss✐❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❋❘❆P❋●❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❱❛③✐♦ ❞❛ ❱❛r❡t❛ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦rr♦sã♦ ♣❛r❛ P❲❘ ❡ ❇❲❘ ✳ ✳ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❍✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ✺✳✶ ✺✳✷ ✺✳✸ ✺✳✹ ✺✳✺. ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❱❛r❡t❛ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ Ó①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❩✐r❝ô♥✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞♦ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ▲✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ●❛s❡s ❞❡ ❋✐ssã♦ ❡ Pr❡ssã♦ ■♥✲ t❡r♥❛ ❞❛ ❱❛r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❋♦❧❣❛ P❛st✐❧❤❛✲❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✺✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ❘❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳. ✈✐. ✷✾ ✸✵ ✸✶ ✸✷ ✸✷ ✸✸ ✸✹ ✸✻ ✸✻ ✸✻ ✸✽. ✹✵. ✹✵ ✹✶ ✹✷ ✹✺. ✹✻ ✹✼ ✹✽ ✹✾. ✻ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦. ✺✶. ❆ ❆rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸. ✺✸. ❇ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸. ✺✻. ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s. ✼✼. ✻✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳. ✺✷.
(14) ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✈❡♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ✉s✐♥❛s ❤✐❞r❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✐♥❛s t❡r♠♦❡❧étr✐❝❛s q✉❡✐♠❛♥❞♦ ❝❛r✈ã♦ tê♠ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞❛ ♣♦❧✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛r✳ ❆s ❢♦♥t❡s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡♥♦✈á✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♦♣çã♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♠✉✐t♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✈❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❧✉③ s♦❧❛r✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❏❛♣ã♦ ❡ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦s ❝✉st♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ss❛s ✉s✐♥❛s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ✈❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣❛ís❡s ❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ t♦❞♦✳ ◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡ss❡♥t❛✱ ❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ♥♦s ❘❡❛t♦r❡s ❘❡❢r✐❣❡r❛❞♦s ❛ ➪❣✉❛ ▲❡✈❡ Pr❡ss✉r✐③❛❞❛ ✭Pr❡ss✉r✐③❡❞ ❲❛t❡r ❘❡❛❝t♦rs ✲ P❲❘✮ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ ▼❲❞✴❦❣❯✳ ◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡t❡♥t❛✱ ❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s P❲❘ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ✸✸ ▼❲❞✴❦❣❯✳ ❖s ❝✐❝❧♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❛t✉❛✐s sã♦ ❞❡ ✶✽ ♠❡s❡s ❡ ✹✼ ▼❲❞✴❦❣❯✳ ❆ ♠❡t❛ é ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✸✻ ♠❡s❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦✳ ❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦s ❝✉st♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s✱ ❤á ✉♠ ♠♦✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✉s✐♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝❤❛✈❡ ❞❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ♠❛♥t❡r ♣♦r ♠❛✐s t❡♠♣♦ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ r❡❛t♦r ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❝✉✐❞❛✲ ❞♦s❛✱ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ r❡❣❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♥❡✉trô♥✐❝❛s ❡ r❡♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❥❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞♦s✳ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❧♦♥❣♦s ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡ ♣♦✲ tê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s t❡♠ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛t✉❛✐s é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦s ✶.
(15) ✶✳✵. ✷. ❞❡ q✉❡✐♠❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ✹✺ ▼❲❞✴❦❣❯✳ ◗✉❡✐♠❛s ❞❡ ❛té ✻✷ ▼❲❞✴❦❣❯ ❡stã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s✳ ◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❛ q✉❡✐♠❛s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧á✲❧♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ Pr❡✈❡r ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❞❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s ❛ á❣✉❛ ❧❡✈❡ ✭▲✐❣❤t ❲❛t❡r ❘❡❛❝t♦rs ✲ ▲❲❘✮ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❡st❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❛ ✧❯❙ ◆✉❝❧❡❛r ❘❡❣✉❧❛t♦r② ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✧ ✭❯❙✲◆❘❈✮ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ ❡①t❡♥s♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❝ó❞✐❣♦s✮✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ t❡st❡s ✧✐♥✲♣✐❧❡✧ ❡ ✧♦✉t ♦❢ ♣✐❧❡✧ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❯❙✲◆❘❈ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ▲❲❘ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸ ❇❡r♥❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ▲❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ●❡❡❧❤♦♦❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶❛✮ ❡ ●❡❡❧❤♦♦❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❖ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ▲❲❘✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ sã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ s❡❥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ■st♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡ r❛♠♣❛s ❧❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ sã♦ tí♣✐❝❛s ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❛t♦r ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✳ ❖ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❡ ♥♦ r❡✈❡s✲ t✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦①✐❞❛çã♦ ♥♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ❞❡♥s✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❛s❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♥❛ ✈❛r❡t❛✳ ❖s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❛té q✉❡✐♠❛s ❞❡ ✻✷ ▼❲❞✴❦❣❯ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦ ❯❖2 ✱ ♦ (U, P u)O2 ❡ ♦ U O2 − Gd2 O3 ✳ ❖s r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❩✐r❝❛❧♦②✲✷✱ ❩✐r❝❛❧♦②✲✹✱ ▼✺➋ ✱ ❩✐r❧♦ ➋ ❡ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❩✐r❧♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ é ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❋❘❆P❚❘❆◆ ●❡❡❧❤♦♦❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶❜✮✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s t❡♠ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ▲❲❘✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♥❡st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s t❡♠ s✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ✜ssã♦ ❡ ❛ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❛st✐❧❤❛s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❡ ❛ ❝♦rr♦sã♦ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✳ ❖ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ✈❡♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥tê✲❧♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ q✉❡✐♠❛ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ❞✐✈✐❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❛❧t❛s q✉❡✐♠❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♠✲ ❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❡ ♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦.
(16) ❖❇❏❊❚■❱❖❙. ✶✳✶. ✸. ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ♥❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ✸✳✸✱ ✸✳✹✱ ✸✳✺ q✉❡ é ❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ■P❊◆✲❈◆❊◆✴❙P✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✈❛r❡t❛ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳ ✶✳✶. ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s. ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡st✉❞❛r ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥tê✲❧♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♥♦✈♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛ ❛❧t❛s q✉❡✐♠❛s ❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s r❡❛t♦r❡s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✸✱ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✲✸✳✹ ❡ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✸✳✺ ❞♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♥♦s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s q✉❡ r❡❣✐♠❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛s q✉❡✐♠❛s ❝❛✉s❛♠ ♥♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞á s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❘❡✐s ✭✷✵✶✹✮ q✉❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❋❘❆P❈❖◆ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❋❯▼❊❳✲■■■✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ✐rr❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r❡t❛s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ❞❡ r❡❛t♦r❡s P❲❘ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❡ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛❧t❛s q✉❡✐♠❛s✳.
(17) ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷. ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ➱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r q✉❡ ♦s r❡❛t♦r❡s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s s❡❥❛♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s s❡❣✉r❛s ❡ r❡♥tá✈❡✐s✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛✱ ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❛t♦r❡s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ é ✉♠ q✉❡s✐t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ ❝❡r♥❡ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❛t♦r❡s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ❛ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞♦s ❡❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡❣✉r❛✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s r❡❛t♦r❡s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✳ ❆ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ tr❛③ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡❧❡tér✐♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❆❣ê♥❝✐❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❆tô♠✐❝❛ ✭■❆❊❆ ✲ ■♥t❡r♥❛✲ t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆t♦♠✐❝ ❊♥❡r❣② ❆❣❡♥❝② ✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛s ❛❧t❛s q✉❡✐♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ■❆❊❆ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❊❢❡t✉❛r t❡st❡s ❡♠ ✈❛r❡t❛s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞❛s é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡ ❝❛r❛ ❡ ♣♦st♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ s❡❣✉✲ r❛♥ç❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ r❡❛t♦r✱ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r❡t❛s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s❡✉ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❛t♦r ♥✉❝❧❡❛r é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ r❛♠♦ ❞♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s ❡ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ♥♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✳ ✷✳✶. ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❆❧t❛s ◗✉❡✐♠❛s ♥♦s ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ◆✉❝❧❡❛r❡s. ❊♠ ✶✾✾✸✱ ❛ ■❆❊❆ ♣r❡♣❛r♦✉ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ■❆❊❆ ✭✶✾✾✸✮ q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛✈❛ tr❛③❡r ❧✉③ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♥❞♦ ❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛ ❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦ ♠❛♥✉s❡✐♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❡st♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈❛❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛♥t❛s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✳ ❖ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ tr♦✉①❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ q✉❡✐♠❛✱ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ❼ ❊❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❛st✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❯❖2 ✿ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ✹.
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