Rev. bras. farmacogn. vol.27 número3

w w

w

.

e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / b j p

Original

Article

Plants

from

the

Brazilian

Traditional

Medicine:

species

from

the

books

of

the

Polish

physician

Piotr

Czerniewicz

(Pedro

Luiz

Napoleão

Chernoviz,

1812–1881)

Letícia

M.

Ricardo

a

,

c

,

Juliana

de

Paula-Souza

d

,

Aretha

Andrade

b

,

c

,

Maria

G.L.

Brandão

b

,

c

,

∗

a_{MinistériodaSaúde,DepartamentodeAssistênciaFarmacêuticaeInsumosEstratégicos,EsplanadadosMinistérios,Brasília,DF,Brazil}

b_{CentroEspecializadoemPlantasAromáticas,MedicinaiseTóxicas,MuseudeHistóriaNaturaleJardimBotânico,UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais,BeloHorizonte,MG,Brazil}

c_{FaculdadedeFarmácia,UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais,BeloHorizonte,MG,Brazil}

d_{UniversidadeFederaldeSãoJoãodelRei,CampusSeteLagoas,SeteLagoas,MG,Brazil}

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Articlehistory:

Received1October2016 Accepted10January2017 Availableonline2March2017

Keywords:

Historicalrecords Usefulplants Medicinalplants 19century

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

TheBrazilianfloraisveryrichinmedicinalplants,andmuchinformationaboutthetraditionaluseof

theBrazilianplantsisonlyavailablefromearlyliteratureandwearefacingarapidprocessoflossof

biodiversity.ToretrievedataaboutusefulplantsregisteredinthebooksofthePolishphysicistP.L.N.

Chernoviz,wholivedinBrazilfor15yearsinthe19thcentury.Theaimistoimproveourknowledge

aboutBrazilianplants,andtoensurethebenefitsofsharingitwithpotentialusers.DataaboutBrazilian

plantswereobtainedfromsixeditionsofthebookFormularyandMedicalGuide(FormulárioeGuia

Médico),publishedin1864,1874,1888,1892,1897and1920.Allthisinformationwasthenorganized

inboxes,andcorrelatedwithpharmacologicalstudiesfromPubMedandLilacs.Atotalof238species

wererecordedand117differenttraditionaluseswereregisteredfortheplants.Themostcommonuses

weretotreatgeneralskindiseasesandintermittentfevers,aspurgative,diureticsandandidiarrheal.

Fromthetotal,only61species(25.6%)havebeentodatesubjecttopharmacologicalstudiesandhad

theiractivitiesconfirmed.Chernovizbooksrepresentanimportantsourceofdataaboutplantsusedin

traditionalmedicineofBrazil.TheirrecordswerecollectedatatimewhenBrazil’snativevegetation

wasstilllargelyintact,andtraditionalmedicinewaspracticedbasedonnativeplants.Wearguethat

theseplantsmustbeprioritizedindevelopmentofmedicines,submittingthemtoclinicalstudiesorby

consideringtheirtraditionality,asestablishedbyWHO.Strategiesfortheprotectionofthetraditional

knowledgearealsonecessary.

©2017SociedadeBrasileiradeFarmacognosia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisisanopen

accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction

Since

2002,

the

World

Health

Organization

(WHO)

has

been

stimulating

the

rescue

of

data

from

plants

used

in

ancient

med-ical

practice,

since

they

are

considered

potentially

useful

in

the

development

of

new

drugs

(

WHO,

2002

).

The

American

plants

were

widely

used

long

before

the

arrival

of

the

Europeans

in

the

con-tinent

in

the

15th

century,

and

besides

being

one

of

the

richest

countries

in

biodiversity,

Brazil

is

also

one

of

the

most

diverse

in

terms

of

Amerindian

culture

(

Neves,

2006;

Forzza

et

al.,

2012

).

However,

both

plants

and

traditional

knowledge

are

under

heavy

threaten

due

to

the

continued

destruction

of

the

native

ecosystems,

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail:[email protected](M.G.Brandão).

as

a

consequence

of

the

successive

economic

cycles

along

the

five

centuries

of

increasing

human

occupancy.

In

fact,

today

only

7%

of

the

Atlantic

Forest

survives,

and

the

Cerrado

and

Caatinga

are

also

in

a

rapid

process

of

destruction

(

Giulietti

et

al.,

2005

).

This

situ-ation

highlights

the

necessity

to

promote

the

appropriate

use

and

conservation

of

useful

species

from

the

Brazilian

biodiversity,

as

suggested

by

the

WHO.

Historical

research

can

play

an

important

role

in

recovering

valuable

ethnopharmacological

data

regarding

the

use

of

plants

(

Heinrich

et

al.,

2006;

Medeiros,

2008

).

Over

the

last

ten

years,

our

research

group

has

concentrated

efforts

to

recover

informa-tions

about

useful

Brazilian

plants

in

books

and

other

documents

from

the

past

centuries.

Most

registers

about

Brazilian

plants

have

been

recovered

from

works

of

Europeans

that

travelled

or

lived

in

the

country

in

the

19th

century.

Hundreds

of

species

of

medicinal

plants

used

in

Brazil

were

registered

by

these

scientists

(

Brandão

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2017.01.002

et

al.,

2008;

Breitbach

et

al.,

2013;

Fagg

et

al.,

2015

).

Among

the

Europeans

that

lived

in

Brazil

in

this

period

is

the

Polish

physicist

Piotr

Czerniewicz

(1812–1881)

or

Pedro

Luiz

Napoleão

Chernoviz,

as

he

was

known

in

Brazil.

Chernoviz

was

born

in

Lukov,

but

was

forced

to

leave

the

coun-try

while

still

a

medical

student

at

the

University

of

Warsaw

in

1831,

due

to

his

involvement

in

an

uprising

against

the

Russians.

In

Montpellier,

he

continued

his

studies

and

in

1837

he

was

awarded

by

the

French

government

with

the

medal

of

merit,

due

to

his

courageous

participation

in

a

cholera

epidemy

(

Guimarães,

2005

).

Chernoviz

arrived

in

Rio

de

Janeiro

in

the

early

1840s

to

work

as

a

medical

doctor.

He

returned

to

France

in

1855

and

died

in

1881.

A

year

after

his

arrived

in

Brazil,

Chernoviz

wrote

the

“Formu-lary

and

Medical

Guide”

(

Formulário

e

Guia

Médico

)

directed

to

physicists,

a

book

that

achieved

19

editions

during

his

life,

being

published

by

his

son

afterwards.

In

1842

he

published

the

“Dictio-nary

of

Popular

Medicine”

(

Dicionário

de

Medicina

Popular

),

which

had

a

more

accessible

language

to

be

used

by

the

population.

Both

books

were

a

striking

success

in

Brazil,

especially

the

“Dictionary”

that

was

widely

used

in

the

inner

parts

of

the

country,

where

pro-fessional

medical

assistance

was

virtually

nonexistent.

Both

books

present

a

good

description

about

the

medical

techniques

at

the

time

but

more

importantly,

a

rich

register

of

the

traditional

uses

of

Brazilian

plants.

The

aim

of

this

study

was

to

retrieve

data

about

useful

Brazilian

plants

in

six

editions

of

the

book

Formulary

and

Medical

Guide,

and

discuss

about

the

possibility

of

their

current

use.

Methods

Survey

of

Chernoviz

books

Data

on

the

use

of

native

plants

were

carefully

collected

from

the

following

editions

of

the

book

Formulary

and

Medical

Guide

:

6th

edition

(

1864

),

9th

edition

(

1874

),

13th

(

1888

),

15th

(

1892

),

16th

(

1897

)

and

19th

(

1920

).

The

editions

of

1864,

1874

and

1892

were

studied

in

the

Libraries

of

Medicine

and

Pharmacy

School

of

Uni-versity

of

Paris.

The

edition

of

1888

was

consulted

in

the

Library

of

the

Museum

of

Natural

History,

also

in

Paris.

The

others

(1897

and

1920)

were

consulted

in

the

Natural

History

Museum

and

Botani-cal

Gardens

and

the

Pharmacy

Faculty

of

the

Federal

University

of

Minas

Gerais,

in

Belo

Horizonte,

Brazil.

Only

the

species

referred

as

“plant

from

Brazil”

by

the

author

were

considered.

Box

1

shows

the

species

cited

by

Chernoviz

that

were

submitted

to

pharmacological

studies

correlated

with

the

tra-ditional

uses

.

In

Box

2

are

listed

the

other

species.

Different

popular

names

were

attributed

by

the

author

for

the

plants

in

the

subse-quent

editions,

but

in

this

study

we

have

considered

only

those

names

from

the

last

edition,

published

in

1920,

considering

the

most

complete.

Only

the

current

scientific

names,

obtained

by

con-sulting

the

website

www.floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br

,

from

the

Rio

de

Janeiro

Botanical

Garden,

were

included

in

the

Boxes.

The

confirmation

of

the

geographic

origin

of

the

plants

was

also

observed

in

this

same

website.

Some

discrepancies

about

the

occur-rence

of

the

plants

cited

by

Chernoviz

and

our

current

knowledge

of

the

Brazilian

flora

were

observed.

For

instance,

Cestrum

nocturnum

and

Cocus

nucifera

are

currently

not

considered

natives

in

the

coun-try’s

flora

however

common

these

plants

might

be.

In

other

cases,

this

is

just

a

matter

of

misapplied

names

–

Drymis

winteri

does

not

occur

in

Brazil,

the

correct

identification

of

the

species

found

in

this

country

being

Drimys

granatensis

instead.

Moreover,

Chiococca

spp.

and

Senebiera

pinnatifida

,

cited

by

the

author

as

exotic

plants,

are

currently

known

to

be

natives.

Many

species,

that

only

the

popular

name

were

cited

by

the

author,

were

not

included

in

the

Boxes

as

“amapá”,

“muirapuama”,

“pajurá”,

“cabec¸

a-de-negro”,

“cabec¸

a-de-moleque”

and

“tamaquaré”.

Other

scientific

names

cited

by

the

author

were

also

excluded

from

the

Boxes

since

they

were

not

con-firmed

as

valid

names,

namely

“cipó-guyra”

(

Bignonia

guyra

),

“rabo-de-tatu”

or

“sumaré”

(

Cypripedium

brasiliensis

),

“caámem-beca”

(

Polygala

paraensis

),

“cabacinho”

or

“bucha–dos-cac¸

adores”

(

Momordica

bucha

)

and

“jaborandi”

(

Monniera

trifolia

).

“Chique-chique”

was

also

excluded

from

this

survey,

since

the

scientific

name

assigned

to

it

by

Chernoviz

(

Cereus

jamacaru

)

does

not

match

the

species

to

which

this

popular

name

has

always

been

assigned

(

Pilosocereus

gounelleii

),

which

could

lead

to

ambiguous

interpre-tations.

Likewise,

the

species

assigned

to

“caferana”

or

“jacaré-ac¸

u”

(

Tachia

guianensis

Aubl.)

does

not

occur

in

Brazil,

and

although

this

is

probably

a

case

of

misidentification,

this

plant

was

excluded.

Survey

on

other

historical

references

about

Brazilian

plants

We

performed

searches

for

data

about

the

plants

cited

by

Cher-noviz

in

other

historical

bibliographical

sources.

The

oldest

one

was

Triaga

Brasilica

,

a

recipe

from

the

16th

century

(

Pereira

et

al.,

1996

).

The

book

Historiae

Naturalis

&

Medicae

published

by

Piso

in

1648

was

also

studied,

but

since

only

the

popular

names

of

the

plants

were

cited.

Data

registered

in

the

1840s

manuscripts

of

George

Gardner

(

Fagg

et

al.,

2015

),

the

field

books

(

Brandão

et

al.,

2012

)

and

the

book

Plantes

usuelles

des

Brasiliens

by

Auguste

de

Saint-Hilaire

(Saint-Hilaire,

1824),

the

book

Materia

Medica

by

the

german

Karl

von

Martius

(

Martius,

1843

)

and

the

1st

Edition

of

Brazilian

official

Pharmacopoeia

were

also

obtained

(

Brandão

et

al.,

2009

).

Survey

of

laboratory

studies

correlated

with

traditional

uses

Searches

in

PubMed

and

Lilacs

for

information

about

phar-macological

studies

correlated

with

the

traditional

use

were

also

performed,

and

the

results

are

listed

in

Box

1

.

Results

and

discussion

In

the

present

study,

we

have

recovered

data

about

Brazilian

useful

plants

from

six

editions

of

the

Formulary

and

Medical

Guide

,

published

by

Chernoviz

(followed

by

his

son)

from

1864

to

1920.

This

book

reached

19

different

editions,

being

the

first

published

already

in

1841,

just

one

year

after

the

author

arrived

in

Brazil.

The

number

of

Brazilian

plants

was

dramatically

increased

along

the

new

editions.

As

a

physician,

Chernoviz

wrote

detailed

information

about

the

efficacy

and

preparation

of

the

remedies

from

each

plant.

As

he

describes

in

the

introduction

of

each

edition,

the

data

were

collected

from

literature

available

at

that

time

and

also

from

his

medical

experience

during

the

15

years

he

lived

in

Rio

de

Janeiro.

Data

from

238

useful

plants

could

be

retrieved

from

the

books

(

Boxes

1

and

2

).

The

species

are

distributed

among

83

families,

Asteraceae

and

Fabaceae

being

the

most

represented

with

nineteen

(8%)

and

seventeen

(7%),

respectively.

The

other

most

represented

families

were

Rubiaceae

twelve

(5%),

Euphorbiaceae,

Lauraceae

and

Malvaceae

(ten

species,

4%),

Apocynaceae

(nine

species,

4%),

Solanaceae

(eight

species,

3%),

Cucurbitaceae

(seven

species,

3%),

Bignoniaceae

and

Rutaceae

(six

species,

3%),

Meliaceae

and

Ver-benaceae

(five

species),

Araceae,

Lamiaceae,

Lecythidaceae

and

Myrtaceae,

(four

species)

and

Boraginaceae,

Gentianaceae,

Hyper-icaceae,

Loganiaceae,

Menispermaceae,

Moraceae,

Phyllantaceae,

Sapindaceae

and

Sapotaceae

(three

species).

The

remaining

fami-lies

are

represented

by

one

or

two

species.

Box

1:

Plants

from

the

Formulary

and

Medical

Guide,

their

uses,

first

edition

of

publication

and

recent

studies

correlated

with

the

traditional

uses

Family/scientificname Popularname Part/indication Edition Recentstudiescorrelatedwithuse

Amaranthaceae

Chenopodiumambrosioides

L.e,f

herva-de-santa-maria Vermifuge 1864 Amoebicidal(Avila-Blancoetal.,2014),acaricidal

(Kouametal.,2015),antischistosomal(Kameletal., 2011)

Anacardiaceae

Anacardiumoccidentale

L.a,e,f

cajueiro,acaju Lupus,acne,eczema,ulcers,

psoriasis,leprosy

1874 Anti-inflammatory,woundhealing(Olajideetal., 2004;Pawaretal.,2004)

Schinusterebinthifolius

Raddia,c,d,e,f

aroeira,corneiba Leavestotreatulcers,bark

astringent,totreatlegoedemas

1864 Woundhealing(Estevãoetal.,2013),gastriculcer (Santosetal.,2013)

Apocynaceae

Geissospermumvellosii

Allemão

camará-de-bilro, camará-do-mato, pao-pereira,forquilha, pau-de-pente

Barktotreatintermittentfevers andtonic

1864 Antiplasmodial(Mbeunkuietal.,2012)

Aquifoliaceae

IlexparaguariensisA. St.-Hil.c,d,e,f

mate,congonha Stimulant,sudorific,digestivea _{1874 Stimulant(Santosetal.,2015)}

Aristolochiaceae

AristolochiatrilobataL.b _{milhomens,jarrinha Lackofappetite,fevers,skin}

ulcers

1864 Topicalantiinflamatory(Sosaetal.,2002); antibacterial(Camporeseetal.,2003)

Asteraceae

Acanthospermumaustrale

(Loefl.)Kuntzee

picão-da-praia Tonic,diuretic,intermittent

fevers

1864 Antimalarial(Carvalhoetal.,1991;Carvalhoand Krettli,1991)

AgeratumconyzoidesL.d,e _{herva-de-são-joão,}

mentrasto

Stimulant,antidiarrheal,baths 1864 Antimicrobial(Singhetal.,2013;Adetutuetal.,2012)

Ayapanatriplinervis(Vahl) R.M.King&H.Rob.e,f

japana,ayapana Sudorific,woundhealing 1864 Antibacterial(Guptaetal.,2002)

Baccharisgenistelloides

(Lam.)Pers.;Bacchariscrispa

Spreng.c,e,f

carqueja-amargosa Tonic,febrifuge 1864 Anti-inflammatory(Nogueiraetal.,2011;Pauletal.,

2009)

BidenspilosaL.e _{picão,cuambú,guambú Jaundice,ulcers 1874 Hepatoprotective(Kviecinskietal.,2011;Suzigan} etal.,2009)

Chaptalianutans(L.)Pol. língua-de-vaca Tonic,bronchitis,skinulcers 1874 Antibacterial(Truitietal.,2003);Antiinflamatory (Badillaetal.,1999)

P.sagittalis(Lam.)Cabrerae _{quitoco,caculucage Excitant,digestive 1864 Gastroprotective(Figueredoetal.,2011)}

SonchusoleraceusL. serralhinha Aperient,diuretic,jaundice, nephritis

1874 Anti-inflammatory(Vilelaetal.,2010)

Bignoniaceae

ZeyheriamontanaMart. mandioquinha-do-campo, bolsa-de-pastor

Rootsskindisease 1874 Antiproliferative(Seitoetal.,2011),antiinflammatory, antinociceptive(Guenkaetal.,2008)

Bixaceae

BixaorellanaL.a,b,e _{urucu,orucu Expectorant,bronchitis 1864 Antimicrobial(Fleischeretal.,2003;Castelloetal.,} 2002),antihistamine(Yongetal.,2013)

Boraginaceae

HeliotropiumindicumL.e _{aguará-ciunhá-ac¸ú,}

jacuá-acanga

Skinulcersandburns 1874 Woundhealing(DashandMurthy,2011;Reddyetal.,

2002)

Convolvulaceae

Operculinasp.e,f _{batata-de-purga,ipú,}

jalapa,

purga-de-amaro-leite,de cayapó,gentio,de joão-paes

Rootsandseedspurgative 1874 Laxative(Paganotteetal.,2016;Michelinand Salgado,2004)

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoecrenata(Andrews) Haw.c

sayão Leavesaswoundhealing 1864 Antiinflamatory(Costaetal.,2006;Ibrahimetal.,

2002)

Dilleniaceae

CuratellaamericanaL.c,d,e _{sambaiba Barksastringent,skinulcers 1874 Anti-ulcerogenic(Hiruma-Limaetal.,2009)}

Euphorbiaceae

JoannesiaprincepsVell.a,e _{anda-ac¸u,purga-de-gentio,}

paulistas,coco-de-purga, fruta-de-arara

Purgative 1864 Episodesofdiarrhoea(NishiokaandEscalante,1997)

Crotonantisyphiliticus

Mart.c,e

herva-mular,

alcamphoreira,curraleira, pé-de-perdiz

Leavessudorific,skinulcers, stimulant

1874 Antiinflammatory(Reisetal.,2014)

Fabaceae

Bowdichiavirgilioides

Kunthe,f

sebipira,sucopira Barktonicanddiaphoretic,to

treatskindiseases

1874 Sportresistence(Santosetal.,2014),skindisease (Agraetal.,2013);antiinflamatory(Barrosetal.,2010; Thomazzietal.,2010)

Copaiferaspp.a,d,e,f _{copahiba Astringent,blennorrhagyand}

othervenerealdiseases

1864 Woundhealing(Paivaetal.,2002);Antiinflammatory (Vargasetal.,2015;Gelminietal.,2013);

Dahlstedtiapinnata(Benth.) Malme

timbóboticário Narcotic,liverdisorders 1888 Sedativeeffect(DellaLoggiaetal.,1981)

Erythrinaspp.f _{mulungú,crista-de-galo Barksedative,seedsarepoison 1874 Anxiolitic(SantosRosaetal.,2012;Rauppetal.,2008)}

Mimosatenuiflora(Willd.) Poir.e

jurema Narcotic,skinulcers 1874 Woundhealing(Zippeletal.,2009;Rivera-Arceetal.,

2007)

Parapiptadeniarigida

(Benth.)Brenane

angico Bronchitis,liverdisorders 1874 Antimicrobial,analgesic,anti-inflammatory(Araujo

etal.,2014)

Stryphnodendron adstringens(Mart.) Covillec,e,f

barbatimão Barksastringent,venereal

disease,woundhealing

1874 Woundhealing(Pintoetal.,2015;Coelhoetal.,2010), candidiasis(Moreyetal.,2015;Luizetal.,2015;Ishida etal.,2006)

Hypericaceae

Hypericumbrasiliense

Choisye,f

alecrim-bravo Snakebites,aromaticbaths 1920 Snakebites(DalBeloetal.,2013)

HypericumconnatumLam.e _{orelha-de-gato Astringent,throatinflammation 1874 Orallesions(Fritzetal.,2007),antibacterial(Fratianni} etal.,2013)

Lauraceae

Licariapuchury-major(Mart.) Kosterm.e

puchury,pichurim Seedsstimulant,tonic,

dyspepsy,leucorrhea

1874 Psycopharmacological(Carlinietal.,1983)

Ocoteaodorifera(Vell.) Rohwere

pereiorá,casca-preciosa Nervoussystem,leucorrhea, oedema,antidiarrheal

1874 Antifungal(Yamaguchietal.,2011)

Lecythidaceae

BertholletiaexcelsaBonpl.e _{castanha-do-maranhão,do}

pará

Barksjaundice,intermittent fever,renalcalculi

1892 Antiplasmodial(Oliveiraetal.,2015)

Loganiaceae

SpigelialaurinaCham.& Schltdl.e

espigelia,arapabaca Vermifuge 1892 Anthelmintic(Ademolaetal.,2007;Jegedeetal.,

2006)

Strychnospseudoquina

A.St.-Hil.c,d,e,f

quina-do-campo Barkintermittentfevers 1874 Antimalarial(Andrade-Netoetal.,2003)

Loranthaceae

Struthanthusmarginatus

(Desr.)Blumef

herva-de-passarinho, enxerto-de-passarinho

Leavestotreatlungdiseases 1888 Antimicobacterial(Leitãoetal.,2013)

Malvaceae

Gossypiumspp.e,f _{algodoeiro Wounds,erysipelas 1864 Woundhealing(AnnanandHoughton,2008)}

Meliaceae

Cabraleacanjerana(Vell.) Mart.e,f

canjerana Oilpreventinsectbites,bark

purgativeandvomitive

1874 Insectrepelent(Magrinietal.,2014)

CarapaguanensisAubl.e _{andiroba,carapa Barkfebrifugeandvermifuge,}

skinulcers,insectrepelent

1874 Antiplasmodial(Pereiraetal.,2014;MirandaJúnioret al.,2012);vermifuge(Sarriaetal.,2011);wound healing(Nayaketal.,2010,2011);antimicrobial (Mecciaetal.,2013);antiinflammatory(Henriques andPenido,2014);insectrepelent(Miotetal.,2004).

Guareaguidonia(L.) Sleumere

marinheiro,gitó Barkpurgativeandvermifuge 1874 Antiprotozoal(Wenigeretal.,2001)

Trichiliasp.e _{marinheiro-de-folha-miúda Rootstotreatintermittent}

fevers

1874 Antimalarial(Castroetal.,1996)

Menispermaceae

Cissampelosovalifolia

DC.b,c,d,e

orelha-de-onc¸a Rootstotreatsnakebitesand

intermittentfevers

1874 Antimalarial(Fischeretal.,2004)

Myrtaceae

PsidiumpomiferumL.,P. guajavaL.a,e,f

goiabeira Leavesandbarksantidiarrheal,

legoedema

1874 Antidiarrheal(Birdietal.,2010,2014;Ojewoleetal., 2008);anti-inflammatory(Araujoetal.,2014;Jang etal.,2014)

Passiflorace

PassifloramaliformisL.c,e _{maracujá Convalescences 1920 Nutritive(DeviRamaiyaetal.,2013)}

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthusmicrophyllus

Kunth,P.niruriL.e

herva-pombinha Diuretic 1864 Kidneytroubles(Giribabuetal.,2014;Micalietal.,

2006)

Phytolaccaeae

PetiveriaalliaceaL.,

SeguieriafloribundaBenth.e

pau-de-alho,cipó, guararema,ybirarema.

Bathsforrheumaticpain, hemorrhoidanddropsy

1874 Antinociceptive(Gomesetal.,2005), anti-inflammatory(Lopes-Martinsetal.,2002)

Piperaceae

Pipermikanianum(Kunth) Steud.,P.peltatumL.,P. umbellatumL.a,b,c,e

periparoba,aguaxima, caapeba

Leavesrheumatisma_andto

treatulcersa_;rootsas

stomachic,sudorific, intermittentfevers

1864 Anti-inflammatory(Iwamotoetal.,2015;Roersch, 2010).

Antimalarial(RochaeSilvaetal.,2015)

Plantaginaceae

ScopariadulcisL.c _{vassorinha,tupeic¸ava Bronchitis 1874 Antiinflammatory(Tsaietal.,2011)}

Rubiaceae

Carapicheaipecacuanha

(Brot.)L.Anderssona,b,c,d,e

ipecacuanha,poaya,ipéca Rootsvomitivea_,tonic,

expectorant,antidiarrheal

1864 Severalstudies

PalicourearigidaKunthc,d,e _{herva-de-rato,}

don-bernardo, douradinha-de-campo, gritadeira

Remijiaferruginea(A.St.-Hil.) DC.c,e,f

quina-da-serra,remijio,do campo

Barksbitter,totreatintermittent fevers

1864 Antimalarial(Andrade-Netoetal.,2003)

Rutaceae

Zanthoxylumfagara(L.) Sarg.c,e

coentrilho Earache 1920 Antinociceptive,antiinflamatory(Villalbaetal.,2007)

Sapindaceae

PauliniacupanaKunthe,f _{guaraná Tonic,antidiarrheal 1864 Improvesfatigue(OliveiraCamposetal.,2011)}

Smilacaceae

SmilaxsalsaparrilhaL.,S. syphiliticaHumb.&Bonpl.ex Willd.e,f

salsaparrilha,japecanga, salsaparrilha-do-brasil

Antisyphilitic,skindisease, rheumatismandgout

1864 SeveralstudieswithSmilaxspp.

Simaroubaceae

SimabaferrugineaA.St.-Hil.e _{calunga Dyspepsy,intermittentfevers 1874 Antiulcer(Souza-Almeidaetal.,2011;Noldinetal.,} 2005)

SimaroubaamaraAubl.e,f _{simaruba Bitter,febrifuge,antidiarrheal 1864 Hepatoprotective(Maranhãoetal.,2014);malaria}

(Franssenetal.,1997);gastrointestinaldisorders (Caceresetal.,1990)

Solanaceae

CestrumparquiL’Hér.e _{coerana Leavesstimulant,carminative 1874 Psychosis(Siskindetal.,2014)}

PhysalisangulataL.c,e _{camapú,juápóca Earache,tonic,liverdisorders 1874 Antinociceptive(Bastosetal.,2006;ChoiandHwang,} 2003)

Solanumpaniculatum

L.a,b,c,e,f

jurubeba,juripeba,jupeba Rootsliverdisorders,leavesas woundhealing

1874 Digestive(Mesia-Velaetal.,2002)

Verbenaceae

LantanacamaraL.e,f _{camará,cambará Bathsforrheumatism 1874 Anti-inflammatory(Ghoshetal.,2010)}

Otherhistoricalreferences.

a_{CitedbyPiso(1648)(basedinpopularname).} b _{CitedinTriagaBrasilica(Pereiraetal.,1996).}

c _{CitedbySaint-Hilaireinhisfieldbook(Brandãoetal.,2012).} d _{CitedbyGardnerinhismanuscripts(Faggetal.,2015).} e_{CitedbyVonMartiusinMateriaeMedicae(Martius,1843).}

f _{Citedin1steditionofBrazilianOfficialPharmacopoeia(Brandãoetal.,2009).}

and

to

treat

skin

ulcers

(13),

to

treat

liver

disorders,

skin

dis-eases

and

as

vermifuge

(11),

to

treat

bronchitis,

snake

bites

and

as

sudorific

(10),

as

antisyphillitic,

emmolient

and

to

treat

rheuma-tism

(9),

as

bitter,

to

treat

dropsy

and

wound

healing

(8),

as

emetic

and

to

treat

jaundice

(7),

and

as

emmenagogue

and

stomachic

(6).

Other

90

indications

were

attributed

to

five

or

less

plants.

Most

plants

cited

by

Chernoviz

have

been

already

used

in

Brazil

in

the

previous

century,

confirming

their

importance

in

traditional

secular

medicine.

Informations

on

some

species

were

already

been

compiled

by

the

Portuguese

priests

in

the

early

colonization

of

the

continent.

The

Triaga

(Teriac),

for

example,

was

a

Roman

ancient

remedy

used

to

treat

fevers

and

poisoning,

and

had

part

of

the

com-ponents

of

the

original

European

recipe

gradually

substituted

with

plants

native

to

Brazil

in

16th

century

(

Pereira

et

al.,

1996

).

Fourteen

plants

from

the

Triaga

Brasilica

were

cited

in

his

book:

Cissampelos

sp.

and

Chondodendron

platiphyllum

,

Menispermaceae;

Aristolochia

sp.,

Aristolochiaceae;

Piper

peltatum

and

Piper

anisum

,

Piperaceae;

Solanum

paniculatum

,

Solanaceae;

Senna

occidentalis

and

Myroxylon

balsamum

,

Fabaceae;

Carapichea

ipecacuanha

,

Rubiaceae;

Dorste-nia

sp.,

Moraceae;

Dicypellium

caryophyllatum

,

Lauraceae;

Pradosia

lactescens

,

Sapotaceae;

and

Bixa

orellana

,

Bixaceae.

In

the

17th

cen-tury,

the

Dutch

G.

Piso

lived

for

eight

years

in

the

northeastern

coast

and

recorded

his

observations

in

the

book

Historiae

Naturalis

&

Medicae

,

published

in

1648

(

Pisonis,

1648

).

This

work

describes

the

plants

used

by

the

Amerindians

at

the

time

and

was

the

only

source

of

information

on

the

biodiversity

of

South

America

until

the

late

18th

century.

Plants

registered

by

Guilherme

Piso

in

the

17th

century

were

also

identified

in

the

Chernoviz

books

(by

pop-ular

names):

Anacardium

occidentale

and

Schinus

terebinthifolius

,

Anacardiaceae;

Hancornia

speciosa

,

Apocynaceae;

Bixa

orellana

,

Bixaceae;

Protium

icicariba

,

Burseraceae;

Joannesia

princeps

,

Euphorbiaceae;

Andira

fraxinifolia

,

Copaifera

spp.

and

Hymenaea

spp.,

Fabaceae;

Sassafraz

albidum

,

Lauraceae;

Eugenia

ayacuchae

and

Psidium

guajava

,

Myrtaceae;

Piper

sp.,

Piperaceae;

Pilocar-pus

pennatifolius

,

Rutaceae;

Solanum

paniculatum

,

Solanaceae;

and

Cecropia

palmate

,

Urticaceae.

In

19th

century,

Portuguese

crown

opened

the

borders

to

the

scientific

expeditions

of

naturalists

from

other

European

countries.

The

pioneer

was

the

German

Alexander

von

Humboldt,

who

explored

the

area

now

occupied

by

Venezuela,

Guyana,

and

the

Brazilian

states

of

Amapá

and

Roraima,

from

1799

to

1804.

In

the

19th

century,

dozens

of

other

scientists

from

dif-ferent

parts

of

Europe

travelled

to

South

America,

especially

Brazil,

describing

the

flora,

fauna,

mineral

wealth

and

local

customs.

The

contribution

of

these

naturalists

to

the

knowledge

of

South

Ameri-can

biodiversity

is

incalculable

–

thousands

of

plants

were

brought

to

the

light

of

science

and

thousands

of

new

genera

and

species

have

been

described,

based

on

the

materials

they

collected.

From

the

works

of

the

19th

century’s

European

naturalists,

192

species

(80.1%)

were

also

cited

by

von

Martius,

59

species

(24.8%)

by

A.

de

Saint-Hilaire,

and

24

(10%)

by

G.

Gardner.

The

same

tradi-tional

was

observed

for

65%

of

the

species

cited

by

von

Martius

and

43%

of

the

species

cited

by

Saint-Hilaire.

Eleven

species

cited

by

Chernoviz

were

cited

by

all

the

three

European

naturalists:

Gomphrena

arborescens

,

Amaranthaceae;

Schinus

terebinthifolius

,

Anacardiaceae;

Hancornia

speciosa

,

Apocynaceae;

Ilex

paraguar-iensis

,

Aquifoliaceae;

Hymenaea

courbaril

;

Fabaceae;

Deianira

sp.,

Gentianaceae;

Strychnos

pseudoquina

,

Loganiaceae;

Cissampelos

ovalifolia

,

Menispermaceae;

Chiococca

alba

,

Palicourea

rigida

,

Rubi-aceae;

and

Simarouba

versicolor

,

Simaroubaceae.

This

result

shows

the

relevance

of

the

use

of

such

species

in

the

Brazilian

traditional

medicine

on

the

past.

In

addition,

51

species

were

included

in

the

1st

Edition

of

the

Brazilian

Official

Pharmacopoeia

showing

their

importance

also

in

conventional

medicine

(

Boxes

1

and

2

).

Box

2:

Plants

from

the

Formulary

and

Medical

Guide,

their

uses

and

first

editions

of

publication.

Family/scientificname Popularname Part/indication Edition

Adoxaceae

SambucusaustralisCham.&Schltdl.e,f _{sabugueiro-do-brasil Flowerssudorific,rootspurgative 1874}

Amaranthaceae

GomphrenaarborescensL.f.c,d,e _{paratudo Bitter,aromatic,debility,diarrhoea,}

intermittentfevers,snakebites

1874

Apiaceae

EryngiumpristisCham.&Schltdl.e _{língua-de-tucano Diuretic,throatinflammation 1874}

Apocynaceae

AllamandacatharticaL.e _{allamandacathartica Cathartic 1920}

HancorniaspeciosaGomesa,c,d,e _{mangabeira Antituberculosis 1888}

Himatanthusdrasticus(Mart.)Plumelc,e _{tiborna,raivosa Juicedrastic,intermittentfevers,jaundice 1874}

Himatanthusphagedaenicus(Mart.) Woodsone

sucuúba,sebuu-uva Juicevermifuge,skinulcers 1874

Mandevillaalexicaca(Mart.exStadelm.) M.F.Salese

purga-do-campo Rootspurgative,jaundice,oedemaof

abdominalviscera

1874

Mandevillalongiflora(Desf.)Pichone _{flor-de-babado,flor-de-babeiro Rootspurgative,usedinveterinary 1874}

Mandevillatenuifolia(J.C.Mikan)Woodsond,e _{purga-de-pastor Rootspurgative 1874}

Odontadeniapuncticulosa(Rich.)Pullee _{cipó-cururú Purgative 1874}

Araceae

Caladiumbicolor(Aiton)Vent.e _{tinhorão,papagaio,bezerro Leavesfortreattonsilitis 1864}

MonsteraadansoniiSchotte _{pau-de-cobra Stimulant,narcotic,diuretic,purgative,}

emmenagogue

1897

PhilodendronimbeSchottexKunthe _{imbé,tracuans Skinulcers,rootspurgative 1874}

PistiastratiotesL.e _{flor-d’água,lentilha-d’água Leavestotreatabcessandotherskin}

diseases

1874

Araliaceae

HydrocotylebonariensisLam.e _{erva-capitão,erva-do-capitão,}

acaric¸oba

Diuretic,liverdisorders 1874

Arecaceae

Coperniciaprunifera(Mill.)H.E.Moored,f _{carnaúba Rootsdiuretic,syphilis,rheumatism 1892}

Asparagaceae

HerreriasalsaparrilhaMart.e _{salsaparrilha,japecanga Syphilis 1864}

Asteraceae

Acmellaoleracea(L.)R.K.Jansene _{agrião-do-pará,jambú,nhambú,}

jambú-ac¸ú

Excitant,antiescorbutic 1864

Baccharisarticulata(Lam.)Pers.e _{carqueja-doce Tonic,febrifugeandforaromaticbaths 1874}

BaccharisochraceaSpreng.e _{erva-santa Stomachic 1874}

Baccharisspp. alecrim-selvagem,alecrim-do-mato Stimulant,aromaticbaths 1864

Conocliniumprasiifolia(DC.)R.M.King& H.Rob.e

maria-preta Stimulant 1874

EcliptaerectaL.e _{tangaracá Antidiarrheal 1874}

ElephantopusmollisKunthc,e _{erva-collegio,fumo-bravo,erva-grossa,}

suc¸uáya

Leavesemollient,rootstotreatbronchitis andfevers

1864

Mikaniacordifolia(L.f.)Willd.e _{erva-de-cobra Snakebites 1874}

MikaniaguacoKunth guaco Snakebites,cholera,respiratorydiseases 1874

MikaniaofficinalisMart.e _{corac¸ão-de-jesú Tonic,stimulantandintermittentfevers 1874}

SonchuslevisVell. serralha Desobstruentanddepurative 1874

Begoniace

BegoniahirtelaLinke _{surucura Astringent,antidiarrheal 1864}

Begoniaspp.e _{azedinha-do-brejo,do-sapo Astringent,antidiarrheal 1874}

Bignoniaceae

Anemopaegmaarvense(Vell.)Stellfeldexde Souza

catuaba Aphrodisiac 1920

CrescentiacujeteL.e _{cabacinha Barksantidiarrheal,fruitslaxativeand}

expectorant

1897

Handroanthusserratifolius(Vahl)S.Grosee _{ipeuva,cinco-folhas Diuretic,depurative,totreatsyphilisand}

rheumatism

1897

Jacarandacaroba(Vell.)DC.c,f _{caroba Leavesagainstsyphilis 1874}

Jacarandaprocera(Willd.)Spreng.c _{caroba Antisyphilitic 1864}

Boraginaceae

EchiumplantagineumL.e _{borracha-chimarona Leavesemollient 1874}

Heliotropiumelongatum(Lehm.)I.M.Johnst.e _{crista-de-galo Respiratorydisease 1874}

Brassicaceae

Coronopusdidymus(L.)Sm.e _{mastruc¸o Antiescorbutic 1864}

Bromeliaceae

Tillandsiausneoides(L.)L.d _{barba-de-velho Antihemorrhoidal 1888}

Burseraceae

Cactaceae

Hylocereussetaceus(Salm-Dyck)R.Bauere _{jamacurú,cumbéba,mandacarú,}

urumbéba

Fruitsantiescorbutic,fevers,gastritis, pulmonarandskindisease

1874

Calophyllaceae

KielmeyeraspeciosaA.St.-Hil.c,e _{malva-do-campo,folha-santa,pinhão Leavesemollient 1874}

Cannaceae

CannaglaucaL.e _{imberi,albará,erva-dos-feridos Rheumaticpain,woundhealingandskin}

ulcers

1874

Caricaceae

Jacaratiaspinosa(Aubl.)A.DC. jaracatiá Juiceoffruitisvermifuge 1874

Celastraceae

HippocrateavolubilisL. amendoeira-do-mato Febrifuge,snakebites,expectorant 1920

Clusiaceae

ClusiainsignisMart.e _{quapoy,aqui Flowersfordryskin 1888}

Combretaceae

TerminaliaargenteaMart.e _{caxaporra-do-gentio Resinpurgative 1874}

Commelinaceae

CommelinaerectaL.c,e _{trapoeraba-rana,marianinha Diuretics,dropsy,bathsforrheumatism 1874}

Tripogandradiuretica(Mart.)Handlose,f _{trapoeraba Diuretics,dropsy 1864}

Convolvulaceae

CuscutaumbellataKunthc,e,f _{cipó-de-chumbo Juiceaswoundhealing 1864}

Costaceae

Costusspiralis(Jacq.)Roscoe canna-do-brejo,macaco,matto, pacocaatinga,uacayá

Leucorrhea 1874

Cucurbitaceae

Cayaponiaespelina(SilvaManso)Cogn.f _{cerejeira-de-purga,espelina,tomba Tonic,stomachic,purgative,emetic,liver}

disorders

1874

Cayaponiapilosa(Vell.)Cogn.e _{cayapó,anna-pinta Seedspurgative,depurative,skin}

disease,emmenagogue

1874

Cayaponiamartiana(Cogn.)Cogn.e _{tayuyá,abóbora-do-mato, Fruitsdropsy,purgative,amenorrhea,}

leavestotreatulcers

1864

FevilleacordifoliaL.e _{nhandiroba stomachic,purgative,emetic,liver}

disorders

1874

Luffaoperculata(L.)Cogn.e _{bucha-dos-paulistas,}

purga-de-joão-paes,buchinha

Purgative 1874

Cyatheaceae

Cyatheamicrodonta(Desv.)Domine _{rabo-de-bugio Bronchitis 1874}

Cyperaceae

KyllingaodorataVahle _{capim-cheiroso,cidreira,marinho,}

acapé,jarapé

Carminative,antispasmodic,sudorific, diuretic

1874

Dilleniaceae

DavillarugosaPoir.c,e,f _{sambaibinha,cipó-de-carijó,}

cipó-de-caboclo

Leavestotreatoedemaoflegsand testicles

1874

Droseraceae

Droseraspp.c _{drosera Antitussigen 1920}

Euphorbiaceae

Cnidoscolusurens(L.)Arthurvar.urense _{queimadeira,pinha Impingen 1888}

CrotoncampestrisA.St.-Hil.,C.fulvus

Mart.c,e

velame-do-campo Rootspurgative 1874

EuphorbiahyssopifoliaL.c,e _{erva-de-santa-luzia Eyesdisorders,skinulcers 1864}

EuphorbiapapillosaA.St.-Hil.e _{maleiteira,leiteira Purgative 1874}

EuphorbiapotentilloidesBoiss.e _{andorinha,erva-de-passarinho Skinandeyesulcers 1874}

HeveaguianensisAubl.e _{borracha,cautchuc,gomaelástica,}

seringa

Tuberculosis 1874

HuracrepitansL.e _{assacú Leprosy 1864}

Jatrophaelliptica(Pohl)Okenc,e _{jalapão,tiú,raiz-de-lagarto Rootspurgative,jaundice,dropsy 1874}

Fabaceae

AndirafraxinifoliaBenth.a,c,e _{angelim Vermifuge 1864}

Andirainermis(W.Wright)DC. andirainermis Barkvermifugeandpurgative 1897

ArachishypogaeaL.e,f _{mandobi,amendoim Aphrodisiac 1874}

Dipteryxodorata(Aubl.)Willd.e _{cumarú,fava-tonka Tonic 1874}

HymenaeastigonocarpaMart.,Hymenaea martianaHayne,HymenaeacourbarilL.a,c,d,e

jatahy,jatahyba,jetehy,jatobá Resinhemoptysis 1874

LeptolobiumelegansVogel perobinha-do-campo Totreatepilepsy,antisyphilitic 1920

Myroxylonbalsamum(L.)Harmsb,f _{bálsamo-de-tolú Bronchitis 1864}

Pachyrrhizuserosus(L.)Urb. jacatupé Antidiarrheal,antihemorrhoidal 1888

Sennaoccidentalis(L.)Linkb,e,f _{fedegoso,pajámariobá,pájomarioba Rootsdiuretic,tonic,dropsy 1864}

Sennarugosa(G.Don)H.S.Irwin&Barnebye _{amendoirana,alcac¸uzbravo,}

bico-de-corvo,boigordo,paratudo

Vermifuge 1874

Gentianaceae

Calolisianthuspendulus(Mart.)Gilg,

Calolisianthusamplissimus(Mart.)Gilge

Deianirasp.c,d,e _{centáurea-menor-do-brasil BitterflowerssellascentaureainEurope 1892}

PotaliaresiniferaMart.e _{anabi Leavesastringent,totreatophtalmia 1874}

Humiriaceae

Endopleurauchi(Huber)Cuatrec. uxi Seedshemostatic 1874

Hypericaceae

Vismiaguianensis(Aubl.)Choisye _{caaopiá,pau-de-lacre Purgative 1874}

Iridaceae

Trimeziagalaxioides(Gomes)Ravennae _{bariric¸ó,mariric¸ó Rootspurgative 1864}

Trimeziajuncifolia(Klatt)Benth.&Hook.f.d,e _{ruibarbo-do-campo,pireto Rootspurgative 1920}

Krameriaceae

KrameriaargenteaMart.exSpreng.e,f _{ratânia-do-brasil,da-terra Astringent 1888}

Lamiaceae

Hyptisradicans(Pohl)Harley& J.F.B.Pastoree,f

paracary,hortelã-brava,mentrasto, meladinha

Asthmaandsnakebites 1874

Leonotisnepetifolia(L.)R.Br.e,f _{cordão-de-frade,}

cordão-de-são-francisco,leonuro

Excitant,bathsforchildren 1864

OcimumamericanumL.e _{alfavaca-do-campo,}

remedio-do-vaqueiro

Excitant,sudorific,constipation 1864

Vitexmegapotamica(Spreng.)Moldenkee _{tarumá Bathsforrheumatism 1874}

Lauraceae

Anibapuchury-minor(Mart.)Meze _{puchury-miri SameasPuchury 1874}

CinnamomumverumJ.Presle _{canela Dyspepsy,antidiarrheal 1920}

Dicypelliumcaryophyllaceum(Mart.) Neesb,e,f

pau-de-cravo,cravo-maranhão, imyráquiynhá

Aromatic 1874

OcoteacujumaryMart.e _{cujumary Seedsfordyspepsy 1874}

OcoteacymbarumKunthe _{sassafrás-do-brasil,pau-sassafrás Barkstonic 1874}

OcotealongifoliaKunthe _{canela-de-cheiro Oilforrheumaticpainandspasmof}

muscle

1874

Nectandrareticulata(Ruiz&Pav.)Meze _{Aromatic,emmenagogueandstomachic 1874}

Sassafrazalbidum(Nutt.)Neesa _{sassafrás Syphylis,woundhealing,rheumatism 1864}

Lecythidaceae

Carinianalegalis(Mart.)Kuntze jequitibá Astringent,antidiarrheal 1864

Eschweileragrandiflora(Aubl.)Sandwithe _{sapucaieira Diuretic,jaundice,hepatites,intermittent}

fevers

1874

Gustaviahexapetala(Aubl.)Sm.e _{janiparindiba Leavesforliverdisorders 1874}

Linderniaceae

Linderniadifusa(L.)Wettst.e _{caa-ataya,erva-de-ferro,matacana,}

orelhaderato,purgadejoãopaes

Emetic 1874

Loganiaceae

StrychnostoxiferaR.H.Schomb.exBenth.e _{curare,ervadura,uiráry,ticúna,}

woorara

Musclerelaxant 1874

Malvaceae

GuazumaulmifoliaLam.c,e _{mutamba,guazuma Astringent,skin/scalpdisease 1897}

HelicteressacarolhaA.St.-Hil.c,e _{sacarrolha,rosea-para-mulas Venerealdisease,emollient 1874}

PavoniasidifoliaKunthe _{malvadiurética Emollient,diuretic,dysuria 1888}

SidaplanicaulisCav.e _{vassoura Emollient 1864}

Sphaeralceabonariensis(Cav.)Grisebe _{malvaisco Emollientagainstcough 1888}

TriumfettaeriocarpaA.St.-Hil.,T.semitriloba

Jacq.,T.sepiumA.St.-Hil.,Juss.&Cambess.e

carrapichodecalc¸ada Blennorrhea 1874

UrenalobataL.c,e,f _{guaxima,malvaisco Emollient 1864}

UrenasinuataL.e _{carrapicho Flowersemollientagainstcough 1874}

WaltheriacommunisA.St.-Hil.c,e,f _{douradinha Emollientagainstcough 1874}

Melastomaceae

Miconiacinnamomifolia(DC.)Naudin ervadutra Leavesantidiarrheal 1874

Meliaceae

Guareamacrophyllassp.spicaeflora

(A.Juss.)T.D.Penn.e

marinheirodefolhalarga,tuaiussú, utuapoca

Barkandrootspurgative 1874

Menispermaceae

Chondrodendronplatiphyllum(A.St.-Hil.) Miers

abutua,butua,parreirabrava Rootsforintermittentfevers 1864

CissampelosglaberrimaA.St.-Hil.b,e _{cipódecobra,caapeba,}

erva-de-nossa-senhora

Snakebites 1874

Moraceae

DorsteniaarifoliaLam.,D.brasiliensis

Lam.b,c,e,f

contraerva,caapiá,carapiá,caxapiá, cayapiá

Rootsexcitant,fevers,emmenagogue 1874

FicusadhatodifoliaSchottexSpreng.e _{coajinguva,cuáxinguba Vermifuge 1874}

FicusgomelleiraKunth&C.D.Bouchée _{gameleira,figueira-branca Vermifuge,purgative 1888}

Myristicaceae

Virolabicuhyba(SchottexSpreng.)Warb.e _{bicuiba,bucuúba,moscadeira-do-brasil Seedstotreatrheumaticpain 1874}

Myrtaceae

Blepharocalyxsalicifolius(Kunth)O.Berg,

Campomanesiapubescens(Mart.exDC.) O.Bergc,e

guabiroba Leavesantidiarrheal,leucorrhea 1874

EugeniaayacuchaeSteyerm.a,d,f _{jaboticaba Astringent,fruitfortreattonsilitis 1864}

EugeniapyriformisCambess.e _{uvalheira Refreshing 1874}

Nyctaginaceae

BoerhaviacoccineaMill.c,f _{erva-tostão,tangaraca Diuretic,liverdisorders 1864}

Ochnaceae

Ourateasp.c _{batiputá Oilfromseedstotreatrheumatism 1888}

Orchidaceae

VanillaplanifoliaJacq.exAndrewse,f _{baunilha Stimulant,aphrodisiac,emmenagogue,}

diuretic

1864

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthusbrasiliensis(Aubl.)Poir.e _{conabi Leavesemetic 1874}

Phytolaccaceae

PetiveriaalliaceaL.e,f _{pipi,raiz-de-guiné Stimulant 1864}

Piperaceae

Piperanisum(Spreng.)Angelyb,c,e _{jaborandi Aromatic,sialagogue,odontalgic 1874}

Plumbaginaceae

Limoniumbrasiliense(Boiss.)Kuntzef _{guaycuru,baycuru Rootsastringent 1897}

PlumbagoscandensL.d,e _{queimadeira,loco,caa-pomonga Vesicant,earache 1888}

Polygalaceae

AcantocladusbrasiliensisKlotzschexHassk. laranjeirinha-do-mato Cholics 1874

Poaceae

AndropogonbicornisL.e _{sapé Diuretic 1864}

Stenotaphrumsecundatum(Walter)Kuntzee _{grama-da-praia Rootsemollient,diuretic,totreat}

inflammation

1874

Polygonaceae

PolygonumpunctatumElliott,Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia(Ortega)Meisn.c,e

erva-de-bicho,acataya,capeticova, cataya,persicaria,pimenta-d’agua

Stimulant,diuretic,emmenagogue, antihemorrhoidal

1864

Rosaceae

Prunusmyrtifolia(L.)Urb.e _{cerejeira,gingeira-brava Stimulant,nevralgy,liverdisorders,}

antiemmetic

1874

Rubiaceae

Chiococcaalba(L.)Hitchc.c,d,e _{cainca,cainana,cipó-cruz,cruzeirinha,}

fedorenta,raiz-de-frade,preta

Rootsdiuretic,purgative,dropsy,snake bites

1864

Coutareahexandra(Jacq.)K.Schum.d,e _{quina-do-brasil,quina-de-pernambuco Barkintermittentfevers 1864}

LadenbergiacujabensisKlotzsch quina-de-cuiabá Barksbitter,totreatintermittentfevers 1864

Ladenbergiahexandra(Pohl)Klotzsch quina-do-rio-de-janeiro Barkintermittentfevers 1874

Ladenbergialambertiana(Mart.)Klotzsche _{quina-do-brasil Barksbitter,totreatintermittentfevers 1864}

Remijiafirmula(Mart.)Wedd.e _{quina-do-brasil Barksbitter,totreatintermittentfevers 1864}

Remijiamacrocnemia(Mart.)Wedd.e _{quina-do-brasil Barksbitter,totreatintermittentfevers 1864}

Rustiaformosa(Cham.&Schltdl.exDC.) Klotzsche

quina-do-brasil Barkintermittentfevers 1864

Schizocalyxcuspidatus(A.St.-Hil.)Kainul.& B.Bremere

quina-do-brasil,quina-do-mato Barkintermittentfevers 1864

Rutaceae

Angosturatrifoliata(Willd.)T.S.Elias angustura Tonic,antidiarrhreal,diaphoretic, sudorific,bronchitis

1874

Esenbeckiafebrifuga(A.St.-Hil.)A.Juss.ex Mart.c,e

três-folhas-vermelhas, laranjeira-do-mato,quina

Barksasfebrifuge 1874

Galipeajasminiflora(A.St.-Hil.)Engl.c,e _{três-folhas-brancas,quina-falsa Barksfortreatintermittentfevers 1874}

PilocarpuspennatifoliusLem.a _{jaborandi Sudorific,sialagogue,bronchitis,}

hydropsy,fevers

1874

ZanthoxylumtingoassuibaA.St.-Hil.c,f _{tinguaciba Intermittentfevers 1888}

Sapindaceae

CupaniavernalisA.St.-Hil. caboatan-de-capoeira Barksforasthmaandcough 1888

PaulliniapinnataL.e _{timbó,cururu-apé Narcotic,sedative 1864}

Sapotaceae

Manilkaraexcelsa(Ducke)Standl. massaranduba Respiratorydisorders 1874

Pouteriacaimito(Ruiz&Pav.)Radlk.e _{abiaba Antidiarrheal,intermittentfevers 1897}

Pradosialactescens(Vell.)Radlk.b,f _{monésia,buranhém,guaranhém Bathstotreaterysipela 1864}

Scrophulariaceae

BuddlejastachyoidesCham.&Schltdl.c,e,f _{barbasco,verbasco,calc¸ão-de-velho Leavesandflowersemollient 1874}

Simaroubaceae

SimaroubaversicolorA.St.-Hil.c,d,e _{parahyba Barkagainstheadlice 1874}

Siparunaceae