Susceptibilidade da vegetação brasileira ao fluoreto da atmosfera

RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BRAZILIAN VEGETATION

TO AIRBORNE FLUORIDE'

LEONARD H. WEINSTEIN2 AND KAREN S. HANSEN

ABSTRACT - Airborne fluorides are fim most toxic of the common ah potlutants to plants. Com-pounds such as hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, and fluosilicic acid are byproducts of the ma-nufacture of aluminum, phosphate fertilizer, steel, gtass, tluoroplastics, andof coa! combustion, but there are also many other lesser sources. Fluoride is not only hihly toxic but it also accumulates in the plant, especially in fim foliage. Ingestion by herbivores can induce a dental and skeletal disease called "fluorosis" in inany species. 'fim fluoride accumulated in plants poses little danger to man be-cause the amount of fluoride that might be ingested in the average diet would be relatively low com-pared with herbivores. Because most of fite tluoride in plants accumulates in foliae, ingestion of stems, seeds and fruits, and roots should not increase fluoride significantly. During the course ofinspecting vegetation at four aluminum smelters in Brasil in 1982, 1983 and 1986, more than 230 species of plants from tropical, semi-tropical, and temperate areas were ranked according to their relative suscep-tibility to fluoride, based upon the degree of foliar injury produced. Thís may not be a measure of yield response, however. Species are classifled according to standard botanical nomenclature, along with the vernacular names used in Brazil and the U.S.

Index terms: pollutants, hydrogen fluoride, siicon tetraíluoride, fluosilicic acid, "fluorosis".

SUSCEPTIBILIDADE DA VEGETAÇÂO BRASI LEIRA AO FLUORETO DA ATMOSFERA RESUMO. De todos os poluentes contidos na atmosfera, os fluoretos sio os mais tóxicos para as plan-tas. Compostos tais como fluoreto de hidrogênio, tetrafluoreto de silicone e ácido fluossilicico sio sub-produtos usados ne fabricaçio de alumínio, de fertilizantes fosfáticos, de aço, de vidro e de fluoro-plásticos, e na combustão de carvão. Há muitas outras fontes de fluoreto, porém menos importantes. Além de ser altamente tóxico, o fluoreto se acumula nas folhas. Sua ingestão pelos animais herbívoros pode acarretar, em muitas espécies, a doença dos dentes e do esqueleto chamada 'fiuorose". Para o ho-n'em, a quantidade de fluoreto acumulado nas plantas apresenta menos perigo do que pare os animais. A maior parte dele se encontra acumulado nas folhas; portanto, o consumo do caule, das sementes, dos frutos e das raízes não aumenta muito o fluoreto no organismo. No decurso de urna pesquisa de vegetação com vistas a quatro fundições de alumínio, no Brasil, em 1982, 83 e 86, mais de 230 espé-cies de plantas originárias de áreas tropicais, semitropicais e temperadas foram classificadas de acordo com sua relativa susceptibilidade ao fluoreto, com base no grau de danos causados nas folhas. Tal fato, contudo, não pode ser considerado como medida de desempenho de produção. As espécies são classif 1-cadas de acordo com a nomenclatura botânica padrão, juntamente com os nomes vernáculos usados no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos.

Termos para indexação: poluentes, tóxicos, fertilizantes fosfátícos, folhas, "fluorose"

INTRODUCTION

Airborne fluorides (E) in thc form of hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, and fluosilicic acid, are the mosa phytotoxic of the common ah poi-lutants (Weinstein 1977, 1983). The major global sources include volcanoes and fumaroles, but the sources of greatest concern to agricuiture and forestry are anthropogenic. Among these, the pro-duction of aluminum, phosphate fertiiizer, steei, glass, fluoropiastics, and coal combustion are ma-

Accepted for publication on February 29,1988 Ph.D. Boyce flompson Institute for Kant Research Cometi University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

jor sources, but there are many others. Not oniy are many F-containing compounds phytotoxic, but they also accumuiate in plant foliage, thereby providing a source of F to herbivorous animais. Ingestion of E compounds above threshoid leveis (depending upon species and age of the animal) can induce a dental and skeietal disease called "fluorosis". li is therefore common practice for F-emitting industries and environmentai control agencies to institute surveiliance programus to measure the amount of E in the atmosphere, wa-ter, and soil; to determine fite accumulation of E in foliage of piants of econontic or ecologic con-cern; and to inspect the conditicn of vegetation surrounding industrial sources. Anaiyses of bones

of indigenous animais and of hvestock are often

part of a surveiliance prograrn. Sources offluoride

for man are somewhat different than for ather

animais. There is insufficient F in the average diet

to provide an amount of F believed to be

neces-sary to prevent or reduce dental caries, and

com-munities often supplement the water supply to

give a daily total intake of ca. 1.3 to 1.6 mg per

adult per day (Singer & Ophaug 1983). The ãmount

E itt veetaüon steat E-ernittkn

SOUTCC% WOU1L&

supp%ernent tite aax\y reuitemenÇbut the arnount

of vegetation ingested would have to be great in

order to exceed the recommended daily intake.

Fluoride accumulates

itt

leaf tissues, with the grea-

test amount accumuiated generaily found in leaves

that have been exposed the longesti Stems, seeds

and fruits, and roots contain much lower leveis

of E, but stems accumuiate the greatest arnount

among these organs (Weinstein 1977, Davison

1983).

out the world and are also found in other lists

prepared for, North Arnerica, Europe, and Asia

(Daines et ai. 1952, Zimmerman & Hitchcock

1956, Thomas & Aither 1966, Guderian et al.

1969, Treshow & Pack 1970, Fluorides 1971,

Weinstein 1977, Doley 1986), but most, of the

species in the list, have nor been classified

pre-viously. Aithough the relative susceptibilities of

the sarne species may appeax

itt

the sarne classes

itt

a3lierent \izts, c\ixnatic, e&ap\tic, anà

topora-phic conditions

itt

varicus geograplàc areas oi t\xe

world, as well as differences in sensitivity of ciii-

tivars, may resulr in some variations in their

sus-ceptibility.

Species nomenclature is consistent with Bailcy

(1976). The sequence of gymnosperm famiies

follows Lawrence (1951); the angiosperm families

follow Cronquist (1981). Brazilian coloquial

names are as! found in Pio Correa (1909). Each

species has been ranked as susceptible (S), modera-

In 1982, 1983 and 1986, inspections were made

near four primary aluminum smeiters in Brazil,

separated by more than 2000 km. Inspection of

many species of indigenous and cuitivated piant

species under field conditions, to assign thern to

categories of relative susceptibility to airborne E.

More than 230 species found in tropical,

semi-tro-pical, and temperate areas of Brazil are given in

Table 1. Some of these species are grown through-

teiy toierant (intermediate, 1), or tolerant (T) to F.

Because the rankings are based only on the extent or

degree of foliar injury, effects on plant growth and

yield of crops or trees based oniy on foliar cffects

shouid be extrapolated with caution. 1w some

species, it is possible to have severe foliar injury

without effects on yield or quality (depending

on when in the growth cycle injury occurs); iii

others, foliage may appear normal but yield and

quaiity may be reduced.

TABLE

1.

Relative susceptibilities of Brazilian plants to airborne

F.

GymnOsperms

Araucariaceae

Araucaria angustifoia

'inhelro-do-paraná,

(Bertot.)

0.

Kuntze

,inheiro-braslleiro

Araucaria heterophylla !

e Paraná pIno

(Salisb.) Franco.

Norfolk lsland Pino

T

Pinaceae

-

CedrusatlanticaManetti.

:edro

!

Atlas cedar

Pinus caribaea

Morelet.

Dinho

Caribbean pino

Pinus efliottii

Engeim.

pinho

sii

Slash pino

Pinus tasda L

pinho

5

Loblolly

Pino

Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasilia,

23(10):l125-1137,

out. 1988.

L.H. WEINSTEIN e K.S. HANSEN

1127

TAJILE 1.

Continuation.

Gymnosperms

Taxodiaceae

Taxodium distichum pinheiro-do-brejo T

(L.) L. Rich BaId cypress

Cijpressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L. ciproste T

Cypress Thu/aoccidentalls L túla T Arborvitae Angiosperms Dicotyledons Magnoliaceae

Magno/ia grandiflora L. magnólia-branca

BuIl bay

Magno/ia sou/angeana Soul. magnólia

Saucer magnolia Lauraceao

ftiectandra spp. cafona 7

Persea americana MIII. abacateiro

_s

Avocado Ranunculacca. Clematis spp clpó-crijz Clematis Plantanaceae P/atanusoccidenta/is L. plátano-canadense 1ff Sycamore, Planetree Moraceae

Artocarpus heterophyl/us Lam. laca 1ff

.Jackfruit

Ficus benjamina L ficus-bonjamim T

Weeping fig

Ficus do//ar/a Mart. gameileira T

Ficus e/estica Roxb. ficus•Japonês T

Rubber plant

Morus alba L. amoeira-brarica 1/7

White mulberry

Morus nigra L amoaira.negra T

Black mulberry Cecropiaceae

Cecropia spp. - umbaúba, embaúba, imbaúba 5

Myricaceae Cecropia

Myrica 98/e L aIecriiWdOnOtte 7

Sweet gala Casuarinaceae

Casuarina equisetifo/ia L. casuarina T

She oak N yctaginaceee

Bougainvi//ea spectabi/is três-marias, buganvflea

Willd. Bouganvillea

Cactaceae

TÁBLE L Continuation. Gymnosperms - Cactus spp. cacto CactUs Opuntia spp. palmatória Prickly pear Chenopodiaceae

Beta vulgaris L. beterraba

Beet

Chenopodium ambrosioides mastruço

American wormseed

Spinacia o/eracea L. espinafre

- Spinach

Amaranthaceae

Ama ran thus spp. bredo

Amaranth

Celas ia argentea var. crista-de-galiu

cristata lcuntze Cockscomb

Portuiacaceae

Portulaca grandiflora Hook. onze-horas

Moss rose Caryophyllaceae

Dian thus caryophyllus L. cravo

Carnation, Pinks Polygonaceae

Rumex acetosa L azeda-miúda

Garden sorrel Theaceae

Carne/lia Japonica L. camélia

Cameilia

Thea sinensis L. chá

Tea Clusiaceae

Hypericurn teretiusculum A. arruda-do-campo

St. John's-wort Sterculiaceae

Theobrorna cacao L. cacau

Cocoa Bombacaceae

Bombax sienopetalum Schur paineira

Malvaceae

Gossypium hirsutum L algodio

Cotton

Hibiscus rosa -sinesis L graxa

Rase of China

l4ibiscus syriacus L. malva-rosa

• Rase of Sharon

Malva sy/vestrfs L. malva

Mallow Violaceae

Viola spp. violeta

Violet

Pesq. agropec.bras., Brasilia, 23(10):1125-1137,out. 1988.

T T

RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BRAZILIAN VEGETATION

1129

TABLE 1. Continuation.

Gymnosperms

Passifloraceae

Passiflora a/ata Dry. maracujá

Passion fiower Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita spp. capim-dandá T Squash Begoniaceae Reganha spp. begônia 1 fr Begonia Salicaceae Populusspp. choupo T Poplar

Salix babylonica

L.

salgueiro, chorão S/IJT

Weeping wiilow Capparidaceae

Cleome apinosa

L.

catinga-de-negro T

Cleome Brassicaceae

Brassica oleracea

L.

couve T

Cole, WiId cabbage

Brassica o/eracea var. ouve-flor T

botrytis L. Cauliflower

Brassica oleracea var. epolho T

capitata L. Cabbage

Brassica spp. nostarda T

Wiid mustard

Capse/la bwsa-pastOris ,oisa-de-pastor T

(L) Medic. Shepherd's purse

Lobularia maritima (L) Oesv. Ilice T

Sweet alyssum

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. igri5o T

Water cress

Raphanus sativus L. -ábano T

Radish Ericaceae

Phododendron indicum Sweet azaléa 5/1

Azalea Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea macrophyl/a Ser. horténcia T

Hydrangea Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe pinnata Pera, folha-da-costa T

Air plant Rosaceae

ItT

Cydonia oblongs Miii. marmelo

Quince

Eriobotrya japonica Lindi. ameixeira

s

Loquat

Fragaria chiloensis Duchesne morango T

Strawberry

Fraga ria vesca L morango T

Strawberrv

TÀBLE 1. Continuation

Gymnospermu

Moqullea tomentosa Benth. Oiti $

Prunuspersica Sieb. & Zucc. péssogo S

Peacl'r

Pyracantha coccinea Room. T

Firethorn

Rosa spp. rosa

R ose

Spireea vanhouttei Zabel buquê-de-noiva

Vanhoutte spiroa Mirnosaceae

Albizzia mo/uccana Miq. olbisia

Albizzia, Mimosa

Anadenanthera coubrina angico

Piei!.) Brenan

Cailiandra spp. Jurema

Powderpuff

Mimosa pudica L. sensitiva T

Sensitivo mimosa

Prosopis spp. algarobo T

Mosquito Caesalpiniaceae

Caesaipinia echinata Lam. pau-brasil

irr

Brazilwood

Delonix regia Raf. flaniboii ITT

Royal poinciana Fabacoae

Ara chis hypogaea L. amendoim T

Poanut

Cajanus caia,, MiIlsp. andu, ondu, guandu T

Pigeon pea

Glycine max Morr. soja

Soybean

Lathyrus spp. comanda

Porennial sweOt pua

Medicago sativa L alfafa, luzerna 1ff

Alfalfa, Lucorno

Phaseolus Jimensis Mocf. foijiodo4ima T

Lima bean

Phaseolusspp. feiJ5o T

Soan

Pisum sativum L ervilha ITT

Pua

Spartiumjunceum L.am. giesta,gestia ITt

Broom

Tipuana tipu (Benth.) tipuona T

O. Kuntze. Rosewood

Trifolium spp. trevo

dover

Vicia faba L fava Itt

Fava, Broad bean Proteaceae

Greviilea robusta A. Cunn. grevilho T

511k oak Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasilia, 23(10):1 125-1137, out. 1988.

RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BRAZIL1AN VEGETATION 1131

TABLE 1. Continuation

Gymnosperms

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia indica L. roseda 1

Crepe myrtle Myrtaceae

Callístemon spp. T

Bottle brush

Eucalyprus cítriodora Hook. Eucalipto-laranja 5

Lemon-scented gum Euca/yptusglobulus LabilI. eucalipto

Blue gum

Eucalyptusgrandis W. Hill eucalipto S/T

ex Maiden Rose gum

Eucalyptussaligna Sm. eucalipto 1ff

Sydney blue gum

Eugenia uniflora L. pitanga T

Surinam cherry

Me/aleuca leucadendron óleo-de-cajeput T

(L.) L. Riverteatree

Psidium gua/ava L. goiaba 8

Guava Syzygíumjambos (L.) Alston jamelão

Rose apple Onagraceae

Fuchsia triphyl/a L. brinco-de-princeza T

Fuchsia Combretaceae

Termina/ia catappa L. amendoeira, castanheda T

Indian almond Euphorbiaceae

Codiacum variegatum var. cróton _1ff

pictum MuelI. Arg. Croton

Euphorbiapulcherrima Willd. papagaio

_lrr

Poinsettia

Jatropha curcas L. pinhâo-branco T

Barbados nut

Manihot utilíssima Pohl. mandioca, aipim, macaxeira S Monioc, Tapioca

Phy/Ianthus acidus Skeels. groselha

Otaheite gooseberry

Ricinus communis L mamona _t

Castor bean Vitacece

Vitis vinífera L. videira, parreira ₈

Grapevirie, vine Sapindaceae

Koe/reuteriapaniculata Laxm. colreutéria _Sf1

Varnish tree Aceraceae

Ãcerpa/matumThunb. momiji

Japanese maple

TABLE 1. Continuatjon.

Gymnosperms Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occíden tala L. cajueiro

Cashow

Mangifera Indica L. manga

Mango

Schinus tereb/nth/fo/ius aroeira, pimenteira

Raddl. Chrlstmas berry troe

Meiiaceae

Mel/a azedaraclj L cinamoma

Chinaberry troe Rutacaae

Citrus aurantifolia Swingle lima

Limo

Citrusaurantium L. laranja

Soijr or Sovilio orange

Citrus limonia Osbeck limio

- Lomon

Citrus medica

L

limio

Citron

Citrus sinensis Osbeck laranja

Oranga

Rata graveolens L arruda

Rue Oxaiidacoao Oxalis spp. azodinha ood torrei W Geraniacoae

Pelargonium x hortorum geránio

Baiioy Goranium

Tropaeolaceao -

Tropaeolum maias L. chagas

Nasturtium Balsaminaceae

Impatiens balsamina L _{beijo-de-frade}

impations, Garden baisam

Impatiens sultanii Hook. _{maria-regateira}

1 mpatiens Araiiaceae

Brassaia actinophyua Endi. _choflero

Schoff lora

Hedera helix L hora

Apiaceao Engiish ivy

Pimpineila anisum L anis

Aniso Apocynaceae

Nerium oleander

L

espirradeira

Oloander

Plume ria drastica Mart. janaúba

Frangipani

Vinca major

L

vinca

Vinca Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum L pimentio

Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasilia, 23(10):! 125-1137, out. 1988.

itt ItT

lrr

T

T

T

T

RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BRAZILIAN

VEGETATION

1133

TABLE 1. Cantinuation.

Cymnosperrns Pepper

Datara stramonium L. estremônio T

Jimson wed

Lycopersicon esculentum MW. tomate

Nico tiana sanderae Sander Tomato

Nicotiana tabacum L. Wild-tobacco T

fumo, tabaco T

Tobacco

Petuniahybrida Vilm. petúnia T

Petunia

Solanum pan/tu/atum L. jurubeba T

Nightshade

So/anum tuberosum L. batata-americana - T

Potato Convoivuiaceae

Ipomoea batatas Lam. batata-doce

Sweet potato

Polemoniaceae T

Ph/ox Spp. fiox

Verbena ceae Phiox

Lan tana camara L. cambará, camerá T

Lantana

Petreasubserrata Barcena são-miguei 5/1

Purpie wreath

Verbena chamaedryfo/ia Juss. camaradinha T

Larniaceae . Verbena

Coleus biumei Benth. coléos

Coleus mangerona

Maforana hortensis Moench _{Set majoram}

hortelã

Menthaspp. _Mint T

Rosmarinus officina/is L alecrim

Rosemarv

Sa/via sp/endens lcerr. pingo-de-lacre, cordeial-do-brasi.l T

Scariet sage

Buddlejaceae verbasco-do-brasi 1

Buddleja brasi/iensis Butterfly bush T

Jacquin

Oleaceae Forsythia

Forsythia intermedia Zabel White ash T

Fraxinus americana L. cerca-viva, alfaneiro - 5/1

Lígustrum lucidum Ait. Privet T

oliveira, oliva

O/eaeuropaeaL Olive T

lilá

Syringa vulgaris L Li lac

Scrophularíaceae boca-de-leão

Antirrhinum majus L Snapdragon T

Bignoniaceae coité, cuitá

Crescentia cujete L. Calabash treo T

TABLE L

Continuation.

Gymnosperms -

Jacaranda oval/folia A. Br. caroba-guaca, T

Jacarandá

Pandorea spp. pandórea, sete-léguas

Austral lan bower vine

Spathodea campanulata Beauv. espatodáia

South African tulip tree

Tabebuia ave/landae Lorentz ipê-amarelo

ex Griseb. Trumpet tree

Aubiaceae

Coffeaarabica

L

café T

Coffee

Gardeniajasminoides Ellis. Jasmin-do-cabo, dama-da-noite, gardénia l/T

Gardenia

Genipa americana

L

genipapo T

Genipap

Posoqueria lar/folia (Rudge) papterra

Roem. & Schult. Needle flowered tree Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera caprifo//um

L

madressi Iva 1

Honeysuckla Asteraceae

Ageratum conyzoides L. mentastro, agerato T

Ageratum

callistephus chinensis Nees. rainha-margarida Ir

China aster

Chrysanthemum frutescens L. margarida

Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum spp. mal-me-quer, crisántemo lIT

Chrysanthemum

Coreopsis lanceolata

L

coreópsis I/T

Coreopsi( Cosmus spp. cósmea T Cosmos baNia cvs. dália T Dah lia l-lelianthusannuus

L

girassol T Sunflower

Helianthus tuberosus L topinambo T

Jerusalem ertichoke

Lactuca sativo L. alface T

Lettuce

Solidago spp. cordão-de-ouro T

Goldenrod

Ta9etes spp. cravo-de-defunto T

Marigold-

Vaniliosmopsis erythropappa candeia

Sch. Bit.

Xanthium spp carrapicho T

Cocklebur

Monocotyledons

RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BRAZILIAN VEGETATION 1135

TABLE 1. Continuation.

Gymnosperms

Arecaceae -

Astro caryum tucuma Mart. tucum 8/1

Tucuma

Cantata uçens L banda-de-sargento _I/T

Sago peim

Chamaerops humilis L palma-de-leque T

Fan paim

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens areca 5

H. Wendi. Yellow paim

Cocos nucifera L coco - 5

Coconut

Elaeisguineensis .Jacq. dendô-do-pará, caiaué 5

Donde palm

Euterpe o/eracea Mart. açai

Assai palm

Mauritia flexuosa L.f. buriti

Ita pairri

Maximiliana maripa ina]á

lcorréal Drude Cucurite palm

Orbignya barbosiana Burret babaçu 8/1

Babassu -

Phoenix dactylifera L. tamareira, palmeira-de-igreja 8/1

Date paim

koystonea regia palmeira-imperial S

(HBK) O.F. Cook Roval paim

Sabal mexicana Mart. palmeira-mexicana T

Palmetto

Syagrus campestris ariri 8

(Mart.) H. Wendl. Pandanaceae

Pandanus uti/is Bory. pandano

s

Screw Pine -

Araceae

Caladium bicolor Vent. caládio l/T

Caladium

Monstera deliciosa Liebm. sete-chagas

Cut leaf philodendron

Philodendron imbe Schott. cipó-imbé

Philodendron Cyperaceae

Cyperus papyrus L. papiro 5/1

Papyrus Poaceae

Anatherium bicorne Beauv. sapé

Aristida pailens Cav. barba-de-bode $11

Goat's beard

Sambusa vu/ga ris Schrad. - bambu

Feathery Bamboo

Cynodon dactylon Pers. capim-de-burro T

Bermuda grass

Melinis minutiflora Beauv. capim-gordura T

TABLE 1. Continuation.

Gymnosperms

Molasses grass

Paspa/um notatum Fluegge grama-batatais

Bahia grau

Pennisetum clandestinum capim-cucuiu

Hochst. ex Chiov. Kikuyu grau

Poa pp capimiempre-verde

Meadow grau, Spear grass

Saccharum officinarum L. cana-de-açúcar

Sugar cano

Triticum sestivum L trigo

Wheat Zeamays L milho Com, Maize Typhaceae Typ/ia spp. tabua Cattail Bromeliaceae

Ananas comosus Mett. abacaxi

Pineapple

Heliconiaceae banana-do-mato

Heliconia bihai L

Musaceae Wíld plantam

Musa paradisiaca banana

var. sapientum Kuntze Banana

Cannaceae

Canna generalis Bailes'. albaró

Canna lily

Calma indica L cana-da-india

lndian-shot Li liaceae

AI//um cepa L cebola

Onion

Hemero cal/is Hybrids uno-amarelo

Daylily

Hyacint/ius orienta/is L Jacinto

• Hyacinth

til/um candidum L Ifrio-dos-poetas

Madonna lily

lmidaceae -

Gladiolus communis L. lagnima-de-sta.-rita

Tears of Saint Rita

Gladio/us hybrids palma-de-sta.-rita

Gladiolus

Iris spp. uno

Iris Aloeceae

Aloe vera L. barbosa

Aloe Agavaceae -

Agave sisalana Perrine sisal

Sisal

Agave spP agave

Pcsq. agropcc. bras., Brasilia. 23(10):1125-1137. out. 1988.

T T

$11

s

$11

T SI' SI' 5 5 Sf1 5 5 5 ii

511

SI'

RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BRAZILIAN VEGETATION

TABLE 1. Continuatjon.

Gymnosperms

Agave

Dracaena marginata Lam. dracena

Dracena Sanseviera zeylanica WiIld. _{espada-de-ogum}

Snake plant

Yucca fi/amentosa L. árvore-da-pureza

Adam's needie yucca Smilacaceae SmíIax spp. japecanga Greenbriar, Catbriar 1137 SI' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are indebted to Aldo Grossi and Eduardo C. Cesana (formerly) of Alcan do Brasil S.A., Artur C. Dias, David Carmichael, and Don Williams of Alcoa Alurninio S.A., and Linda Ubin-ger and Kathryn Bentzel of Alcoa U.S. for valuable assistance ia Brazil, and to Margaret Vodicka--Asbury and other staff members of the Bailey Hortorium at Corneil University, lthaca, NY, USA, for expert taxonomic advice. We also acknowledge the support of the Brazilian Association ofAlumi-num Producers.

REFERENCES

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