An additional corpus of modern Greek newspaper discourse was used for the purposes of the analysis. The restrictions for this function are that x and y must be elements in the same domain and y>x.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
In the following chapters, we will examine the various forms of apo and its semantics as described in the literature, in Indo-European languages, Old Greek, Medieval Greek, and Modern Greek.
APO IN INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES
F ORMS AND M EANINGS
Pokorny (op. cit.) also cites the hypothetical forms *apu and *pu which are connected with the Ancient Greek form ἀπύ. This piece of information is also verified by (Liddell & Scott, op. cit., entry apo).
APO IN ANCIENT GREEK
I NTRODUCTION
F ORMS
And when the Athenians drew near, the men under Dorias fought from their ships and from the shore, until the Athenians sailed to Madit, to the rest of the fleet, without accomplishing anything,” Xen.
S YNTACTIC FUNCTION
It is quite common in poetic texts and occurs simultaneously with the raising of the stress in the penultimate syllable. It is obvious that ἀπ’ changed to ἀφ’ due to the breathing of the initial /ε/ of the following verb.
M EANINGS
In the example above, the translation of the Ancient Greek extract into English is not exact. This semantic category is included by Liddell & Scott (op. cit., entry apo) in the domain of "cause".
APO IN MEDIEVAL GREEK
I NTRODUCTION
F ORMS
The ancient Greek form απύ from the Aeolian dialect25 and the form άπυ in the Arcadian Cypriot dialect26 became απύ. Note that in ancient Greek, when apo functioned as an adverb (as a result of the phenomenon of tmesis), it only had the form ἄπο.
S YNTACTIC F UNCTION
The forms ἀπό, ἀφ΄, ἀπ', survive from Ancient Greek from the Ionian, the Attic and the Aeolian dialects 23. The forms ΄που and ΄π΄ survive in modern Greek in the dialect of the Greeks from Αλλαλαλαλανα (Eastern Rumelia) due to its geographical proximity to Constantinople27.
M EANINGS
In the above example, the Turks are deprived of the castle (a symbol of power and means of protection) in an act of defeat. In the above example, apo serves as the initiation point for the calculation of matter. Similarly, in the following example, apo connects with an accusative and refers to the initiation point of the comparison process.
It is clear that apo in the above example is associated with a temporal point and denotes initiation. It derives from the adverb παντοτινός "late" and the ending -τινός by analogy with πάντα "always", from which the adjective παντοτινός "lasting forever". It is clear that in the above example, apo indicates the time of commencement of an activity.
Κριαράς (op. cit. entry apo), misled by the fact that temporal apo in Modern Greek quotes μετά “after”, proposed the semantic category “posterior”. In the example above, note the form ἀπού instead of ἀπό and the inanimate and external cause of disease.
APO IN MODERN GREEK
I NTRODUCTION
F ORMS
Although this is recorded as a form or (Ακαδημία Αθηνών 1939, entry από) it constitutes a form of the following article and not of the preposition itself.
S YNTACTIC F UNCTION
M EANINGS
Μια εναλλακτική ερμηνεία θα μπορούσε να είναι ότι το έλα στο σπίτι είναι το αποτέλεσμα του συνδυασμού δύο εκφράσεων: πέρασε το σπίτι και έλα στο σπίτι. 59 Για συζήτηση της έννοιας «Πράκτορας» βλέπε την ενότητα Το Apo και ο εξωτερικός του ρόλος σε ένα συμβάν κίνησης (Animate Causation). Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι στα ελληνικά η λέξη «προϊόν» πρότερομα προέρχεται από τη μετοχή του ρήματος έρχομαι «έρχομαι» ἰών, ἰοῦσα, ἰόν και την πρόθεση «πριν».
As already mentioned, even in this case the apo and its compound noun express the point of initiation, while the rest of the Path is spaced out. 61 For a discussion of the term 'Agent', see Apo and its external role in the event of motion (Animated Causation). Again, the prepositional phrase functions as a reference point for the specification of the relativistic notion of 东 ("under") in physical space.
The first apo and its associated relative adverb signal the starting point of the movement expressed by the verb. The balcony would not be the starting point of the movement but would act as a reference point for the specification of the relational adverb over.
APO AND EVENT STRUCTURE
E VENTS , FRAMES AND SCHEMATA
The minimal semantic model for Apo. c) they represent generic concepts which, taken together, differ in their levels of abstraction, and. It has standard roles to play, standard props, standard action sequences, and so on. There appears to be general agreement on what constitutes a scene in an activity (Bower et al. 1979).
Minimal semantic model for Apo. scenes in a restaurant script would be: enter, order, eat and exit. This correlates with Grice's principle that one should speak or write in such a way as to be informative, but not redundant. Situations are part of the world and include events, episodes and states of affairs (Higginbotham.
For example, a situational model of a football game includes the temporal sequence of events, causal relationships, and the interaction of individuals (Johnson-Laird 1983: 414). In contrast, a situational model of a restaurant visit would be a mental representation of a visit to a particular restaurant (eg, Thursday, October 4, 1907).
M INIMAL S EMANTIC M ODEL FOR A PO
Taking the adverb 两 "below" the reverse (but analogously the same) relationship applies: downwards (starting from point x, which is the table). The boundaries between the part and its environment are always identified at "the level of conceptual structure", which is precisely the level that the visual system can provide information, (Jackendoff 1983: 51). The ceiling connected to apo becomes the starting point (x) of the motion of the suspended entity.
The point y is at the far end of the suspended object and is further beyond x. However, apo and its joined nouns express the initiation point (point x) of the movement of the sigh. In this case again, apo and its joined noun express the point (point x) from which the displacement of the voice starts.
In this case again, apo and its compound noun express the starting point of the ambassadors' movement (point x), which were the cities from which they came. Five in the morning is the starting point for the activity (point x), which is earlier.
APO AND A MOTION EVENT
W HAT IS A M OTION E VENT ?
S EMANTIC C OMPONENTS OF A M OTION E VENT
According to Koffka, the Figure is represented twice in the same scene: once by itself and once in relation to the Ground, (Koffka 1935: 178). The figure and the ground can be topologically idealizable as a point, a plurality of points, a linear extent, an area or a volume, (Talmy 2003a: 312). When the above two criteria of size and importance do not apply and the entities to which the Figure and the Ground refer are symmetrical, then the Figure comes before the Ground, which is known.
Grammatically, Figure is usually the subject, while Earth is usually the indirect (indirect) object, (Talmy 2003a: 333). For example, in Greek, in a non-agentive structure, the Figure (subject) is in the nominative while the Ground (direct object) is in the accusative, which is a "secondary case". On closer inspection, however, it becomes clear that the Figure in this case is the person running away from the wolves.
A path is a line of movement or a place a figure occupies relative to the ground. In such cases, the initial part of the movement borders on the location of the Source (school), and the final part of the movement on the location of the Destination (house), (Krifka 1998: 227).
T HE INTERNAL ROLE OF APO IN A M OTION E VENT
However, in my opinion, omission of apo emphasizes movement along the path, whereas manifestation of apo emphasizes the beginning of the path. In the absence of a prepositional phrase specifying direction, none of the Verbs of Motion and Manner indicate the direction of motion. A part of an activity is considered the initial part if it is not preceded by any other part of the same activity”, (Krifka 1998: 207).
Theoretically, the time span of an activity, the beginning of which is expressed by apo, can be extended to positive infinity. In the example above, the apo has a dual role: firstly, it connects to the Ground (the place from where the figure (leaves) are removed) and secondly, it expresses the point of initiation of the activity. It is the state of the event that has reached its climax, which is the consequent state of the event, for example, if Mary eats her lunch, then there is a state that remains forever."
In a system of events, the spatial concepts of Figure and Ground of a Movement event extend to refer to the events of the system. According to the "contingency principle", the "causing event (in the subordinate clause) acts as the Ground, while the caused event (in the main clause) acts as the Figure", (Talmy 2003a: 329).
THE EXTERNAL ROLE OF APO TO A MOTION EVENT
In the above example, the plastic ball continued to roll even after the hand stroke ceased. The use of a specific Instrument to refer to an event presupposes that the consequences of the use of that instrument include the resulting event. In the first example, there is obvious syntactic manifestation of the reason, by using apo, therefore there is foreground reason.
As for the third term ("the Undergoer"), it refers not to the causative force but to the result. In Inducement, apo participates to the extent that it only expresses one of the two Agents. As Talmy argues, a causal chain that includes an Agent initiates from the Agent's original perception of the intention, which intention is considered the [mental] event that initiates the entire procedural complex (2003a: 271).
Nominalization is a matter of "reviewing the summary": the verbal noun specifies the entire action (Croft & Cruse 2004: 54). In the new structure of the verb noun, the scene is reconceptualized in terms of transference of focal condensation.
GENERAL REMARKS ON APO
I believe that in most cases of the apo-imposed schematic structure, the observer remains stable and the environment moves (Talmy 2003a: 269). In a typical statement: τον είδα να έρχεται από μακριά (“I saw him coming from afar”) the observer remains stable and the environment (part of which is the figure) moves. The frame of reference imposed by apo is “projector-based”: the observer serves as the source of the projection and the addressee is instructed to project his or her perspective point accordingly (Talmy 2003a: 212, 69).
A part of the referential scene is brought to the fore by explicit reference, while the rest of the situation is "spaced out" (Talmy 2003a: 257). From the whole space, the fireplace is "front", while the rest is "spaced". It is the spatial or temporal positioning of an entity within the framework of a reference scene.
As already mentioned, part of the disposition of the point of perspective is our relationship to the speech event ("empathy"). Since this force is an opposing force, the apo is included in the configuration of the "force dynamics" of the event (explained by Talmy 2003a: 152).
CONCLUSION
