Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Baku, tariyelo@gmail.com The article describes the role of GIS technology in forest soil research. As a research object, forest soils of II Nugadi AD of Guba region of Azerbaijan Republic have been researched. In the article, based on remote sensing data, inventory was carried out, regard- less of the type of property available in the area was vectorized and systematized in ArcGIS software. The text data for the objects is included in the attribute table and the database has been created. In the course of the analysis, the soil cover of the farm, the peculiarities of the relief, the data of the summary tables of the particle size distribution, chemical, physical and morphological properties of the soil are studied. Based on the results of a field survey of the soil and an analysis of the selected soil samples, a map (scale 1:10 000) of the investigated area was compiled.
Keywords: GIS, remote sensing, soil map, forset, soils database, humus, granulometric composition.
The flora of Azerbaijan Republic was been very complicated since from ancient times. This has influenced to the formation and range of vegetation [1. Р. 16].
Forests are very striking feature of the land surface. They vary greatly in compo- sition and density, and stand in marked contrast with meadows and pastures [7. Р. 2].
Forest soils are considered to be soils that presently support forest cover. These soils differ in many ways from agronomic soils: they have O horizons, organic layers that cover the mineral soil; they have diverse fauna and flora that play major roles in their structure and function; they are often wet or steep, shallow to bedrock, or have a high stone content. Soil layers that occur at great depth are important to forests [8. Р. 3].
In the broadest sense, a forest soil is any soil that has developed primarily under the influence of a forest cover. This view recognizes the unique effects of the deep rooting of trees, the role of organisms associated with forest vegetation, and the role the litter layer (forest floor, or O horizon) and the eluviation promoted by the products of its decomposition have on soil genesis. By this definition, forest soils can be consid- ered to cover approximately one-half of the Earth’s land surface area.
The development of soil and associated forest vegetation is a complex and contin- uing process. Soils play vital roles in the development of forests, and forests likewise play vital roles in the development of soils. All pedogenic processes appear to operate to some degree in all soils; however, they operate at different rates at different times and the dominant processes in any one soil body cause it to develop distinctive properties. These processes involve some phase of addition of organic and mineral materials to the soil as solids, liquids, and gases, loss of these materials from a given horizon or from the soil, bioturbation and translocation of materials from one point to another in the soil or trans- formations of mineral and organic matter within the soil [8. Р. 23].
Ensuring the rights of every citizen in society to live in a healhy environment first of all depends on the preservation of forests that are the source of live on Earth.
For effectively utilizing forest resources everyone regardless of their speciality should master their knowledge of the natural developmental legality of the forest. Ecologically inefficient use of natural resources without profoundly studying of the structure of the forest and its development dynamics results with degradation of the forest ecosystem and the loss of biodiversity [2. Р. 4].
As we know, in the areas where forest soils are spread have taken place very large changes over the last decades. We can show many reasons as the main of them are misuse of forest wealth, breaking of the forests and climate changes. One of the most actual problems are preservation of forests as natural resources and efficient use of soils spreading under the forest.
It’s necessary to study the processes ocurring and changing spatial areas depending on the time in forest soils comparatively for protection and proper utilize them. The main responsibilities of public administration in direction of environmental protection and efficient use of soil resources are to carrying out a complex system of observations on the state of forest soils, predicting their condition under natural and anthropogenic effects and the assessment of this soils, in other words, the organization of soils monitoring [3].
Currently, due to the development of the information system collection, system- atization, computerization and upgrade of the soils data, as well as assessment of soils and their mapping, also the development of efficient use of soil resources are actual issues and these are of great scientific and practical importance. In fact, the use of
information obtained from numerous sources in all modern industries is a rich experience.
Over time, an important part of the data is rapidly changing and, therefore, the adoption of administrative decisions, including land cadastre and land management, is even more difficult to use in traditional paper form. The speed and relevance of data acquisition can only be provided by an automated system. For changing data to spatial data and subsequent management decisions there has been created an automated system connect linked with numerous graphical and thematic data base, also model calculation functions [3, 4].
Currently, GIS technology is used for the development of forestry, more precisely for the creating and using of maps of forest soils. GIS maps are an informative and innovative way of storing and managing data. The use of GIS technologies in the forestry industry simplifies and improves the processing of large volumes of materials and improves the quality of data processing [5].
The application of GIS in soil science plays an important role, as it allows the collected data together, without additional labor and expense. ArcGIS and Q GIS systems, based on GIS technology, are used in land surveys. This program transforms large soils and tax information into a digital map. GIS system provides high-precision digitization of visualized material, as well as editing with various tools. Development and modernization of these technologies, also their incorporation into the forestry structures is a promising and important area for the forestry management.
Research object and methodology. As a research object, forest soils of II Nugadi AD of Guba region have been researched. According to the methodology used in field-experimental research of soil science, using GPS and other modern measuring systems, also GİS technology and space images there were been created e- maps, cartograms and database.
Analysis and discussion. Natural areas and soil map (scale 1:10 000) of II Nugadi AD of Guba region have been prepared based on digital imaging of artificial satellite imagery. Based on the cosmic descriptions, the area of forests have been identified, according to the results of laboratory analyzes the physical-chemical properties of these soils have been studied.
The solution of issues related to the use and management of forest lands is a necessity in optimal selection of software and to analyze schedule and text data inside the system. Methodology for realizing the work, one of the important factors in choosing software is an integration of geometric data with spatial data in other extensions. From this point of view, it is expedient to use the ArcGIS and AutoCad MAP software in creating database and soil maps.
According to international experience, the use of remote sensing data in the preparation of land maps allows for more optimal results. It should be noted that remote sensing data is characterized by creating a visual imagination on the land and ensuring the data is stored in the appropriate coordinate system. Therefore, the issue of involving objects in the vectorization process has been solved by using remote sensing data attached to the WGS 84 geographic coordinate system.
There are two components to GIS data: spatial information (coordinate and projection information for spatial features) and attribute data. Attribute data is
information appended in tabular format to spatial features. The spatial data is the where and attribute data can contain information about the what, where, and why. Attribute data provides characteristics about spatial data.
First of all, based on remote sensing data inventory works were carried out, regardless of its type and ownership objects available in the area were vectorized and have been systematized in ArcGIS software (pic. 1, 1a).
Picture 1. Land polygonation
Picture 1a. Land polygonation
The text data for the objects is included in the attribute table and the database has been created (pic. 2) [6].
Picture 2. Filling data to attributes
Picture 3. Soil map of II Nugadi AD
Working with attribute information includes a detailed study of soil research reports, symbols, and a soil map legend. In the course of the analysis, the soil cover of
the farm, the peculiarities of the relief, the data of the summary tables of the particle size distribution, chemical, physical and morphological properties of the soil are studied.
Based on the results of a field survey of the soil and an analysis of the selected soil samples, a map (scale 1:10 000) of the investigated area was compiled (pic. 3).
It is revealed that 4 types of soils are widespread in this area. The following table shows the areas of soils of II Nugadi AD (Table).
№ Name of the soil Area (hectare)
1 Carbonated Mountain-Forest Brown (Calcic Kastanozems) 1000,86 2 Carbonated Mountain-Brown (Calcic Kastanozems) 358,84 3 Carbonated Meadow-Brown (Gleyic Kastonozems) 2544,52 4 Carbonated Alluvial-Meadow (Mollic Fluvisols) 333,75
Results. Traditional management of forest resources for forestry specialists is an informational problem. Using GIS, specialists get access to objective information. GIS provides them with a powerful tool to demonstrate the application of the principles of sustainable development and integrated forest management. GIS forestry gives us the opportunity to:
1. Apply GIS associated with the presence of a block of analysis and interpretation of information, model and predict various processes, compare various indicators, etc.
2. The database of the GIS forestry makes it possible to make the most efficient use of the capabilities of relational databases of relational type and GIS for the input, storage, processing and issuance of materials of planning and cartographic support.
Based on the created electronic map, the following results were obtained:
1. 357,47 hectares of forest soils in II Nugadi AD are used as haymaking, 1,37 as pasture.
2. Granulometric composition of this soils are heavy and medium loamy.
3. In the irrigation mode humus in these soils decreases from 2,79 to 1,11%.
Soils can be eroded because the irrigation system is not properly grounded here.
Literature
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2. Dolkhanov A., Dadashova L., Garayev A. The fundamentals of sustainable management of forests in Azerbaijan. Baku, 2012. 232 p.
3. The use of geographic information systems in the conduct of state land monitoring.
4. Omarov S.Kh. Anthropogenic degradation of soil cover of Karabakh plain and their restoration.
Baku, 2018. 74 p.
5. Hajiyeva R.J., Khalilov B.M. Geographical Information Systems. Baku, 2017. 68 p.
6. Aliyev E.M. The issues of creating cadastral plans of real estate objects using geographic information technologies and automated project systems // Information Society Problems. 2011. № 2 (4). Р. 72–81.
7. Sagreiya K.P. Forests and forestry. New Delhi, 1974. 257 p.
8. Binkley D., Fisher R.F. Ecology and management of forest soils. IV edition. India, 2013. 343 p.
УДК 631.48