L ESSON 19
LESSON 34 OPTIONAL) CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. NO PRESENT FORM 2. You could have spent your
vacation in Hawaii.
3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.
NO NEGATIVE FORMS
past ability
I could run ten miles in my twenties.
I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.
œCouldB cannot be used in positive sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability.
Yesterday, I could lift the couch by myself. - Incorrect
I couldn’t run more than a mile in my twenties.
I couldn’t speak Swahili.
œCouldB can be used in negative sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability.
Yesterday, I couldn’t lift the couch by myself. - Correct
be able to
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 40
polite requestCould I have something to drink?
Could I borrow your stapler?
Requests usually refer to the near future.
Couldn’t he come with us?
Couldn’t you help me with this for just a second?
Requests usually refer to the near future. can, may, might WILL
“Will” is used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future.
This modal verb can also be used to make predictions about the future.
Examples:
I promise that I will write you every single day. promise
I will make dinner tonight. voluntary action
He thinks it will rain tomorrow. prediction
Meaning Affirmative Forms Negative Forms Also
use:
future action, prediction
The marketing director will be replaced by someone from the New York office.
Fred will be there by 8:00.
The marketing director will not be replaced after all.
Fred will not be there. He has a previous obligation.
shall
volunteering promising
I will take care of everything for you.
I will make the travel arrangements. There’s no need to worry.
I will never forget you.
I will never give up the fight
for freedom. shall
2. Choose the correct item.
1. Rabbits can’t / must fly.
2. You could / mustn’t forget your book. You’ll need it.
3. Last year I must / had to learn Chinese. It was really difficult.
4. I’ve been learning English for seven years, so I can / have to speak it quite well now.
5. You should / mustn’t try harder in class.
6. My mum can’t / couldn’t swim when she was a child.
7. You mustn’t / don’t have to wash your hair every day. Twice a week is enough.
8. We had to / could see the sea from the house where we stayed last summer.
9. She shouldn’t / mustn’t forget her hockey stick today because she’s playing in a match.
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 40
10. I have to / can’t study tonight because we are having an important test tomorrow.
11. You can / shouldn’t swim in the lake. It’s very dangerous.
12. My granddad mustn’t / didn’t have to study Science at school.
3. Work in pairs. Decide if predictions 1$6 are based on opinions (O) or evidence (E). Then complete the sentences with the words from the box below.
am going to/ are going to/ is going to/ might/
probably won’t/ will definitely
1. I think computers _____ become more intelligent than humans. I’m sure of it!
2. Oh my goodness! He _____ die! – No, he isn’t. He’s a hero!
3. Nobody really knows but one day people ______ colonise another planet.
4. Maybe that will happen, but I ______ live to see it.
5. I feel awful. I _____ be sick!
6. Listen to those engines! They _____ explode!
4. Look at the picture and the newspaper headline and answer the questions below.
1. What problems connected with animals are presented here?
2. What kind of animals are in danger of extinction?
3. What is the best way to protect such animals?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of keeping animals in zoos?
5. Why are zoos popular places to visit?
5. Read the model essay and answer the questions below. Pay attention to underlined words.
1. Does the writer mention your arguments (you expressed while answering the questions from the previous exercise) for or against zoos?
2. Is the writer generally for or against zoos?
3. Do you find his/ her essay convincing?
“Zoos Are Last Chance For Siberian Tiger”
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 40
Although the function of zoos has changed little during the last 250 years, zoos are very controversial today. Many people think they are cruel and have no place in the modern world. It is my own opinion that zoos, although not perfect, do have a useful function.
First of all, zoos are places of education. Zoos can help children to appreciate nature. Furthermore, research into animal behaviour is done in zoos and has increased our knowledge of zoology, genetics and even psychology.
Above all, zoos can protect the future of many species of animals. Many species today are in danger of extinction and, thanks to breeding in zoos, many animals have a chance of survival. Indeed there are some animals which now only exist in zoos.
Opponents of zoos say that they are cruel. First of all, zoos cannot create the environment in which animals live and, because of this, animals are bored and depressed. Secondly, animals have frequent contact with human visitors which can be stressful. However, in my opinion, most zoos have improved recently. It is now quite rare to see animals in cages and most zoos try hard to recreate the environments in which different animals live.
In conclusion, although zoos are not a perfect environment for animals, I believe that they have more advantages than disadvantages. In an ideal world, zoos would not be necessary. But as long as man hunts animals for profit and destroys their environments, zoos are essential.
6. Compare the Opinion essay and the For/Against essay. Do the tasks after the table.
Opinion essay For/ Against essay Topic
Often includes “Do you agree?” Often includes: “Give arguments for and against…”
First paragraph
Introduction Introduction
Second paragraph
Two or three arguments/ examples that support your opinion
Arguments for Third
paragraph
Arguments which are against your own opinion; saying why you disagree with them
Arguments against
Conclusion
A summary of the arguments, saying once again why you think you are right
A summary of the debate; your own opinion at the very end
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 40
1. Identify the type of essay in the previous exercise.
2. Find the sentences in the model essay where the writer: a) mentions his/
her own opinion for the first time; b) says why he/ she disagrees with the arguments of his/ her opponents.
3. Look at the following sentences from the model essay and say which argument the writer thinks is the most important. What words or phrases tell you this?
a. First of all, zoos are places of education.
b. Furthermore, research into animal behaviour is done in zoos.
c. Above all, zoos can protect the future of many species of animals.
7. Using the structure of the essay types (exercise 6) and the model essay (exercise 5), write your own essay on the topic œIt is wrong to kill animals for their fur. Do you agree?B. Decide which arguments given below are against killing animals for fur. What is your own opinion?
1. It is cruel – animals which are kept for fur have short and unhappy lives.
2. Animal fur is warmer and more attractive than man-made materials.
3. It is unnecessary because we can now make man-made materials very cheaply.
4. Wearing fur is natural – the man has been wearing it for thousands of years.
5. It has no place in the civilised world in the twenty-first century.
6. Some animals that are hunted for fur are endangered species.
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 41
REVISION LESSONS LESSON 41
1. Listen to the dialogue and write down the modal verbs you hear. Then identify their meaning.
A: I’m worried about Julio. He’s never late to school.
B: That’s right. He must have missed the bus.
A: I can’t think of another explanation.
B: He might be sick and unable to contact us.
A: That’s a possibility. I think we should call his home and check up on him.
B: He’s a very reliable student. I’m sure something has come up.
2. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
earthquakes, drought, floods, wildfire, tsunami, volcanoes, disease, hurricane
1. When _____ erupt, they are dangerous.
2. Thousands of trees got burnt by a furious ______ that started because of the anomalous heat last week.
3. _______ can destroy buildings.
4. People sometimes drown in ______.
5. Yesterday lots of trees were knocked to the ground by a ________ . 6. A _____ can spread very quickly.
7. Most plants can’t survive in a _______ . 8. A ________ is a huge, dangerous wave.
3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words from the box in exercise 2.
1. In the story of Noah’s Ark, there was a great ______.
2. Mount Vesuvius is a _____ which erupted in 79 AD and buried the Roman city of Pompeii under five metres of ash.
3. The world’s longest _____ was in the Atacama Desert in Chile. It didn’t rain there for 400 years.
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 41
4. An ______ near the coast of Japan in 2011 caused a terrible _____. The disaster killed more than 15,000 people and destroyed more than 300,000 buildings.
5. In North America, a storm coming from the ocean is called a _____.
6. Malaria is a _____ which mosquitoes spread.
4. Choose the correct item.
The mountains are popular because people can / must ski and climb there. You have to / mustn’t do mountain sports alone. You should / can’t check the weather before you go into the mountains. We mustn’t / don’t have to worry about avalanches if there’s no snow. People must / shouldn’t go on the snow when there’s a danger of avalanches. If you are buried in an avalanche, you don’t have to / can’t climb out. The snow is too heavy. You have to / don’t have to wait for help. Someone must / can find you under the snow very quickly, or you will die.
5. Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box below. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
can’t could might must 1. He ____ like chocolate. Everyone likes chocolate!
2. She ____ live in Spain. I’m not sure.
3. I’ve lost my bag. It ____ be somewhere at school, or maybe at Tom’s house.
4. He ____ have a sister who’s 30. His mum and dad are only 40.
5. They ___ be from France. They don’t speak any French.
6. The people near the erupting volcano _____ feel very scared.
7. That car ____ cost a lot of money. It’s a BMW, and BMWs are always expensive.
8. She _____ play the piano. I don’t know.
6. Choose the correct item.
A Miserable Holiday
Unfortunately, when we went on holiday last month we had the worst weather you could possibly imagine. The night we arrived there was a really 1. _____ fog and the pilot had to wait until it had cleared before he could land the plane. On the ground, it was absolutely freezing. The temperature couldn’t
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
possibly have been higher than two or three degrees. For the first three days there was 2. _____ rain and the first hail 3. ____ for twenty years!.
To make matters worse, there were these terrible gusts of wind and we heard that there had actually been gales in the mountains that had caused quite a lot of damage.
People said it had been one of the hardest winters anyone could remember. Suddenly on the fourth day of our holiday the rain changed to drizzle and then there were 4. ____
spells with the occasional shower. It
wasn’t what you’d call beach weather but at least it wasn’t 5. ______ with rain.
The last two days were quite 6. ____ though there was still a cool breeze on the coast and it was really rather 7. ____ in the evening.
The morning we left, believe it or not, the temperature went up to twenty eight degrees and in the coach on the way to the airport we were absolutely boiling.
A B C D
1 strong hard thick firm
2 heavy thick huge strong
3 storm torment shower burst
4 sunny boiling humid cool
5 drizzling freezing boiling hailing
6 bland mild soft suave
7 freezing cold boiling frosty
7. Write down modal verbs in the previous exercise and identify their meaning. Then write all words and word combinations to describe weather conditions and make up 5 sentences of your own.
8. Write down the words which relate to the topic
&Weather. Nature[ from the text in exercise 6. Make up 5 sentences with the words you have written down.
ESSON 41
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 42
LESSON 42
1. Listen to the dialogues and write down the modal verbs you hear. Then identify their meaning. Make up similar dialogues and act them out with your partner.
à. A: Will I meet your family?
B: No. They won’t be here this week.
A: When can I meet them?
B: Next week.
A: I can’t meet them next week.
B: Why not?
A: I must be in New York next week.
b. A: What will you name the baby?
B: We might name her Mary.
A: That’s a nice name.
B: We might name her Judy.
A: That’s a nice name, too.
B: We really can’t decide.
2. Choose the correct item to complete the conversation.
Dad: You look tired. You 1_____ go to bed.
Bill: I 2 _____ go to bed yet. I 3 ______ to learn my French vocabulary first.
Dad: Your French test isn’t tomorrow, it’s on Friday. You 4 _____ learn the vocabulary tonight. You 5_____ learn it another day.
Bill: No, I 6 ____ do it tonight, because I’m busy for the rest of the week. And I 7 _____ get a bad mark in the test.
Dad: You 8 _____ worry so much. Tonight, sleep is more important than the test!
A B C D
1 shouldn’t mustn’t can’t should
2 can should can’t must
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 42
3 have must shouldn’t can
4 don’t have to mustn’t can’t don’t have
5 mustn’t can doesn’t have to can’t
6 must mustn’t don’t have have
7 should must mustn’t have to
8 should must shouldn’t can
3. Complete the sentences with the words related to the topic œNatural disastersB. Use exercise 2, lesson 41. The first letters have been written to help you.
1. A v_______ often produces ash when it erupts.
2. A w_____ often happens when it’s very hot for a long time.
3. If it doesn’t rain for a long time, there’s a d_____ and sometimes there’s a famine, too. Many people starve.
4. A h______ is a very strong wind that can destroy trees and houses.
5. You should stay in bed if you have a serious d_____ which you might spread to other people.
6. T_____ are big waves after an e_______ out at sea. When the waves hit the coast, there are terrible ruins.
4. Work with your partner. Practise asking and answering the following questions.
1. If you had the power to stop a natural disaster that has happened in the past, which would you choose? Why?
2. What is the difference between natural disasters and manmade disasters?
3. Do some natural disasters occur repeatedly in the same area? Do many people live in these areas?
4. What are examples of manmade disasters?
5. What examples are there of natural disasters? What kind of damage can they cause?
6. Do you know anyone who has been in a natural disaster?
5. Complete the sentences with the words from the box below.
can could have to must might should
1. Ted’s flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ____ be exhausted after such a long flight. He ___ prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 42
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you ____ walk downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak _____ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You _____ research the route a little more.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you _____ leave small objects lying around. Such objects _____ be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. Dave: _____ you hold your breath for more than a minute? – Nathan:
No, I can’t.
6. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don’t get enough water, they _____ die.
7. I _____ speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt.
But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little practice and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I _____ just say a few things in the language.
8. The book is optional. My professor said we _____ read it if we needed extra points. But we _____ not read it if we don’t want to.
9. You _____ take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there’s a storm north of here and it _____ rain later on this afternoon.
10. Oh no! Frank’s wallet is lying on the coffee table. He _____ have left it here last night.
11. _____ you always say the first thing that pops into your head? _____ you think once in a while before you speak?
12. I had been reading the book last night before I went to bed. I didn’t take it out of this room. It _____ be lying around here somewhere. Where ____ it be?
6. Choose the odd word out in each group and explain why it doesn’t fit.
1. Zoology/ psychology/ biology/ science-fiction 2. Survive/ kill off/ become extinct/ wipe out 3. Scientist/ optimist/ zoologist/ biologist 4. Massive/ epidemic/ vast/ limited 5. Eel/ bat/ fly/ owl
6. Penguin/ ostrich/ skylark/ bee 7. Mosquito/ cockroach/ beetle/ ape