L ESSON 19
LESSON 34 OPTIONAL) CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE
2. SHIFT TO “BE ALLOWED TO”
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 37
5. The people had to rescue themselves from earthquake tremors and tsunami by hiding _____.
a. under the ground b. on hilly areas c. in hospitals d. in remote areas Focus on Grammar
Modal Verbs MAY
“May” is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission.
Examples:
Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. – possibility
Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. – give permission
May I use your bathroom? – request permission
Mea- ning
Affirmative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future
Negative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future
Also use:
possibility
1. Jack may be upset. I can’t really tell if he is annoyed or tired.
2. Jack may have been upset.
I couldn’t really tell if he was annoyed or tired.
3. Jack may get upset if you don’t tell him the truth.
1. Jack may not be upset.
Perhaps he is tired.
2. Jack may not have been upset. Perhaps he was tired.
3. Jack may not get upset, even if you tell him the truth.
might
give permission
1. You may leave the table now that you’re finished with your dinner.
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 37
3. Fill in the blanks with may or might. Then explain the meaning of each modal use.
1. I was just wondering whether you ____ be able to help me. 2. ____ God bless you in everything you do. 3. I told them I ____ go if I felt like it, but wasn’t sure.
4. Students ____ only borrow four books at a time. 5. The examiner says we ____
leave when we’ve finished. 6. It ____ be very expensive, but it’s much better than the others. 7. You ____ try asking her for help – she knows her stuff. 8. You ____
have told me earlier! I came all this way for nothing. 9. I thought he _____ be able to help me, but he was useless. 10. Customers ___ use the staff washroom. 11. I ____
join the drama club.
4. Match the sentences with their meaning.
1. You may not use my mobile phone!
2. Might I have a word in private?
3. I may see you at the weekend.
4. She wondered if she might borrow some money.
5. They may have forgotten all about it.
6. May I have your attention, please?
a. Not sure about something b. Something possible happened c. Emphatic refusal
d. Polite request e. Very polite request f. Past request
5. Work with your partner. Practise asking and answering the questions.
1. What is a disaster?
2. Have you ever been in a disaster?
3. What are some different kinds of disasters?
4. What kind of disasters are common in your country?
5. What is the difference between a strong wind and a hurricane?
6. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane?
7. Are there ways we can prepare ourselves in advance to cope with disasters?
8. How are families affected by disasters?
9. How are the problems solved after a disaster?
6. Rewrite the sentences as if the actions happened in the past.
1. They may go for a walk for half an hour while I am preparing lunch.
2. My mother may be upset. I promised to call her, but forgot. I’ll call her and apologize.
3. You may not leave your clothes everywhere. It creates a total mess in the room.
4. You may not use a tablet during the test paper! Use your brains!
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 38
LESSON 38
1. Listen to the dialogue and write down the modal verbs you hear. Then identify their meaning.
Andy: Hurry up, guys.
James: We’re coming … Ouch! What was that?
Andy: Oh no! A snake! Did it bite you?
James: Yes, on my foot.
Andy: Poor you! That must hurt!
James: Yes, and it could be really dangerous … Andy: Calm down.
James: It might be a poisonous snake, but it can’t be deadly. There aren’t any deadly snakes in Britain.
Andy: I’ll phone the doctor. (on the phone) Hello, my friend’s got a snake bite on his foot. What should we do? … Sorry, I don’t understand. What do you mean? Are you saying that we should call for an ambulance, or keep on walking? … Oh, I see! Thanks.
James: What does the doctor think?
Andy: You have to go to hospital. But we don’t have to call an ambulance, so it can’t be too serious.
Focus on Grammar Modal Verbs
MUST
“Must” is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation. “Must not” can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe; speakers prefer to use softer modal verbs such as “should not” or “ought not” to dissuade rather than prohibit.
Examples: This must be the right address! – certainty
Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. – necessity
You must take some medicine for that cough. – strong recommendation
Jenny, you must not play in the street! – prohibition œMust notB vs. œDo not have toB
“Must not” suggests that you are prohibited from doing something. “Do not have to” suggests that someone is not required to do something.
Examples: You must not eat that. It is forbidden, it is not allowed.
You don’t have to eat that. You can if you want to, but it is
not necessary.
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UNIT 4. NATURE. THE WEATHER. THE ENVIRONMENT
ESSON 38
Mea- ning
Affirmative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future
Negative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past
3. = Future
Also use:
certainty
1. That must be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair.
2. That must have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.