prazer, como a natureza da realidade. A alteração mais evidente consiste na admissão de
três instâncias que transcendem, mas que comandam a actividade psíquica: o Eros, ou
pulsão da vida, Thanatos, pulsões da morte e Anankê, ou a realidade inexorável do
mundo. Esta nova formulação dos princípios metapsicológicos vai permitir uma
compreensão mais clara da intervenção da realidade no seio da actividade psíquica. Até
este momento, permanecia obscura a fonte de energia do sistema da consciência em
«ligar» e bloquear o fluxo psíquico do processo primário. A única hipótese era mostrar
que a fonte energética era a mesma, apenas modificada pelo princípio da realidade em
consciência perceptiva. As primitivas pulsões do ego, as pulsões de autoconservação,
são interiorizadas pelo sujeito ao permitirem evitar o desprazer que derivaria do
confronto imediato entre a exigência do desejo e a realidade exterior. Com a introdução,
em 1914, do tema do narcisismo
157, Freud dá-se conta de que o ego pode ser objecto da
156RICOEUR, De l’interprétation. Essai sur Freud, 1965, pp. 267-268; tradução nossa.
157Cf. FREUD, «On narcissism: An introduction», 1914f, in Standard Edition, XIV, 1957, pp. 75-76. Neste contexto, Kohut formulou, na nossa perspectiva, a mais completa teorização no que concerne ao narcisismo e inerentes ramificações num plano conceptual central para a nossa abordagem: o self [«si»], cf. KOHUT, The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders, 1971; Idem, The Restoration of the Self, 1976; KOHUT & WOLF, «The disorders of the Self and their treatment: an outline», in Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1978, 59, pp. 413-426; TREURNIET «On the relation between the concepts of self and ego in Kohut’s psychology of the self», in Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1980, 61, pp. 325-333; KOHUT, How Does Analysis Cure?, 1984. Para uma abordagem das várias escolas de pensamento psicanalítico sobre esta problemática, cf. FEDERN, «Narcissism in the structure of the ego», in Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1928, 9, pp. 401-419; ANDREAS-
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libido dando assim, origem a uma libido do ego
158. Pela primeira vez, mas que será
também a última, Freud coloca timidamente a hipótese monista de uma única raiz das
SALOMÉ, L’Amour du Narcissisme, 1980; SEGAL & BELL, «The theory of narcissism in the work of Freud and Klein», in Freud’s “On Narcissism: An Introduction”, 1991, pp. 149-174; KERNBERG, Aggressivity, Narcissism and Self-Destructiveness in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship, 2004.
158Fairbairn, um dos fundadores da moderna Escola de Relações de Objecto, desenvolveu heuristicamente o conceito do ego freudiano, absolutamente central para a clarificação conceptual e epistemológica da nossa investigação: “In response to many requests I have prepared the following brief synopsis of the theoretical views I have expounded over the last twenty years. (1) An ego is present from birth. (2) Libido is a function of the ego. (3)There is no death instinct; and aggression is a reaction to frustration or deprivation. (4) Since libido is a function of the ego and aggression is a reaction to frustration or deprivation, there is no such thing as an ‘id’. (5) The ego, and therefore libido, is fundamentally object-seeking. (6) The earliest and original form of anxiety, as experienced by the child, is separation-anxiety. (7) Internalization of the object is a defensive measure originally adopted by the child to deal with his original object (the mother and her breast) in so far as it is unsatisfying. (8) Internalization of the object is not just a product of a fantasy of incorporating the object orally, but is a distinct psychological process. (9) Two aspects of the internalized object, viz., its exciting and its frustrating aspects, are split off from the main core of the object and repressed by the ego. (10) Thus there come to be constituted two repressed internal objects, viz. the exciting (or libidinal) object and the rejecting (or anti-libidinal) object. (11) The main core of the internalized object, which is not repressed, is described as the ideal object or ego-ideal. (12) Owing to the fact that the exciting (libidinal) and rejecting (anti-libidinal) objects are cathected by the original ego, these objects carry into repression with them parts of the ego by which they are cathected, leaving the central core of the ego (central ego) unrepressed, but acting as the agent of repression. (13) The resulting internal situation is one in which the original ego is split into three egos –a central (conscious) ego attached to the ideal-object (ego-ideal), a repressed libidinal ego attached to the exciting (or libidinal) object, and a repressed anti-libidinal ego attached to the rejecting (or anti-libidinal) object. (14) This internal situation represents a basic schizoid position, which is more fundamental than the depressive position described by Melanie Klein. (15) The anti-libidinal ego, in virtue of its attachment to the rejecting (anti-libidinal) object, adopts an uncompromisingly hostile attitude to the libidinal ego, and thus has the effect of powerfully reinforcing the repression of the libidinal ego by the central ego. (16) What Freud described as the ‘superego’ is really a complex structure comprising (a) the ideal object or ego-ideal, (b) the anti-libidinal ego, and (c) the rejecting (or anti- libidinal) object. (17) These considerations form the basis of a theory of the personality conceived in terms of object-relations, in contrast to one conceived in terms of instincts and their vicissitudes” FAIRBAIRN, «Synopsis of an Object-Relations Theory of the Personality», in Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1963, 44, pp. 224-225. Neste contexto, cf. FAIRBAIRN, «Schizoid factors in the personality», 1940, in Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality, 1952, pp. 3-27; Idem, «A Revised Psychopathology of the Psychoses and Psychoneuroses», in Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1941, 22, pp. 250-279, republi. in Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality, 1952, pp. 28-58; Idem, «The repression and the return of the bad objects», 1943, in Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality, 1952, pp. 59-81; Idem, «Endopsychic Structure Considered in Terms of Object-Relationships», in Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1944, 25, pp. 70-92, republi. in Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality, 1952, pp. 82-136; Idem, «Object-Relationships and Dynamic Structure», 1946, in Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality, 1952, pp. 137-151; Idem, «Synopsis of the development of the author’s views regarding the structure of the personality», 1951, in Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality, 1952, pp. 162-180; Idem, «Observations on the nature of hysterical states», in Brit. J. Med. Psychol., 1954a, 27, pp. 105-125, republi. in From Instinct to Self: Selected Papers of W. R. D. Fairbairn, Vol. 1, 1994a, pp. 13-42; Idem, «On the nature and aims of
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