A análise dos extratos sugere que todas as regiões do mandacaru possuem carboidratos, proteínas e compostos fenólicos. Os espectros de FTIR indicaram a interação dos grupos O-H, C=O e C-O com os íons metálicos e os resultados condizem com os reportados na literatura para outros bioadsorventes.
No teste preliminar, os resultados obtidos mostraram que as regiões do mandacaru in natura tiveram boa afinidade com íons metálicos estudados Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ e Pb2+, no entanto obteve uma menor eficiência para o íon metálico Cu2+ e uma maior eficiência para o íon metálico Pb2+, e desta forma procedendo os demais estudos apenas com este íon. A região que teve menor destaque foi o miolo (M), portanto não foi incluída nos demais estudos.
A metodologia desenvolvida a partir das respostas obtidas pelo estudo da análise de variância (ANOVA), com confiabilidade de 95% para o planejamento, chegou as seguintes condições estatisticamente significativas de: pH 5, sem adição de NaCl, tempo de contato 4h e a casca do mandacaru não interferindo no processo, com remoção total de 97,26% nestas condições, conforme o planejamento.
Nas análises realizadas com águas reais e controle, os resultados ocorreram em concordância com o planejamento, removendo 93,7% para a água do riacho, menor que o limite de detecção do ICP-OES para a água controle e, mesmo ocorrendo o efeito de matriz na água do mar, a remoção foi de 54,3% do íon metálico Pb2+. Mostrando assim, que o mandacaru consegue remover de forma eficiente o contaminante em amostras de águas reais. Os valores obtidos nesses estudos estão abaixo do limite que pede a seção II da Resolução n° 430/2011 do CONAMA para chumbo total (0,5 mg L-1). O fenômeno que prevaleceu na adsorção foi a quimissorção, conforme o estudo cinético, o que está de acordo com outros estudos da literatura para biossorventes de íons metálicos. Embora a família Cactaceae seja vasta, pouco se conhece sobre aplicações em tratamento de águas contaminadas por íons metálicos, o que ressalta a importância e desenvolvimento desta pesquisa.
Por fim, o mandacaru in natura foi capaz de remover íons metálicos de forma eficiente, sem a necessidade de modificações na sua superfície. A metodologia desenvolvida torna o tratamento sustentável e de baixo custo a ser aplicado, removendo
majoritariamente esses poluentes. E assim, atendendo a Agenda 2030 da ONU, atingindo o objetivo 6 do Desenvolvimento Sustentável sobre melhoria da qualidade da água reduzindo a poluição.
Como perspectivas deste trabalho, é necessário avaliar as adequações aos modelos das isotermas de adsorção e assim descrever melhor o processo de biossorção do íon metálico Pb2+ pelo mandacaru. Bem como, realizar experimentos de regeneração do material e recuperação do mesmo, visto que a incineração ainda é o único meio de descarte desse material. Além disso, aplicar o mandacaru in natura em efluentes reais para validação da eficiência da nova metodologia desenvolvida.
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