Neste cap´ıtulo, s˜ao apresentadas as conclus˜oes resultantes do estudo e desenvolvimento dos prot´otipos de Head-Mounted Displays de realidade aumentada realizados durante o presente trabalho e tamb´em s˜ao apontadas as dire¸c˜oes para os trabalhos futuros.
8.1
Conclus˜oes
Este trabalho apresentou uma vis˜ao geral sobre os dispositivos vest´ıveis de realidade aumentada, conhecidos como Head-Mounted Displays, e a aplica¸c˜ao deles na ind´ustria.
O desenvolvimento e a avalia¸c˜ao de HMDs de baixo-custo para realidade aumentada foram abordados atrav´es da constru¸c˜ao de trˆes prot´otipos.
O primeiro prot´otipo a ser criado, detalhado no Cap´ıtulo 4, consistiu em um VST- HMD. Junto a esse dispositivo foi testado o uso de diversos sensores para coleta de dados sobre ambiente no qual o usu´ario est´a inserido. Essa diversidade possibilita o uso de algoritmos de fus˜ao de dados para extra¸c˜ao de informa¸c˜oes de contexto que podem ser relevantes em aplica¸c˜oes de realidade aumentada. O custo total de fabrica¸c˜ao desse HMD foi de, aproximadamente, US$ 120. A partir de experimentos e de uma avalia¸c˜ao emp´ırica desse prot´otipo, foram constatadas algumas limita¸c˜oes de experiˆencia do usu´ario. Entre todas as limita¸c˜oes encontradas, as seguintes se destacam: a vis˜ao perif´erica bloqueada; o display biocular; a baixa resolu¸c˜ao do display; e a dificuldade de visualiza¸c˜ao das informa¸c˜oes virtuais providas pelo aplicativo de realidade aumentada.
Dessa forma, foi constatado que essas limita¸c˜oes poderiam ser superadas atrav´es da
elabora¸c˜ao de um prot´otipo com uma arquitetura diferente.
Sendo assim, foi criado o segundo prot´otipo. Esse dispositivo, detalhado no Cap´ıtulo 5, trata-se de um OST-HMD Binocular. As principais modifica¸c˜oes realizadas est˜ao rela- cionadas `a ado¸c˜ao da tecnologia OST no lugar da VST, atrav´es da utiliza¸c˜ao de um combinador ´otico, ao uso de um display binocular, no lugar do display biocular empre- gado na vers˜ao anterior, e `a aplica¸c˜ao de um algoritmo de Gaze Tracking para melhorar a experiˆencia do usu´ario. O custo total de fabrica¸c˜ao desse HMD foi de, aproximadamente, US$ 100.
Considerando as modifica¸c˜oes realizadas, a segunda vers˜ao do prot´otipo apresenta algumas vantagens em rela¸c˜ao `a primeira vers˜ao. As principais vantagens observadas consistem na n˜ao oclus˜ao da vis˜ao perif´erica do usu´ario, devido ao uso do combinador ´
otico, na possibilidade de visualiza¸c˜ao de informa¸c˜oes virtuais em 3D combinadas com o mundo real, atrav´es do display binocular do tipo OST. Apesar das in´umeras vantagens, outros problemas foram constatados atrav´es da realiza¸c˜ao de uma pequena avalia¸c˜ao de experiˆencia de usu´ario. Dentre eles se destacam: a necessidade de calibra¸c˜ao frequente do HMD, a dificuldade no posicionamento consistente das informa¸c˜oes virtuais sobre o mundo real e o peso elevado do prot´otipo. Al´em disso, o algoritmo de Gaze Tracking uti- lizado apresentou algumas limita¸c˜oes e deve ser aprimorado para possibilitar a intera¸c˜ao do usu´ario com os objetos virtuais atrav´es do olhar.
Atrav´es dessa avalia¸c˜ao, foi poss´ıvel perceber que o peso e o conforto correspondiam aos aspectos desse projeto que deveriam ser aprimorados com maior urgˆencia a fim de obter-se melhor usabilidade e de oferecer uma experiˆencia mais agrad´avel ao usu´ario. A partir disso, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de um novo equipamento com arquitetura simples e, consideravelmente, mais leve.
O terceiro prot´otipo constru´ıdo, detalhado no Cap´ıtulo 6, trata-se de um OST-HMD Monocular para realidade aumentada. As principais modifica¸c˜oes realizadas est˜ao re- lacionadas `a ado¸c˜ao da arquitetura monocular no lugar da binocular e ao uso de um pequeno display de OLED ao inv´es do smartphone. Essas mudan¸cas resultaram em um custo total de fabrica¸c˜ao de, aproximadamente, US$ 27.
As modifica¸c˜oes realizadas fizeram com que o terceiro prot´otipo apresentasse algumas vantagens em rela¸c˜ao aos demais. Entre elas se destacam: o peso inferior; a melhor usabilidade; um menor intervalo de tempo necess´ario entre configura¸c˜ao e in´ıcio da utiliza¸c˜ao; e a independˆencia da tela do smartphone para funcionamento, que faz com que haja menor demanda de consumo energ´etico.
Devido `as vantagens apresentadas, tornou-se poss´ıvel a realiza¸c˜ao de um estudo apro- fundado a respeito da experiˆencia de usu´ario ao utilizar o prot´otipo de OST-HMD Mo- nocular. Atrav´es desse estudo foi poss´ıvel constatar um ganho de produtividade rela- cionado ao uso de realidade aumentada durante a realiza¸c˜ao de uma tarefa espec´ıfica. Al´em disso, a avalia¸c˜ao conduzida tamb´em constatou algumas limita¸c˜oes relacionadas `a experiˆencia de usu´ario. Os pontos principais que devem ser melhorados s˜ao: o peso, o desbalanceamento e o ajuste focal. Todos eles foram motivos de cr´ıticas relatadas por alguns participantes e, portanto, devem ser considerados no desenvolvimento de vers˜oes futuras do prot´otipo. Apesar dos problemas, o desempenho do prot´otipo foi considerado satisfat´orio, principalmente devido `a grande melhora na usabilidade e ao seu baixo custo de fabrica¸c˜ao.
Apesar das limita¸c˜oes, foi realizado um estudo de caso, detalhado no Cap´ıtulo 7, que ilustra a aplica¸c˜ao dos prot´otipos de HMDs de realidade aumentada na teleinspe¸c˜ao dos transportadores de correias da ind´ustria da minera¸c˜ao.
Al´em disso, foram avaliadas diversas plataformas de hardware, capazes de executar algoritmos de processamento de imagens e reconhecimento de padr˜oes, para composi¸c˜ao dos prot´otipos. A Intel Edison, a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B e a Wandboard Quad fo- ram as placas de desenvolvimento que apresentaram melhor desempenho geral. A Intel Edison se destaca pelo tamanho reduzido aliado ao bom desempenho. Enquanto isso, a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B apresenta excelente desempenho e baixo-custo. Por fim, a Wandboard Quad obteve excelentes resultados em todos os experimentos realizados.
Considerando os diversos aspectos que devem ser aprimorados, a Se¸c˜ao seguinte aponta algumas dire¸c˜oes para os trabalhos futuros.
8.2
Trabalhos Futuros
Com base nas limita¸c˜oes de experiˆencia de usu´ario observadas nos prot´otipos desenvol- vidos, os seguintes pontos devem ser considerados na realiza¸c˜ao de trabalhos futuros:
• Aprimoramento da modelagem 3D de todos HMDs, visando redu¸c˜ao e balancea- mento do peso, assim como o aumento do conforto para o usu´ario;
• A avalia¸c˜ao das op¸c˜oes de displays dedicados dispon´ıveis no mercado para subs- titui¸c˜ao do smartphone nos prot´otipos com as arquiteturas VST Biocular e OST
Binocular;
• A substitui¸c˜ao do uso da cˆamera do smartphone por duas cˆameras com posi¸c˜oes ajust´aveis, para prover uma vis˜ao binocular e sem efeito paralaxe no prot´otipo do VST-HMD, embora isso possa aumentar o custo de fabrica¸c˜ao do dispositivo; • A substitui¸c˜ao do par de lentes biconvexas e do combinador ´otico plano por um
combinador ´otico semiesf´erico, com intuito de ampliar o campo de vis˜ao e aumentar a profundidade de campo do OST-HMD Binocular;
• A realiza¸c˜ao de um estudo aprofundado sobre experiˆencia de usu´ario durante a intera¸c˜ao com os prot´otipos que ainda n˜ao foram avaliados.
• O desenvolvimento de um mecanismo de ajuste de foco e a cria¸c˜ao de uma pe¸ca de encaixe que permita a adapta¸c˜ao OST-HMD Monocular para ser utilizado acoplado a qualquer ´oculos ou capacete;
• A investiga¸c˜ao de algoritmos de SLAM para auxiliar na sobreposi¸c˜ao correta do mundo real pelas informa¸c˜oes virtuais geradas pelos prot´otipos de realidade au- mentada.
• O uso de algoritmos de fus˜ao de dados para extra¸c˜ao de informa¸c˜oes sobre o con- texto do usu´ario a partir do conjunto de sensores utilizado.
Considerando o algoritmo de Gaze Tracking que foi proposto, os trabalhos futuros devem investigar uma alternativa que melhore a detec¸c˜ao autom´atica da regi˜ao dos olhos e ofere¸ca maior robustez `as varia¸c˜oes de luminosidade.
Al´em disso, ´e importante realizar uma avalia¸c˜ao de experiˆencia de usu´ario com rela¸c˜ao ao uso dos trˆes prot´otipos desenvolvidos no contexto apresentado pelo estudo de caso.
Outro trabalho relevante est´a relacionado `a compara¸c˜ao da experiˆencia de usu´ario dos trˆes prot´otipos desenvolvidos com algumas solu¸c˜oes de HMDs de realidade aumentada dispon´ıveis no mercado.
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