Sabendo da crescente difusão das actividades aquáticas, no caso em apreço nesta dissertação, a Hidroginástica, torna-se indispensável o aprofundamento de estudos biomecânicos de movimentos básicos de Hidroginástica em diversas condições. Desta forma, emergem como perspectivas de trabalhos futuros a curto prazo neste domínio:
1. Analisar e comparar o comportamento cinemático de movimentos básicos de Hidroginástica em grupos de cortes diferenciados (p.e., em termos de faixa etária, sexo, nível de aptidão física, experiência na actividade);
2. Analisar e comparar o comportamento cinemático de movimentos básicos de Hidroginástica com recurso a diferentes materiais auxiliares;
3. Analisar e comparar o comportamento dinamométrico de movimentos básicos de Hidroginástica nas condições atrás enunciadas;
4. Analisar e comparar o comportamento neuromuscular de movimentos básicos de Hidroginástica nas condições atrás enunciadas;
5. Estabelecer as hipotéticas relações entre o comportamento bioenergético e biomecânico (cinemático, dinamométrico e neuromuscular) de movimentos básicos de Hidroginástica nas condições atrás enunciadas.
11. BIBLIOGRAFIA
1. Abdel-Aziz Y, Karara H. Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close-range photogametry. Proceedings of the Symposium on Close-Range Photogametry. Falls Church, VA: American Society of Photogametry; 1971.
2. Aboarrage N. Hidrotreinamento. 2nd ed. Rio de Janeiro. Shape. 2003; 85-89. 3. Abrantes J. Fundamentos e elementos de análise em biomecânica do movimento
4. Adami M. Aquafitness – Treino complete de fitness de baixo impacto. Porto: Dorling Kindersley – Civilização Editores, Lda; 2003.
5. Adrian M. & Cooper J. Biomechanics of human movement. McGraw-Hill. Boston; 1995.
6. Agostini E, Gurtner G, Torri G, & Rahn, H. Respiratory mechanics during submersion and negative-pressure breathing. J. Appl. Physiol 1966; 21:251-258. 7. Alberton C, Coertjens M, Figueiredo P, Kruel L. Behavior of oxygen uptake in water exercises performed at different cadences in and out of water. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37(5): S103.
8. Almeida A, Veras R, Doimo L. Avaliação do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de idosas praticantes de hidroginástica e ginástica. Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum 2009; 12 (1): 55-61.
9. Alves R, Mota J, Costa M, Alves J. Physical fitness and elderly health effects of hydrogymnastics. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2004; 10:38-43.
10. Amadio A. A ciência do esporte: aspectos da biomecânica. Revista Espaço 1993; 1 (2): 5-9.
11. Amadio A, Costa P, Sacco I, Serrão J, Araújo R, Mochizuki L, Duarte M. Introdução à análise do movimento humano - descrição e aplicação dos métodos de medição. Rev Bras Fisio 1999; 3 (2): 41 - 54.
12. Amadio A, & Serrão J. Contextualização da biomecânica para a investigação do movimento: fundamentos, métodos e aplicações para análise da técnica esportiva. Rev. Bras. Educ. Fís. Esp 2007; 21: 61-85.
13. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Physical activity & public health guidelines. Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.
14. Aquatic Exercise Association (AEA). 2008 Standards and Guidelines for Aquatic Fitness Programming – The Global Resource in Aquatic Fitness. 2008.
15. Arborelius M, Baldlin U, Lilja B, & Lundgren C. Hemodynamic changes in man during immersion with the head above water. Aerospace Med 1972; 43:590-598. 16. Avellini B, Shapiro Y, & Pandolf K. Cardio-respiratory physical training in water
and on land. Eur J Applied Physiol 1983; 50:255-263.
17. Barbosa T. As habilidades motoras aquáticas básicas. 2001 Março; 33. Disponível em: URL: http://www.efdeportes.com.
18. Barbosa T, & Queirós T. Manual prático de actividades aquáticas e hidroginástica. Xistarca, Promoções e Publicações Desportivas, Lda. Lisboa; 2005.
19. Barbosa T, Keskinen K, Fernandes R, Colaço C, Lima A, Vilas-Boas J. Energy cost and intra-cyclic variations of the velocity of the centre of mass in butterfly stroke. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol 2005; 93: 519-523.
20. Barbosa T, Lima F, Portela A, Novais D, Machado L, Colaço P, et al. Relationships between energy cost, swimming velocity and speed fluctuation in competitive swimming strokes. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences 2006; 6 (2): 192-194.9.
21. Barbosa T, Garrido M, Bragada J. Physiological adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises with different levels of body immersion. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2007; 21, 1255-1259.
22. Barbosa T, Fernandes R, Morouço P, Vilas-Boas J. Predicting the intra-cyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass from segmental velocities in Butterfly stroke: a pilot study. J. Sports Sci. Med 2008; 7: 201–209.
23. Barbosa T, Sousa V, Silva A, Reis V, Marinho D, Bragada J. Effects of music cadence in the acute physiological adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises. J. Strength Cond. Res 2009.
24. Barela A, Stolf S, Duarte M. Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking in shallow water ando n land. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 2005; 16: 250-256.
25. Barker K, Dawes H, Hansford P, Shamley D. Perceived and measured levels of exertion of patients with chronic back pain exercising in a hydrotherapy pool. Arch Phys Med Rehab 2003; 84:1319-1323.
26. Bartlett R. Introduction to Sports Biomechanics. New York: E & FN Spon; 1997. 27. Basmajian J, & De Luca C. Muscles Alive: Their functions revealed by
electromyography. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1985.
28. Bates A, Hanson N. Exercícios aquáticos terapêuticos. 1st ed. São Paulo: Manole; 1998.
29. Baumman W. Métodos de medição e campos de aplicação da biomecânica: estado da arte e perspectivas. Proceedings of the VI Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica; 1995; Brasília, Brasil.
30. Begin R, Epstein M, Sackner M, Levinson R, Dougherty R, Duncan D. Effects of water immersion to the neck on pulmonary circulation and tissue volume in man. J. Appl. Physiol 1976; 40: 293-299.
31. Benelli P, Ditroilo M, de Vito G. Physiological responses to fitness activities: a comparison between land-based and water aerobics exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2004; 18, 719-722.
32. Bjertnaes L, Hauge A, Kjekshus J, Soyland E. Cardiovascular responses to face immersion and apnea during steady state muscle exercise. A heart catheterization study on humans. Acta Physiol Scand 1984; 120: 605-612. 33. Blomqvist C, Nixon J, Johnson & Mitchell J. Early cardiovascular adaptation to
zero gravity, simulated by head-down tilt. Acta Astronautica. 1980; 7:543-553. 34. Blomqvist C, & Stone H. Cardiovascular adjustments gravitational stress.
Handbook of Physiology 1983; 15:428-431.
35. Bogert A, Smith G, Nigg B. In vivo determination of the anatomical axes of the
ankle joint complex: An optimization approach. Journal of Biomechanics 1994; 27: 1477-1488.
36. Bonchoski P, Gorla J, Araújo P. Estudo antropométrico em portadores da
Síndrome de Down. 2004; 10. Disponível em: URL: http://www.efdeportes.com.
37. Borg G, & Noble B. Perceived exertion. In: Wilmore JH, ed. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. Vol 2. New York: Academic Press 1974; 131-53.
38. Borg G. Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers 1998.
39. Bravo G, Gauthier P, Roy P, Payette H, Gaulin P. A weight-bearing, water-based exercise program for osteopenic women: Its impact on bone, functional fitness, and well-being. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1997; 78 (12): 1375-1380.
40. Broman G, Quintana M, Lindberg T, Jansson E, Kaijser L. High intensity deep water training can improve aerobic power in elderly women. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2006; 98: 117-123.
41. Butts N, Tucker M, Smith R. Maximal responses to treadmill and deep water running in high school female cross-country runners. ResQ 1991; 62: 236-239.
43. Carneiro L, Haupenthal A, Schutz G, Souza P, Tavares G, Roesler H. Características cinemáticas e dinamométricas da marcha de crianças em ambiente aquático. Fisioter. Mov, Curitiba 2009; 22 (3): 427-438.
44. Carr G. Biomecânica do esporte: um guia prático. São Paulo: Manole 1998.
45. Cassady S, & Nielsen D. Cardiorespiratory responses of healthy subjects to calisthenics performed on land versus in water. Physical Theraphy 1992; 72 (7):532-538.
46. Choukroun M, & Varene P. Adjustments in oxygen transport during head-out immersion in water at different temperatures. J. Appl. Physiol 1990; 68 (4):1475-1480.
47. Christie J, Sheldal L, Tristani F, Wann L, Sagar K, Levandoski S, et al. Cardiovascular regulation during head-out water immersion exercise. J. Appl. Physiol 1990; 69(2):657-664.
48. Cochrane D. Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: a review. Physical Therapy in Sport 2004; 5: 26-32.
49. Colado J, & Moreno J. Fitness acuático. INDE. Barcelona 2001.
50. Colado J, Tella V, Triplett N. A method for monitoring intensity during aquatic exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2009; 22: 2045-2049. 51. Colman V, Persyn U. PC-seminars on sport technique and trainig, bridging the
theory-practice gap. SDS, Universidade Católica de Leuven, Leuven 1989. 52. Connely T, Sheldahl L, Tristani F, Levandosky S, Kalkhoff R, Hoffman M, et al.
Effect of increased central blood volumen with water immersion on plasma catecholamines during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol 1990; 69(2):651-656.
53. Costa G, Afonso S, Bragada J, Reis V, Barbosa T. Estudo comparativo das adaptações fisiológicas agudas durante a execução de três variantes de um
exercício básico de hidroginástica. Rev. Bras. Cin. & Des. Hum. 2008; 10 (4):323-329.
54. Costill D, Cahill P, & Eddy D. Metabolic responses to submaximal exercise in three wáter temperaturas. J. Appl. Physiol. 1967; 22:628-632.
55. Coutts F. Gait analysis in the therapeutic environment. Manual Therapy 1990; 4 (1): 2-10.
56. Craig A, & Dvorak M. Thermal regulation of man exercising during water immersion. J. Appl. Physiol. 1966; 21: 1577-1585.
57. Cunha S, Brenzikofer R, & Lima Filho E. Metodologia para análise biomecánica dos fundamentos do futebol. Proceedings of the Anais do VI Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica. 1995: 27-33.
58. Darby L, & Yaekle B. Physiological responses during two types of exercise performed on land and in water. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2000; 40: 303-311.
59. Datta A, Tipton M. Respiratory response to cold water immersion, neural pathways, interactions and clinical consequence awake and asleep. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 2057-2064.
60. Davidson K, Mcnaughton L. Deep water running and road training improve VO2max in untrained women. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2000; 14(2): 191-195. 61. DeLeva P. Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov’s segment inertia parameters.
Journal Biomechanics 1996; 29(9): 1223-1230.
62. DeMaere J. & Ruby B. Effects of deep water and treadmill running on oxygen uptake and energy expenditure in seasonally trained cross country runners. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1997; 37: 175-181.
63. Denison D, Wagner P, Kingaby G. & West J. Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in air and underwater. J. Appl. Physiol. 1972 33 (4):426-430.
64. Di Masi F, Vale R, Dantas E, Barreto A, Novaes J, Reis V. Is blood lactate removal during water immersed cycling faster than during cycling on land? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2007; 6: 188-192.
65. Dossat R. Princípios de Refrigeração. Hemus. 2004; 9.
66. Dowzer C, Reilly T, Cable N, Nevill A. Maximal physiological responses to deep and shallow water running. Ergonomics 1999; 42: 275-281.
67. Echt M, Lange L, & Gauer O. Changes of peripheral venous tone and central transmural venous pressure during immersion in a thermo-neutral bath. Pfugers Arch. 1974; 352: 211-217.
68. Eckerson J, Anderson T. Physiological response to water aerobics. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1992; 32: 255-61.
69. Eijden T, Kouwenhoven E, Verbug J, Weijes W. A mathematical model of the patello-femoral joint. Journal of Biomechanics 1986; 19: 219-229.
70. Enoka R. Neuromechanical basis of kinesiology. Human Kinetics. Champaign, IL. 1988.
71. Ervilha U, Duarte M, Amadio A. Cinemática da articulação do joelho e atividade eletromiográfica de músculos do membro inferior durante a marcha em ambiente aquático e terrestre. Revista Brasileira de Biomecânica 2002; 3: 21-26.
72. Evans B, Cureton K, & Purvis J. Metabolic and circulatory responses to walking and jogging in water. Research Quarterly 1978; 49: 442-449.
73. Evans E, & Cureton K. Metabolic, circulatory, and perceptual responses to bench stepping in water. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 1998; 12: 95- 100.
74. Evans W. Exercise training guidelines for the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999; 31 (1): 12-17.
75. Figueira B, Reis A, Reis V, Silva A, Garrido N, Louro H, et al. Comparação dos procedimentos metodológicos de reconstrução cinemática 2D na técnica de bruços – duplo meio / planos separados. 3º Congresso Nacional de Biomecânica. Bragança 2009.
76. Figueiredo P, Sousa A, Pereira S, Vilar S, Gonçalves P, Fernandes R, et al. Estudo electromiográfico do músculo deltóide durante a recuperação dos membros superiores na técnica de crol. Disponível em: URL: http://www.efdeportes.com. Buenos Aires 2007; 12 (113).
77. Filho J. A Prática da Avaliação Física. Rio de Janeiro: Shape, 1999.
78. Finkelstein I. Comportamento de variáveis cardiorrespiratórias durante e após exercício, nos meios terra e água, em gestantes e não gestantes. Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 2005.
79. Fletcher G, Balady G, Blair S, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. American Heart Association. Circulation 1996; 94 (4): 857-862.
80. Folinsbee L. Cardiovascular response to apneic immersion in cool and warm water. J. Appl. Physiol. 1974; 36:226-232.
81. Fragoso & Vieira. Morfologia e Crescimento. Edições Faculdade Motricidade Humana. Lisboa 2000.
82. Fujisawa H, Suenaga N, & Minami A. Electromyographic study during isometric exercise of the shoulder in head-out water immersion. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 1998; 7: 491-494.
83. Gaines M. Fantastic water workouts. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers 1993.
84. Gappmaier E, Lake W, Nelson A, Fisher A. Aerobic exercise in water versus walking on land: Effects on indices of fat reduction and weight of obese women. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 2006; 46 (4): 564-69.
85. Gauer O, & Henry J. Neurohormonal control of plasma volume. Intern. Rev. Physiol. 1976; 9:145-190.
86. Gershman S. A literature review of midtarsal joint function. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 1988; 5: 385-391.
87. Gleim G, & Nicholas J. Metabolic costs and heart rate responses to treadmill walking in water at different depths and temperatures. Am. J. Sports Med. 1989; 17: 248-252.
88. Gonçalves M, & Cerqueira P. Análise eletromiográfica do levantamento manual de carga: efeito da postura e altura inicial da carga e do uso de cinto pélvico. Anais do VII Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica 1997; 157-162.
89. Graef F, & Kruel L. Frequência cardíaca e percepção subjectiva do esforço no meio aquático: diferenças em relação ao meio terrestre e aplicações na prescrição do exercício – uma revisão. Rev Brás Med Esporte. 2006; 12 (4): 221-228.
90. Green J, Cable N, Elms N. Heart rate and oxygen consumption during walking on land and in deep water. J. of Sports Med. And Physical Fitness. March 1990; 49- 52.
91. Greenleaf J., Dunn E, Nesvig C, Keil L, Harrison M, Geelen G,et al. Effect of longitudinal physical training and water immersion on orthostatic tolerance in men. Avit. Space Environ Med. 1988; 59: 152-159.
92. Grier T, Lloyd L, Walker J, Murray T. Metabolic cost of the aerobic dance bench stepping at different cadences and bench heights. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2002; 16: 242-249.
93. Gubiani G, Pires C, Petroski E, Lopes A. Efeitos da hidroginástica sobre indicadores antropométricos de mulheres entre 60 e 80 anos de idade. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2001; 3 (1): 34-41.
94. Haas A, Plaza M, Rose E. Estudo antropométrico comparativo entre meninas españolas e brasileiras praticantes de dança. Rev. Bras. Cin. & Des. Hum. 2000; 2 (1): 50-57.
95. Hall S. Biomecânica básica. Guanabara Koogan. Rio de Janeiro 1991.
96. Hall J, MacDonald I, Maddinson P, O'Hare J. Cardiorespiratory responses to underwater treadmill walking in healthy females. European Journal of Applied Physiology 1998; 77: 278-284.
97. Hall S. Biomecânica básica. Guanabara Koogan. Rio de Janeiro 2000.
98. Hammil J, Knutzen K. Bases biomecânicas do movimento humano. Manole. São Paulo 1999.
99. Hay J. The biomechanics of sports techniques. Prentice-Hall. Englewoo Cliffs, N.J. 1978.
100. Hay J, Reid J. As bases anatômicas e mecânicas do movimento humano. Rio de Janeiro: Prentice/Hall do Brasil 1985.
101. Heck H, Mader S, Mucke R, Muller & Hollman W. Justification of the 4-mmol/l lactate threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1985; 6: 117-130. 102. Heigenhauser G, Boulet D, Miller, B. & Faulkner, J. (1977). Cardiac outputs of
post-myocardial infarction patients during swimming and cycling. Med. Sci. in Sports Exercise. 1977; 9 (3):143-147.
103. Hewitt P. Conceptual Physics. Pearson Educacion, Mexico. 2004; 246-266. 104. Hodges P, Richardson C. Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is
not influenced by the direction of arm movement.” Exp Brain Res.1997; 114 (2): 362-70.
105. Hollister A, Buford W, Myers L, Giurintano D, Novick A. The axes of rotation of the thumb carpometacarpal joint. Journal of Orthopaedic Research.1992; 10: 454-460.
106. Hollister A, Jatana S, Singh A, Sullivan W, Lupichuk A. The axes of rotation of the knee. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1993; 290: 259-268. 107. Holmer L, Lundin A, Eriksson B. Maximum oxygen uptake during swimming
and running by elite swimmers.” J. Appl. Physiol. 1974; 36: 711-714.
108. Holmer L, & Bergh V. Metabolic and thermal response to swimming in water at varying temperatures. J. Appl. Physiol. 1974; 37:702-705.
109. Hullin M, Robb J, Loudon I. Gait patterns in children with hemiplegic spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1996; 5 (4): 247-51.
110. Johnson B, Stramine S, Adamezyk J. Comparison of oxygen uptake and heart rate during exercises on land and in water. Phys. Ther. 1977; 57: 273-278. 111. Kato T, Shohei O, Kitagawa K. Kinematical analysis of underwater walking and
running. Sports Medicine. 2001; 10 (3): 165-182.
112. Kawakami Y, Natelson B, & Dubors A. Cardiovascular effects of face immersion and factors affecting diving reflex in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 1967; 23:964-970.
113. Keatinge W. & Evans M. The respiratory and cardiovascular response to immersion in cold and warm water. Quart. J. Exptl Physiol. 1960; 46:83-94. 114. Kinder T & See J. Aqua Aerobics – A Scientific Approach. Dubuque, IA: Eddie
Bowers Publishing 1992.
115. Kollias J, Barlett L, Bergsteinova V, Skinner J, Buskirk E, Nicholas W. Metabolic and thermal responses of women during cooling in water. J. Appl. Physiol. 1974; 36(5): 577-580.
116. Koury J, Aquatic therapy programming. Guidelines for orthopaedic rehabilitation. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL 1996.
117. Kravitz L, Mayo J. The physiological effects of aquatic exercise: A brief review. Nokomis, Florida: Aquatic Exercise Association Publishing 1997.
118. Kruel L, Moraes E, Ávila A, Sampedro R. Alterações Fisiológicas e Biomecânicas em indivíduos praticando exercícios de Hidroginástica dentro e
119. Kruel L, Ávila A, Moraes E, Sampedro R. Força de reação vertical em indivíduos praticando exercícios de hidroginástica dentro e fora d’água. XI Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica. João Pessoa 2005.
120. Kruel L, Tartaruga L, Alberton C, Muller F, Petkowizc R. Effects of hydrostatic weight on heart rate during water immersion. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education 2009; 3, 178-185.
121. Lange L, Lange S, Echt M, & Gauer O. Heart volume in relation to body posture and immersion in a thermo-neutral bath. Pfluegers Arch. 1974; 353: 219-226. 122. Leg G, Pollo F. Technology Overveiw: The gait analysis laboratory. Journal of
Clinical Engeneering. Spring, 2001; 129-135.
123. Lindle J, Wassermann J, See J. Aquatic Fitness Professional Manual. Nokomis (Florida): Aquatic Exercise Association Publisher. 1995; 111-125.
124. Lin Y, Circulatory findings during immersion and breath-hold dives in human. Undersea Biomed. Res. 1984; 11:123-138.
125. Luiz A. Física 2: gravitação, ondas e termodinâmica. Livraria da Física. 2007; 147-172.
126. Mader A. Evaluation of the endurance performance of marathon runners and theoretical analysis of test results. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 1991; 31:1-19. 127. Madureira A, Lima T. Influência do treinamento físico no meio aquático para
mulheres na terceira idade. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física e Saúde 1998; 3 (3): 59- 66.
128. Magel J. & Faulkner, J. Maximum oxygen uptakes of college swimmers. J. Appl. Physiol. 1967; 22: 929-933.
129. Mann L, Kleinpaul J, Teixeira C, Lopes L, Mota C. (2008). Dinamometria: utilização do F-Scan e da plataforma para obtenção da força de reacção do solo. Disponível em: URL: http://www.efdeportes.com. 2008; Ano 12 (118).
130. Mannion F, Dumas et al. The influence of muscle fiber size and type distribution on electromyographic measures of back muscle fatigability. Spine.1998; 23 (5): 576-84.
131. Marinho D, Rouboa A, Alves F, Vilas-Boas J, Machado L, Reis V, et al. Hidrodynamic analysis of different thumb positions in swimming. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2009; 8: 58-66.
132. Martins C, Duarte M. A Influência da Música na Atividade Física. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física e Saúde 1997; 2 (4): 5-16.
133. Massion J, Amblard B, Assaiante C, Mouchino L, Vernazza S. Body control and control of coordinated movements in microgravity. Brain Res Rev. 1998; 28: 83- 98.
134. Massion J, Popov K, Fabre J, Rage P, Gurfinkel V. Is the erect posture in microgravity based on the control of trunk orientation or center of mass position? Exp Brain Res. 1997; 114 (2): 384-389.
135. Mazo G, Cardoso F, Aguiar D. Programa de hidroginástica para idosos: motivação, auto-estima e auto-imagem. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2006; 8(2): 67-72.
136. McArdle W, Glaser R, Magel J. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory response during free swimming and treadmill walking. J. Appl. Physiol. 1971; 30: 733-738.
137. McArdle W, Magel J, Lesmes G, & Pechar G. Metabolic and cardiovascular adjustment to work in air and water at 18, 25 and 33ºC. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976; 40:85-90.
138. McGinnis P. Biomechanics of sport and exercise. Champaign: Human Kinetics 2005.
139. McMurray R, & Horvath S. Thermoregulation in swimmers and runners. J. Appl. Physiol. 1979; 46:1086-1092.
140. McMurray R, Fieselman C, Avery K. Exercise hemodynamics in water and on land in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 1988; 8: 68-75.
141. Melton-Rogers S, Hunter G, Walter J, Harrison P. Cardiorespiratory responses of patients with rheumatoid arthritis during bicycle riding and running in water. Phys Ther. 1996; 76: 1058-1065.
142. Michaud T, Brennan D, Wilder R, Sherman N. Aquarunning and gains in cardiorespiratory fitness. J. Strength Cond. Res. 1995; 9(2):78-84.
143. Minotti P, Lexcellent C. Geometric and kinematic modeling of a human costal slice. Journal of Biomechanics. 1991; 24: 213-221.
144. Miyoshi T, Shirota T, Yamamoto S, Nakazawa K, Akai M. Effect of the walking speed to the lower limb joint angular displacements, joint moments and ground reaction forces during walking in water. Disabil Rehabil. 2004; 26: 724-32. 145. Mochizuki L, & Amadio A. Aspectos biomecânicos da postura ereta: a relação
entre o centro de massa e o centro de pressão. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto 2003; 3 (3): 77-83.
146. Moseley G, Hodges P, et al. Deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus muscle are differentially active during voluntary arm movements. Spine 2002; 27 (2): 29-36.
147. Nakamitsu S, Sagawa S, Miki K, Wada F, Nagaya K, Keil L, et al. Effects of water temperature on diuresis-natriuresis: AVP, ANP, and urodilatin during immersion men. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994; 77 (4): 1919-25.
148. Nakamura K, Tagahashi H, Shimai S, Tanaka M. Effects of immersion in tepid bath water on recovery from fatigue after submaximal exercises in man. Ergonomics. 1996; 39 (2): 257-66.
149. Nakanishi Y, Kimura T, Yokoo Y. Maximal physiological responses to deep water running at thermoneutral temperature. Appl Human Sci 1999; 2: 31-5. 150. Nakazawa K, Yano H, Miyashita M. Ground reaction forces during walking in
water. In: Medicine and Science in Aquatic Sports. Eds: Miyashita, M., Mutoh, Y. and Richardson, A.Basel: Karger. 1994; 28-34.
151. Neptune R, Hull M. Accuracy assessment of methods for determining hip movement in seated cycling. Journal of Biomechanics. 1995; 28: 423-437. 152. Neves A, & Doimo L. Avaliação da percepção subjectiva de esforço e da
frequência cardíaca em mulheres adultas durante aulas de hidroginástica. Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desenpenho Hum. 2007; 9 (4): 386-392.
153. Nigg B, & Herzog W, Biomechanics of the musculo-skeletal system. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1995.
154. Oliveira C, Reis A, Silva A, Reis V, Garrido N, Louro H, et al. Constrangimento mecânico provocado pela válvula Aquatrainer® associada ao sistema de
Campos JC (eds.). 3º Congresso Nacional de Biomecânica. 2009; 493-497. Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. Bragança.
155. Oliveira C, Teixeira G, Costa M, Marinho D, Silva A, Barbosa T. Kinematical characterisation of a basic head-out aquatic exercise during an incremental protocol. XIth Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. 2010 (in press).