CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 6.1 Conclusões
6.3 Produção científica
6.3.2 Trabalhos publicados em anais de eventos
1. Baroni, R. B., & Uturbey, W. (2018). Overvoltage assessment in distribution networks with photovoltaic generators using Monte Carlo simulation. Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos (SBSE).
2. Baroni R. B., & Uturbey, W. (2018). Máxima penetração fotovoltaica e regula- ção de tensão em sistemas de distribuição através da análise de sensibilidade. Congresso Brasileiro de Energia Solar (CBENS).
133
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145
Apêndice A
Hosting Capacity
da rede sem SAEB
A capacidade de hospedagem fotovoltaica é definida como a capacidade total máxima de geração fotovoltaica que uma rede de distribuição pode acomodar sem violar as restrições operacionais, especialmente as restrições de tensão nas barras (Xu et al., 2019). Vários fatores podem impactar a capacidade de hospedagem fotovoltaica, como características da rede de distribuição e critérios de limitações definidos pelos operadores da rede (Ayres et al., 2010) (Baran et al., 2012), o que torna o estudo complexo e desafiador. A capacidade de hospedagem fotovoltaica tornou-se uma preocupação para as concessionárias em cenários de alta penetração, em razão dos impactos da geração distribuída, como sobretensão, desequilíbrio de tensão e carregamento de equipamentos (condutores e transformadores) (Torquato et al.,2018).
Esta secção da tese avalia os impactos da GD-FV relacionados com sobrecorrente nas linhas e a sobretensão nas barras de carga para estimar o limite de penetração da GD-FV. Estudos recentes mostram que esses são os principais impactos a serem considerados, com o propósito de avaliar o hosting capacity da rede (Xu et al.,2019) (Mulenga et al.,2020). Além disso, a sobretensão é considerada o principal limitador da GD-FV (Torquato et al.,2018). A Tabela 17 mostra os limites estáveis de tensão precária e crítica no Brasil, descritos no PRODIST (ANEEL, 2018b). Como pode ser visto, a diferença entre o limite superior de tensão crítica e a tensão precária é de apenas 1%. Assim, a fim de avaliar o limite máximo de penetração FV, sem que os limites operacionais sejam violados, esta tese adota uma postura conservadora e considera que sobretensões superiores a 5% da tensão nominal são críticas. A tensão na subestação foi setada em 1,0 p.u. em todos os alimentadores.
Para melhor visualização e entendimento do efeito da sobretensão nos alimen- tadores submetidos à geração fotovoltacia, é mostrado naFigura 66 o boxplot das
Tabela 17 – Faixas aplicadas às tensões nominais inferiores a 1 kV
Tensão de Atendimento (TA) Faixa de Variação da Tensão de Leitura (TL)em Relação à Tensão Nominal (TN)
Adequada 0,92 TN ≤ TL ≤ 1,05 TN
Precária 0,87 TN ≤ TL ≤ 0,92 TN or 1,05 TN ≤ TL ≤ 1,06 TN
Crítica TL <0,87 TN or TL >1,06 TN
Fonte: (ANEEL,2018b).
Figura 66 – Boxplot da tensão nas barras do alimentador 1
tensões em todas as barras do alimentador 1. As tensões podem chegar a 1,15 p.u. da tensão nominal ao meio dia em penetrações maiores que 70%. Em contrapartida, nos horários de alta demanda (10h - 19h), a tensão pode ficar abaixo de 0,9 p.u.
A Figura 67 diz respeito à tensão nas barras do alimentador 11, que tem regulador de tensão. Nesses alimentadores a sobretensão é um grande limitador da GD-FV. Analisando o perfil de tensão nas barras no cenário-base, é possível concluir que há sim a necessidade do SVR no alimentador 11, uma vez que, nos horários de maior carga (8h - 16h), a tensão pode atingir valores próximos a 0,80 p.u. Os SVR da distribuidora em estudo são ajustados para elevar a tensão, ao longo do
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alimentador, em 5%; consequentemente, a GD-FV causa sobrensões muito severas e chega a aproximadamente 25-30%, como pode ser visto na Figura 67. Os SVRs automáticos regulam a tensão de acordo com uma referência e também podem