Cad . Saúd e Púb lic a, Rio de Jane iro , 14(Sup. 3):109-115, 1998
Clinical, cyt ogenetic and t oxicological
st udies in rural workers exposed t o pesticides
in Bot ucat u, São Paulo, Brazil
Estud o s c línic o s, c ito g e né tic o s e to xico ló g ico s
e m trab alhad o re s rurais e xpo sto s a p e sticid as
e m Bo tuc atu, São Paulo , Brasil
1 De p a rt am en to de Ge n é t i c a , In sti t u t o d e Bi o c i ê n c i a s , Un i v ersid a d e Est ad u al Pa u l ista (U N ESP). Bo t u c a t u ,S P 1 8 6 0 0 - 0 0 0 , Bra s i l . 2 Ce n t ro de As s i s t ê n c i a Tox ico lógica (CEAT OX ) , In st i tu t o d e Bi o c i ê n c i a s , Un i v ersid ad e Est a d u al Pa u li st a (U N ES P). Bo t u c a t u , S P 1 8 6 0 0 - 0 0 0 , Bra s i l . 3 Fa cu ld ade d e Ve t e r i n á r i a , Un i v ersid ad e Est a d u al Pau li st a (U N ESP). Bo t u c a t u ,S P 1 8 6 0 0 - 0 0 0 , Bra s i l .
Sa let e Ma rci a Bréga 1 Igo r Va ssili eff 2 Ala or Alm eid a 2 Am a u ri M e rca d a n t e 2 Den i se Bissa cot 2 Pa u lo R. Cu ry 3 De rt i a V. Fre i re - Ma i a 1
Abst ract Pest icid es ca n ca u se gen e m u t a t io n s a n d ch ro m osom a l a berra t ion s in ex p osed in d i-v i d u a l s . We h a i-v e in i-vest igat ed 24 w ork ers ex p osed t o p est icid es. Clin ica l ex a m in a t io n s a n d cyt ogen et i c a n d t ox icolo gi ca l t est s w ere p erf o r m e d . Ten n o n ex p o sed i n d iv id u a ls w ere u sed a s con -t ro l s . Tox icologica l d osa ges of co p p er, z in c a n d m a n gan ese (m ta ls fou n d in som e p es-t icid es), h e-p a t i c en z ym e d o sa ge (GOT, G P T, AR) a n d a cet ylch o li n est era se a ct i v it y w ere e-p erf o rm ed i n 1 6 w o rk ers a n d 8 co n t ro l s . In t h e ex p osed w ork e r s , t h e m ost re l e v a n t clin i ca l sym p t om s w ere p oor d igest ion w ith fu lln ess sen sat io n a ft er m ea ls, irrita t ed eyes, h ead ach e a n d fa scicu la t io n s. Th e ex -p osed grou -p sh ow ed sign ifica n t ly low er m a n gan ese d osa ge an d a cet ylch olin est era se a ct iv it y, a n d sign i f i ca n t ly h i gh er lev els of a lk a l i n e p h o sp h a t a se . Cyt o gen e t i c st u d ie s sh ow ed sign i f i ca n t l y h i gh er ch rom o som a l a berra t io n s i n t h e ex p osed grou p co m p ared t o t h e co n t rol gro u p. Al t h o u g h t h e w o rk ers u sed p rot ect ion agai n st t h e p est icide’s fog, t h e resu lt s re vea led t h a t t h e w ork ers w ere con t a m in a t ed w it h t h e p est icid es. T h e re f o re , t h e cyt o gen et i c, t ox icologica l st u d ies w it h clin i ca l ex a m i n a t io n a re n ecessa r y for m o n it orin g w ork ers w h o a re ex p o sed t o p est ici d es i n a n y si t u a -t i o n .
Key words Pe s t i c i d e s ; C h rom osom e Ab e r ra t i o n s ; Tox i c o l o gy ; C o n t a m i n a t i o n
BRÉG A, S. M . e t al.
1 1 0
Cad . Saúde Púb lic a, Rio de Janeiro , 14(Sup. 3):109-115, 1998 I n t ro d u c t i o n
Pa th ogen p lagu es a n d weed s c au se low p ro-d uctivity an ro-d econ om ic ro-d am age to the agri c u lt u re. Peslticid es ar e an im p o r lta n lt wa y o f con -t rol, b u-t i-ts ex-ten sive u sage can cau se d am age to h u m an b ein gs exposed occu p ation ally or by in take of con tam in ated water an d food .
Pe sticid e s in c lu d e seve r al ca tegories o f f u n g i c i d e s, in secticides, h erb icid es an d others. Som e fun gicides in clu de m etals in its form u l a-t io n , like c op p e r, m a n ga n ese, alu m in u m a n d z i n c. Besid es clin ica l effe ct s, seve r al m e ta ls h a ve b een d escribed as dose dep en den t clasto-gen ics an d / or m u taclasto-gen ics: alum in iu m (Roy et al., 1990, 1991), cop p er (Fle ssel, 1977), stan n ic c h l o r id e (Ga n g u l y, 1993), m an gan ese ( Jo a rd a r & Sh a r m a, 1990), an d zin c (Dekn u d t, 1982). Som e p est icid es sh owed n o d etectab le effect . O rgan ic pesticides can cause chrom osom e dam -age an d seve ral clin ical sym p tom s to h u m an s. T h e re are m an y d escr ip tion s a b ou t the an eu-gen ic, c lasto ge n ic, an d sister- c h ro m at id ex-ch an ge effect of isolated p esticid es.
De si et al. (1990) d esc rib ed a n in crease in th e freq u en cy of h yp od ip lo id cells in wo rk e r s o ccu p at ion ally exp osed to p esticid es. De Fe r-r a r-ri et al. (1991) stu d yin g e xp osed in d ivid u als an d blad der can cer p atien ts wh o we re exp osed to p esticides, ob served a sign ifican t in crease in t he freq u e n cies o f ch r om osom a l a b er ra t i o n s an d sister- c h rom atid exchan ges in both g ro u p s. Su r rallés et al. (1995) stud yin g the in d uction of m i c r on u cle i of five py re t h roid in se ct icid e s in wh o le- b lood an d iso la ted h u m an lym p h ocyte c u l t u re s, foun d clear d ose dep en den t cytotox i c e f f e c t s. They also fou n d differen t gen otoxic activity in vitro, d ep en d in g of the py re t h ro id in -secticide used .
It is usu a l in th e a gri c u l t u ral ar ea to m ix chem icals to treat the cu ltu res again st p lagues. T h e re is n o d escr ip tion of cyto gen etic, tox i c o-logical an d clin ical stud ies in hu m an s exp osed to som e p estic id es to ob se r ve p ossib le syn er -gistic effect, esp ecia lly in in d ivid ua ls we a ri n g p ro t e c t i ve garm e n t s.
In ou r p ro jec t, th e p ar t ic ip an t s agr eed t o p a r ticip ate in th e in vestiga tion by sign in g a docum ent. Th e Un i versity Medical Ethical Co u n-cil has ap p roved th e re s e a rch p ro j e c t .
M aterial and methods
We h ave stu d ied 34 m ale in d ivid u als, 24 bein g e xp osed an d 10 co n tro l s, wit h m ean a ge o f 29.37 ± 9.01 an d 39.00 ± 11.90 years old , re s p e c-t i ve l y. Th e exp o se d grou p worked a c-t a cic-tru s
A g ri c u l t u ral Com p an y located at the Bo t u c a t u , State of Sao Pa u l o, Brazil. Du rin g th e p esticid es ap p lic at ion , th e worke r s u sed p ro t e c t i ve ga r -m e n t s, r u b b er glove s, -m asks, an d h ats. T h e p esticid es u sed we re form i c i d e s, in secticid es, fu n gicide s an d he rbicides, alon e or in m ixture. In f o r m ation on p er son al d ata, clin ical sign als, h i s t o ry of con tact with p esticides, sm okin g an d d rin kin g h a b it s, re cen t illn esse s an d tre a t -m en ts was obtain ed by a p h ysician of ou r tea-m d u r in g the clin ica l exa m in a tion s. Th ey a lso used an ad eq uate p ro t o c o l .
From ea ch in d ivid u al, 10 m l of p eri p h e ra l b loo d was collec ted for th e t oxicolo gical an d cytogen etic stu d ies.
Zin c an d m a n ga n ese d o sage s we r e m a d e u sin g a n atom ic sp ectrop h otom eter (GBC 932 AA with ato m ization by flam e) an d th e d osage o f t h e a ce t ylc h o lin e st er a se a c t ivit y in t h e p la sm a w as m a d e wit h a sp e c t ro p h o t o m e t e r 382 ( Mi c ro n al) wit h 412n m wavele n gth . T h e d osa ges we re p erf o r m e d at th e Tox i c o l o g i c a l Assistan ce Cen ter (CEATOX), Bioscien ce s In s t i-t u i-t e, Pau lisi-ta Si-tai-t e Un i ve r s i i-t y, Boi-t uc ai-t u, São Pa u l o, Bra z i l .
Th e d osa ges of t h e h ep a tic en zym e s glu ta m a t e oxa la cetic tra n sa m in a se (GOT), a lka -lin e p h osp h at ase (AP) an d glu t am ate py ru v i c t r a n sa m in a s e (GPT ) we r e m a d e b y a p ri va t e l a b o ra t o ry.
Th e cu ltu res for cyt ogen et ic stu d ie s we re m a d e as d escr ib e d b y th e Mo o rh e a d’s (1960) t e c h n i q u e, with som e m od ification s. Ly m p h o -cyt es we re cu ltivat ed a t 37oC in 3 m l of RPMI 1640 (Gib c o ) m e d iu m , su p p le m e n t ed w it h 10% o f fe tal ca lf se r u m a n d 0.1 m l o f PH A - M ( Gib c o). Th e c ells we r e h a r ve st ed aft er 48 h o u r s. Hyp oto n iza tion was ca r ried with 0.007 m M KCl an d th e fixation with m ethan ol/ acetic acid (3:1). Th e slid es we re a ir d r ie d , s t o r ed a t 4oC an d stain ed with Gi e m s a .
Th e slid es we re cod e d a n d e xam in ed in a b lin d test . Ch rom o so m a l a b errat ion fre q u e n -cies we re determ in ed for 24 exposed in d ivid u-a l s, u-an d the clin icu-al exu-am in u-ation s u-an d th e tox i-cological tests we re p erf o rm ed for 16 of them . Th e m it ot ic in d ex (p e rcen t o f cells in m e tap h ase) wa s e st im at ed in 100 c ells/ re p l i-c a t e. Th e freq uen i-cie s o f n u m erii-c al an d stru i- c-t u ral ch r om osom e ab e r ra c-tion s (b re a k / g a p, f ragm e n t, r in g, c en tr ic fu sion a n d re a r ra n g e m en t) we re determ in ed in 100 m etap hases/ in -d i v i -d u a l .
Cad . Saúde Púb lic a, Rio de Jane iro , 14(Sup. 3):109-115, 1998
in d icat ed w he n t h e e xa ct d istr ib u t io n of t h e va r iab le s is u n kn own (Ca r ra n o & Na t a ra j a n , 1 9 8 8 ) .
R e s u l t s
Th e in d ivid ua l d ata a b ou t ra c e, age, p e riod of e xp o sition , sm o kin g an d d rin kin g h ab its, an d clin ical sym p tom s of th e exp ose d an d con tro l
g rou p s are shown in Tab le 1. Se ve ral chara c t e r-istics of b oth groups are sh own in Tab le 2.
Th e in d ivid u a l c yto gen e tic resu lts o f b ot h g r ou p s are in Tab le 3 an d th e m ean an d m ed i-a n d i-a ti-a for i-a b err i-atio n s i-a re sh own in Ti-ab le 4. Th e exp o sed gr ou p sh owed an in cre ased fre-qu en cy of stru c t u ral chrom osom e ab erra t i o n s. Sta tistical an alyse s of th e to ta l b r ea k, c en -t ro m e ric b reaks an d Mi-to-tic In d ex are sh own in Table 5.
Tab le 1
Ind ividual c harac teristic s o f the g ro up s stud ied .
I n d i v i d u a l* R a c e* * A g e E x p o s i t i o n H a b i t s Clinical sympt oms
( y e a r s ) ( m o n t h s ) Smo king D r i n k i n g
0 1 E B 3 8 1 2 0 + + I rritate d e yes and g um, po st p rand ial fullne ss se nsatio n 0 2 E W 2 9 4 8 - - Sle e pine ss, irritate d eye s, po o r d ig e stio n
0 3 E W 3 2 8 4 + + N o n e
0 4 E B 4 5 1 0 8 + - I rritated e ye s, systemic arte rial hype rte nsio n, he adache , p o o r d ig e stio n, d izzine ss
0 5 E W 2 9 3 + + Sto mach p ain, irritate d eye s
0 6 E W 5 4 7 8 - - I rritated e ye s, systemic arte rial hype rtensio n, headache , fasciculatio n ( a rm), nasal b lo o d y, tired ne ss, sle e p ine ss
0 7 E B 3 4 5 4 + + Ab sence o f ap p etite, fasc iculatio n (face), tire d n e s s 0 8 E W 2 9 3 6 - - He adache, irritated e ye s, sto mac h p ain
0 9 E B 3 1 4 8 - + Ti re d ness, irritated eye s
1 0 E B 1 8 2 5 - - N o n e
1 1 E B 1 9 6 0 + + N o n e
1 2 E W 2 2 1 6 + - Sto mac h p ain
1 3 E W 1 8 4 8 + + He ad ache, sto mac h pain, fascic ulatio n 1 4 E B 1 5 9 - - Dizziness, irritated e ye s, headache
1 5 E W 2 9 4 8 + + Cramp s, syste mic arterial hyp erte nsio n, p o o r d ig e stio n, irritated e ye s 1 6 E W 1 9 2 4 + - Ti re d n e s s
1 7 E W 3 0 6 8 + + Fascic ulatio n (arms), irritate d eyes, abd o minal pain (unspe cific) 1 8 E B 2 4 7 2 + + Ab sence o f ap p etite, irritate d eye s, tired ne ss, fasciculatio n 1 9 E W 3 8 2 4 + - Po o r dig estio n, heart b u rn
2 0 E W 2 9 1 2 - - N o n e
2 1 E B 3 3 1 2 + + Ab se nc e o f ap p e tite , d izzine ss
2 2 E W 3 6 1 6 + - Ab se nc e o f ap p e tite , systemic arte rial hyp e rte nsio n, he ad ache, sto mac h pain
2 3 E B 2 6 2 4 - + Ab sence o f ap p etite, sle ep iness
2 4 E W 2 8 8 - - N o n e
0 1 C W 2 5 0 + + N o n e
0 2 C W 3 8 0 + + Sto mac h p ain
0 3 C W 4 7 0 - - N o n e
0 4 C W 4 0 0 + + N o n e
0 5 C W 3 4 0 - + N o n e
0 6 C B 6 0 0 - - N o n e
0 7 C W 3 1 0 + + N o n e
0 8 C W 3 2 0 - + N o n e
0 9 C W 5 6 0 - - N o n e
1 0 C W 2 7 0 - - N o n e
BRÉG A, S. M. e t al.
1 1 2
Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio d e Jane iro , 14(Sup. 3):109-115, 1998
Tab le 2
Gene ral info rmatio n ab o ut the g ro u p s .
C o n t ro l E x p o s e d
Numb er o f ind ivid uals 1 0 2 4 Mean ag e 3 9.00 ± 11.90 2 9.37 ± 9.01 S m o k e r s 4 (4 0%) 1 5 (62.5%) D r i n k e r s 6 (60%) 12 (50%) Me an exp o sitio n in mo nths 0 4 3.54 ± 32 .2 0
Tab le 3
Individ ual d istrib utio n o f struc tural and nume rical c hro mo so mal ab erratio ns and mito tic inde x (MI). (E = Exp o sed , C = C o ntro l).
I n d i v i d u a l S t ruct ural aberr a t i o n s A n e u p l o i d y M I
G a p B ’ B ’’ C B Sub -to tal R i n g To t a l Hypo Hyp e r To t a l
0 1 E 0 2 – 0 3 1 7 2 0 – 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 8 . 1 1
0 2 E 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 1 7 0 1 – 0 1 1 4 . 9 8
0 3 E – – – 0 4 0 4 – 0 4 – 0 1 0 1 1 3 . 9 9
0 4 E 0 1 0 1 – 0 6 0 7 – 0 8 0 2 – 0 2 0 8 . 4 9
0 5 E – – 0 1 0 6 0 7 – 0 7 0 1 – 0 1 1 7 . 5 4
0 6 E 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 – 2 3 – – – 1 8 . 7 1
0 7 E – – – 0 4 0 4 – 0 4 – – – 0 5 . 9 1
0 8 E – – – 1 4 1 4 – 1 4 – 0 2 0 2 1 0 . 5 3
0 9 E – – 0 3 0 3 0 6 – 0 6 – – – 0 4 . 8 2
1 0 E – – – 0 5 0 5 – 0 5 – 0 2 0 2 2 8 . 8 6
1 1 E – – – 0 1 0 1 – 0 1 – – – 1 6 . 9 1
1 2 E 0 4 – 0 1 1 3 1 4 – 1 8 – – – 0 8 . 6 3
1 3 E – – 0 3 1 6 1 9 0 1 2 0 – 0 1 0 1 1 1 . 6 3
1 4 E 0 1 – – 1 0 1 0 – 1 1 – – – 1 6 . 4 4
1 5 E – – 0 7 0 5 1 2 – 1 2 0 1 – 0 1 0 5 . 6 1
1 6 E 0 1 – 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 1 0 7 – 0 1 0 1 0 3 . 6 2
1 7 E – – – 0 7 0 7 – 0 7 – – – 1 2 . 6 6
1 8 E 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 5 1 7 – 1 8 0 1 – 0 1 2 1 . 0 5
1 9 E – – 0 1 0 1 0 2 – 0 2 – – – 1 2 . 2 9
2 0 E 0 1 0 3 – 1 0 1 3 – 1 4 0 1 – 0 1 3 3 . 0 5
2 1 E 0 1 – 0 3 1 8 2 1 – 2 2 – – – 0 7 . 6 0
2 2 E – – – 1 3 1 3 – 1 3 – – – 1 8 . 4 3
2 3 E – 0 1 0 1 1 9 2 1 – 2 1 – – – 0 1 . 7 7
2 4 E – – 0 1 – 0 1 – 0 1 – – – 1 7 . 4 7
To t a l 1 6 0 8 4 9 2 0 0 2 5 7 0 4 2 7 7 0 8 0 9 1 7
0 1 C 0 2 0 1 – 0 2 0 3 – 0 5 – – – 0 6 . 5 2
0 2 C – 0 1 – 0 1 0 2 – 0 2 – – – 0 5 . 4 1
0 3 C – – – – 0 0 – 0 0 – – – 0 6 . 5 1
0 4 C – – – 0 1 0 1 – 0 1 – – – 0 3 . 7 7
0 5 C – – 0 1 – 0 1 – 0 1 – 0 1 0 1 0 5 . 6 6
0 6 C – – – – 0 0 – 0 0 – – – 0 6 . 3 1
0 7 C – – 0 1 0 2 0 3 – 0 3 – – – 0 3 . 3 8
0 8 C – – 0 1 – 0 1 – 0 1 – – – 0 4 . 5 7
0 9 C – – – – 0 0 – 0 0 – – – 0 3 . 4 6
1 0 C – – – – 0 0 – 0 0 – – – 0 4 . 5 2
Cad. Saúd e Púb lic a, Rio d e Jane iro , 14(Sup. 3):109-115, 1998
Metal dosages an d the d eterm in ation of the a c e t y l c h o l i n e s t e rase a ct ivity, alon g wit h th e en zym es GOT, GPT, AP, ACHE, Cu ++, Zn ++ an d Mn ++ are sh own in Tab le 6. Man gan ese dosage s h owed higher values in the con trol than in th e exp osed gro u p. Statistical an alyses of th e en zym a tic a n d zym e ta ls d o sa ge are in Tab le 7. Alka -lin e p h osp h atase dosage was sign ifican tly low-er in th e exp osed gro u p . Ac e t y l c h o l i n e s t e ra s e activit y is sign ific an t ly h igh er in th e c on t ro l g rou p (t = 2.309, p <0.05).
The clin ical exam in ation re vealed difficu lty fo r d igestion re p resen ted by a fu lln ess sen sa -tion a ft er m e als (57.5%), a s we ll as irr i t a t e d e yes (33.33%), h ea d a ch e (29.17%), tire d n e s s, fasciculation an d ab sen ce of ap petite (20.83%), system ic art e rial hyp erten sion (25.00%) an d an i r regular con traction of th e m u scle fib er, m ain -ly in the arm s.
D i s c u s s i o n
Our stu d y h as d em on str ated seve ral c lin ica l an d t oxic olo gical p ro b l e m s, as well as an in -c rea se in th e fre q u en -c y of -c hr om o som e ab e r-ration s in workers exp osed to p e st icid e s in c o m p a rison with n on -exp osed p eople.
Se ve ra l p rec au tion s we re take n to p r o t e c t th e workers again st p esticides fog with p ro t e c-t i ve garm e n c-t s, gloves ru bb er b ooc-ts, an d m asks. Th e y we re a lso in str uc ted to a lwa ys t ake a s h ower after each app lication of p esticides.
Besides all this, con tam in ation has occurred, as re vea led by th e p resen ce of se ve ral sym p tom s of chr on ic in toxic ation . Th e m ain sym p -tom s ob ser ved we re rela te d t o d igestion a n d e ye irrit at io n . Peo p le h ad h ea d a ch es, a rt e ri a l h y p e rten sion , tire d n e s s, fascicu lation an d ab -sen ce of app etite.
Ac c o rd in g to Rola k (1993), fasc icu la tion p resen t ed b y th e e xp osed gr ou p c an b e ex-p lain ed by a situation of h yex-p om an gn esem eses p resen t ed by t he m in co m p ar ison with th e c o n t rol gro u p. In our stud y, the exposed gro u p s h owed n o sign ifican t d ifferen ce of the dosage o f co p p er a n d z in c com p ared to th e co n tro l g ro u p. Un less the workers h ad an in dication of h epatic altera t i o n s, it is d ifficult to say that th e sym ptom s related to the d igestion we re cau sed b y m etal con tam in ation .
Th e le vels o f two e n zym e s (a ce tyl-c h o l i n e s t e rase an d alkalin e p hosp h atase) we re fou n d to b e alt ered in th e exp osed gro u p. Ac e t y l c h o l i n e s t e rase ac t ivit y wa s low in b ot h g r o u p s st u d ie d , b u t in th e e xp o se d gr ou p it wa s sign ific an t ly low er t h a n in t h e c o n tro l g ro u p. Th e level of th is en zym e is lower wh en t h e re a re h ep at ic le sio n s c au se d b y co n ta-m in a tion with o rga n op h osp h ate in se ct ic id e s o r cyc l o p h o s p h a m i d e, o r in h e p a t ic le sio n s with n e cro s i s. Lar in i (1993) h a s d escr ib ed an i n h i b ition of th e ste ra se ce n ter of a ce tyl-c h o l i n e s t e rase by th e in setyl-ctityl-cides. Its fu n tyl-ction is t o a void th at th e acet ylch o lin e sp lits in t o c h olin e a n d ac et ic a c id . Th e lowe r ace tyl-c h o l i n e s t e rase atyl-ctivity in th e tyl-con trol grou p tyl-can b e exp lain ed by the c h ron ic in gestio n of alco-holic b eve ra g e s. Th is grou p was selected to b e a s m uc h as p o ssib le sim ila r t o th e e xp osed g ro u p, with th e exclu sion , of course, of th e ex-p o s u re to ex-pe sticides. T h e re f o re, th ey also cou ld h a ve b e en in flu en ced b y t h a t fac tor, re ve a l e d b y th e low level of the en zym e.
L ow a n d m o d e ra t e eleva tion o f t h e alka -lin e p h o sp h a ta se ca n occ u r in th e ser um o f p atie n ts with h ep a tic d ysfu n c tio n . In th e e x-p o sed gro u x-p, the level of th is en zym e was sign ific asign tly elevat ed isign co m p ariso sign t o th e c osign -t rol gro u p.
Tab le 4
S t ruc tural ab e rratio ns and mito tic ind ex in the g ro up s stud ied .
N umber of N umber of Tot al Bre a k s C e n t romeric Bre a k s M it ot ic Index
i n d i v i d u a l s m e t a p h a s e s m e a n m e d i a n m e a n m e d i a n m e a n m e d i a n
C o n t ro l 1 0 1 , 0 0 0 0 .8 0 ± 1.0 3 0 . 5 0.60 ± 0.84 0 5.01 ± 1.24 4 . 9 9 E x p o s e d 2 4 2 , 4 0 0 10.71 ± 6.77 1 1 8.58 ± 5.90 8 13.71 ± 7.23 1 2 . 4 7
Tab le 5
Statistic al analysis o f the to tal b re aks, c entro m e r i c b re aks, and mito tic ind ex.
Va r i a b l e s Z C o m p a r i s o n s
To tal b re a k s 4 . 2 3 * * * G 1 > G 2 C e n t ro me ric b re a k s 4 . 1 5 * * * G 1 > G 2 Mito tic Ind ex 3 . 7 8 * * * G 1 > G 2
BRÉG A, S. M. e t al.
1 1 4
Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio d e Jane iro , 14(Sup. 3):109-115, 1998
Tab le 6
Individ ual d ata o f the e nzymatic d o sag e o f GO T, GPT, AP, ACHE, Cu+ + , Zn+ + and Mn+ + ac co rding the smo king and d rinking hab its in b o th g ro up s e xp o sed and c o ntro l .
G ro u p s I n d i v i d u a l G O T G P T A P A C H E µ L / m l
C u + + Z n + + M n + +
E x p o s e d
S / D 0 1 3 2 3 0 9 3 1 , 5 1 4 . 8 2 9 5 . 0 4 . 4
0 3 1 8 1 5 5 8 1 , 8 2 1 . 7 1 8 6 . 5 2 . 5
0 5 2 6 4 3 7 6 1 , 5 1 8 . 5 2 9 2 . 9 2 . 1
0 7 2 0 2 2 7 6 1 , 5 1 7 . 6 2 1 1 . 0 3 . 7
1 1 2 0 1 5 1 4 6 0 , 7 1 7 . 6 2 1 0 . 5 2 . 6 1 3 2 4 2 2 1 4 6 2 , 0 1 9 . 5 2 2 4 . 5 0 . 3 1 5 1 8 6 0 1 4 6 1 , 4 1 6 . 6 2 5 8 . 0 3 . 5
N S / D 0 9 1 8 1 0 9 6 1 . 1 2 1 . 5 2 0 7 . 5 3 . 8
S / N D 0 4 1 6 2 0 1 3 6 1 . 7 2 1 . 3 3 0 7 . 2 2 . 3 1 2 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 1 . 1 1 4 . 0 1 4 0 . 7 0 . 9
1 6 2 0 2 0 7 6 1 . 8 9 . 6 1 2 4 . 3 3 . 9
N S / N D 0 2 2 2 1 0 5 1 2 0 1 . 1 1 6 . 6 1 9 7 . 0 1 . 0 0 6 1 2 1 6 1 0 2 1 . 6 2 0 . 1 1 6 5 . 0 0 . 8 0 8 1 6 1 5 1 2 0 1 . 4 1 3 . 1 1 7 1 . 0 2 . 8
1 0 1 6 1 5 9 8 1 . 6 1 8 . 5 2 3 6 . 0 2 . 3
1 4 0 8 2 0 6 3 1 . 5 1 4 . 7 1 7 4 . 7 0 . 8
C o n t ro l
S / D 0 1 1 0 1 2 4 4 2 . 0 1 3 . 4 1 9 8 . 2 4 . 7
0 2 2 0 2 2 1 3 4 2 . 5 2 5 . 9 2 5 1 . 1 4 . 7
0 4 1 4 1 5 7 2 1 . 4 1 5 . 9 1 2 4 . 9 4 . 3
0 7 1 6 2 0 4 9 1 . 5 1 5 . 7 1 3 4 . 1 4 . 0
N S / D 0 5 1 0 1 8 2 9 1 . 9 1 1 . 3 2 1 3 . 0 3 . 7
0 8 2 4 4 0 1 2 0 2 . 0 9 . 3 1 5 8 . 4 4 . 5
N S / N D 0 3 1 2 1 0 5 8 1 . 9 1 8 . 3 2 1 5 . 6 4 . 6
0 6 1 0 1 5 4 0 1 3 9 . 1 1 9 7 . 7 4 . 5
S/ D = smo ke rs, d rinkers; S/ ND = smo ke rs, no n-drinkers; NS/ D = no n-smo kers, d rinke rs; NS/ ND = no n-smo ke rs, no n-d rinkers;
GO T = g lutamic o xalac e tic transaminase ; GPT = g lutamic piruvic transaminase ; AP = alkaline p ho sp hatase ; ACHE = ace tylc ho line sterase activity.
Tab le 7
Statistic al analysis o f the enzymatic and me tal d o sag e in the g ro up s stud ied .
C o n t ro l E x p o s e d
s s t
G O T 1 4 . 4 ( 5 . 2 ) 1 9 . 1 ( 5 . 5 ) 1 . 9 6 5 G P T 1 9 . 0 ( 9 . 4 ) 2 8 . 1 ( 2 4 . 0 ) 1 . 3 2 6 A P 6 8 . 3 ( 3 8 . 6 ) 1 0 3 . 4 ( 2 9 . 7 ) 2 . 4 7 2 * A C H E 1 . 8 1 ( 0 3 9 ) 1 . 4 6 ( 0 . 3 3 ) 2 . 3 0 9 * C u + + 1 4 . 8 6 ( 5 . 5 3 ) 1 7 . 2 3 ( 3 . 3 7 ) 1 . 3 0 9 Z n + + 1 8 6 . 6 3 ( 4 3 . 6 1 ) 2 1 8 . 9 1 ( 5 4 . 2 7 ) 1 . 4 5 8 M N + + 4 . 3 7 ( 0 . 3 6 ) 2 . 3 6 ( 1 . 2 9 ) 5 . 7 9 3 * * *
Cad. Saúd e Púb lic a, Rio d e Jane iro , 14(Sup. 3):109-115, 1998
Th e tran sam in ase s level d id n ot differ fro m on e grou p to th e oth er, a lth ou gh th e level was h igh er in th e exp osed gro u p. El e vated levels of th ose en zym es in seru m in d icate som e typ e of hep atic alteration . In this case, th ere is n o d if-f e ren ce b et we en t he gro u p s. On ly th e Mi t o t i c In dex was sign ifican tly elevated in the exp osed g ro u p. Th is fa ct is n o t easy to exp lain . Ort i z (1995) d iscu sses th at m a ln o u rish ed c h ild re n p re sen te d h igh er resp on se to p h ytoh em aglu -tin in stim u lation th an n or m al ch ild ren . W h e n th ose ch ild ren we re re n o u rish ed , the stim u la-tion in d e x rem ain ed h igh , m ain ly a fte r 72 h o u r s. In th e p resen t case, the cu ltu re m ed ium cou ld b e ric h er th an th e in t ern a l m ed iu m of th e work e r s. Ap p a re n t l y, it was n ot p ossible to detect an y level of m aln u tr ition in the exp osed g rou p as com p ared to th e con trol gro u p.
Meisn er et al. (1992) trea ted m ice with th e h erb icides Alaclor an d At ra z i n e, an d a m ixture of b oth. He h as ob served an ad d itive effect 30 days after the treatm en t, but less in 90 days. The an im als h ad an elevation o f th e m itotic in d e x a fter 90 d ays when c om p a red to th e c on tro l group . However, the con trol was treated with cy-closp hosp ham ide, that is an im m un osup ressor. Hu m an lym p hocytes from you n g an d older p eop le we re treated “in vitro” with alum in iu m
su lp h ate (Roy et al. 1990). Th ey h a ve ob ser ve d a n eleva tion o f th e m itot ic in d ex in th e yo u n g g ro u p.
In th e p re sen t c ase, th ere is m ore stim u lation of th e ce lls in cu ltu re with p hytoh em aglu -tin in in th e exp osed group th an in the con tro l . Th is fact cou ld be exp lain ed by th e elim in ation of the ab n orm al cells.
Th e frequ en cy of ch rom osom e b reaks (total an d cen tro m e ric) was sign ifican tly differen t for t he e xp o se d grou p a s d esc rib ed in th e lit era-t u re (De Fe r ra ri eera-t al., 1991).
Ac c o rd in g to th is resu lt, it is p ossib le t o con c lu d e th a t it is n ec essa ry to ha ve a follow u p stu dy in order to determ in e liver altera t i o n s. Alth ough the workers h ave used p ro t e c t i ve gar-m e n t s, boots ru b b e r, glasses an d hats, gar-m an y of th em d id n ot sh ave th em selves eve r y d ay an d m asks d id n ot shu t ve ry well on their face. Co n-tam in ation can occu r th rou gh th is gro ove.
As a rec om m en d ation , we c ou ld say t h a t p eo p le wo rkin g with p esticid es sh o uld b e m o n i t o re d clin ically, toxic olo gically an d cytog e n e t i c a l l y. Th is can a ssist an y follow u p stud -ies sh owin g p ossib le con t am in ation by p esti-c i d e s. Of esti-cou rse, se ve ral oth er va ri a b l e s, suesti-c h a s sm okin g hab its a n d a lc oh olic d r in kin g can act in syn ergistic way.
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