Ma ija D. Pa lo ić, I a R. Nikolić, Mili a D. Miluti o ić, Suza a I. Di it ije ić-B a ko ić, Sla i a S. Šile -Ma i ko ić, Duša G. A to o ić
Fa ult of Te h olog a d Metallu g , U i e sit of Belg ade, Depa t e t of Bio he i al E gi ee i g a d Biote h olog , Belg ade, Se ia
A st a t
This pape has de o st ated the alo izatio of i e pe si e a d eadil a aila le est-au a t aste o tai i g ost o su ed food a d e e age esidues as adso e ts fo
eth le e lue d e. Coffee, tea, lettu e a d it us aste ha e ee utilized ithout a p e-t eat e t, thus the adso ptio apa ities a d d e e o al effi ie e e dete
-i ed. Coffee aste sho ed the h-ighest adso e t apa -it , follo ed tea, lettu e a d it us aste. The d e e o al as o e effe ti e as d e o e t atio i eases f o up to g/L. The fa o a le esults o tai ed fo lettu e aste ha e ee espe iall e ou aged, as this ate ial has ot ee o o l e plo ed fo so ptio pu poses. E uili iu data fitted e ell i a F eu dli h isothe odel, he eas pseudo-se o d-o de ki eti d-odel des i es the p d-o ess eha id-o . Restau a t aste pe fd-o ed apid d e e o al at o ost, so it a e adopted a d idel used i i dust ies fo o ta i ated
ate t eat e t.
Ke o ds: adso ptio , d e, estau a t aste, isothe s, ki eti s.
“CIENTIFIC PAPER
UDC . . : . : .
He . I d. –
doi: . /HEMIND P
A aila le o li e at the Jou al e site: http:// .a he.o g. s/HI/
The dis ha ge of d es i the e i o e t is a at-te of o e fo oth to i ologi al a d aestheti
easo s. Ma i dust ies use d es i o de to olo thei p odu ts. As a esult, the ge e ate a o side -a le -a ou t of olo ed -aste -ate . Most of the d es a e to i , utage i a d a i oge i [ ]. Fu the o e, aste ate o tai i g d es is e diffi ult to e t eated, si e the d es a e e al it a t o ga i ole ules, esis-ta t to ae o i digestio , a d sesis-ta le to light, heat a d o idizi g age ts [ ]. Ma te h i ues ha e ee i estigated fo su h pu poses [ – ], ut adso ptio is o -side ed to e elati el supe io to othe s, e ause of lo ost, si pli it of desig a d a ilit to t eat d es i o e o e t ated fo [ ]. Besides a ti ated a -o s, these a e ell k -o -o e ial adso e ts, so e aste ate ials a also offe a i e pe si e a d e e a le additio al alte ati e fo su h p
o-esses. Waste ate ials ha e little o o e o o i alue a d ofte p ese t a disposal p o le [ ].
A o di g to the autho s’ k o ledge, o atte pt has ee ade to use estau a t food aste fo e -o al -of d es f -o -o ta i ated ate s. Restau a ts dail ge e ate la ge ua tities of food esidues. Thus, offee a d tea aste, follo ed lettu e a d i of it us f uit aste ha e ee utilized fo so ptio pu -poses. This aste is i e pe si e a d does ot e ui e
Co espo de e: M.D. Pa lo ić, Fa ult of Te h olog a d Metal-lu g , U i e sit of Belg ade, Depa t e t of Bio he i al E gi ee i g a d Biote h olog , Ka egije a , Belg ade, “e ia.
E- ail: a ija.pa lo i @t f. g.a . s Pape e ei ed: “epte e , Pape a epted: De e e ,
a additio al p e-t eat e t step efo e its appli atio . I additio , a effi ie t a age e t of su h aste is e desi a le. Meth le e lue MB d e as sele ted as a odel o pou d i adso ptio e pe i e ts. It is a asi d e ith the st u tu e of hete o li a o ati he i al o pou d [ ] that has ee idel applied, i ludi g olo i g pape , te po a hai olo atio s, d ei g otto s, ools, a d oati g fo pape sto k [ ]. I ate st ea s, it a ause so e ha ful effe ts o hu a health [ ].
The ai of this stud as to e aluate the ads-o ptiads-o apa it ads-of estau a t aste, ithads-out a p e-t eae-t e e-t, fo ee-th le e lue d e e o al f o ie-ts a ueous solutio s. The o k has ee desig ed to ep ese t a o pa ati e e ie of offee, tea, lettu e a d it us esidues apa ilities fo MB uptake
effi-ie . The se o d o je ti e as to i estigate the so ptio e uili iu eha io s usi g se e al ost o
-o l used is-othe -odels. Fi all , ki eti studies ha e ee o du ted i o de to dete i e the ate of MB adso ptio a d a al ze the e ha is of the p
o-ess fo ea h of the tested adso e ts.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Mate ials
-de ed ate ials e ept fo offee esidues e e sie ed to o tai a pa ti le size < . . O tai ed sa ples e e sto ed i sealed ials a d used fo fu the e pe i e tal o k.
P epa atio of d e sto k solutio
Meth le e lue MB d e as o tai ed f o A os O ga i s, Ne Je se , U“A. A sto k solutio of
g/L of the d e as p epa ed dissol i g . g i L of distilled ate . The o ki g o e t atio s of the d e i a ueous solutio s e e a ied f o to g/L diluti g the MB sto k solutio ith distilled ate . F esh dilutio s of desi ed d e o e t atio s e e p e-pa ed at the egi i g of ea h e pe i e t, ithout a adjust e t of pH alues.
D e adso ptio e pe i e ts
L of MB solutio s ith diffe e t i itial o -e t atio s of – g/L -e -e pla -ed i a s-e i-es of
L E le e e flask. . g of the adso e t as added i to ea h flask a d pla ed i t a slato shake IKA – K“ i o t ol, “taufe , Ge a at oo te pe atu e °C , at p , fo the ti e pe iod of i . Afte a e tai ti e, sa ples e e olle ted, filte ed a d a al zed UV/Vis spe t ophoto ete Ult ospe p o, A e sha Bios ie es, U“A at fo esidual d e o e t atio . This e pe ie tal p o iedu ie has ieie iepieatied fo iea h adso -e t i di idual. Th-e MB -e o al i th-e a u-eous solutio
as o puted o ito i g the d e e o al pe e t-age E . a d adso ptio apa it E . :
i e e
MB e o al % = −
(
i e)
ads
V − =
he e i a d e a e the i itial a d e uili iu MB o e t atio s g/L , espe ti el , is the adso ptio apa it g/g , ads is adso e t dose g a d V is solutio olu e L [ ]. All the e pe i e ts e e pe -fo ed i t ipli ate a d thei ea alues ha e ee
epo ted he e.
Adso ptio isothe s
E uili iu e pe i e ts e e o du ted o -ta ti g of L of diffe e t i itial d e o e t atio s
, , , , a d g/L ith . g of the ads-o e t i si diffe e t apped L E le e e flasks. The o ta t as ade usi g a t a slato shake at a o sta t agitatio speed of p , at oo te pe a-tu e of °C. The agitatio has ee ade fo i . “a ples e e olle ted, filte ed a d a al zed spe t o-photo et i all at .
The ost idel used isothe odels, a ed La g ui , F eu dli h, Te ki −P zhe a d Du i i – –Radushke i h, ha e ee e plo ed fo adso ptio isothe odeli g of the e pe i e tal data.
The La g ui odel assu es that the adso e t su fa e o tai s e e geti all ho oge ous ites, he e the o ola e su fa e o e age is fo ed ith o i te a tio s et ee the ole ules adso ed [ ]. The odel a e p ese ted i the li ea fo of
odified La g ui - E uatio :
e KL e
= +
he e e g/g is the a ou t of d e adso ed pe u it eight of adso e t, g/g i di ates the o ola e so ptio apa it of adso e t a d the La g ui o sta t KL L/ g is a di e t easu e of the i te sit of adso ptio [ ].
The F eu dli h isothe odel o side s ultila e a d hete oge eous su fa e adso ptio [ ]. The li ea fo of the odel is gi e the follo i g e uatio :
e F e
log =logK + log
he e KF g/g L/g a d a e F eu dli h o sta ts elated to adso ptio apa it a d adso ptio i te sit , espe ti el [ ].
The Te ki −P zhe isothe also des i es the eha io of a adso ptio s ste o a hete oge eous su fa e [ , ]. It i ludes the assu ptio that the heat of adso ptio of all the ole ules i the la e de
-eases li ea l ith i easi g su fa e o e age. The odel e uatio is ep ese ted as follo s:
e e
T l T l
RT RT A
= +
he e R is the gas o sta t . J/ ol K , T is the a solute te pe atu e K , a d A a d T a e the iso-the o sta t L/ g a d Te ki −P zhe o sta t
J/ ol , espe ti el [ ].
The Du i i −Radushke i h isothe is pa tl a alogous to the La g ui isothe a d it is elati el o e o o l applied to disti guish et ee the ph si al a d he i al adso ptio [ ]. It o side s that the adso ptio takes pla e o a si gle t pe of u ifo po es, ut it does ot suppose a ho oge eous su fa e o o sta t adso ptio pote tial [ ]. The odel e ua-tio is des i ed as follo s:
e
l = −βε +l
he e β is a o sta t elated to the ea f ee e e g of adso ptio pe ol of a adso ate ol /J hile ε
Ki eti studies
Adso ptio ki eti e pe i e ts e e o du ted u de the sa e o ditio s as p e iousl des i ed adso ptio isothe s p o edu e. “a ples e e take at p edete i ed ti e i te als, filte ed a d a al zed spe t ophoto et i all .
The o t olli g e ha is of the adso ptio p oess as i estigated fitti g pseudofi st a d se -o d--o de ki eti -odels t-o the e pe i e tal data.
The pseudo-fi st-o de odel o side s a e e si le e uili iu of adso ates et ee a li uid a d a solid phase [ ]. The li ea ized fi st-o de ki eti odel is gi e as:
(
e)
elog log
.
t k t
− = −
he e e a d t a e the a ou t of d e adso ed o adso e t g/g at e uili iu a d at ti e t i , espe ti el , a d k / i is the ate o sta t of pseudo-fi st-o de ki eti s [ ].
The pseudo-se o d o de ki eti s assu ed that the ate-li iti g step ight e the he i al adso ptio , i hi h o e t atio s of oth adso ate a d adso e t e e i ol ed [ ]. The li ea ized se o d-o de ki eti odel is gi e as:
e e
t
t t
k
= +
he e e a d t ha e the sa e ea i g as e -tio ed p e iousl a d k g/ g i is the ate o s-ta t fo the pseudo-se o d-o de ki eti s [ ].
Adso ptio e ha is
A i t apa ti le diffusio odel as defi ed usi g the follo i g e uatio [ ]:
/ p
t=k ti + i
he e kpi g/ g i / is the ate pa a ete of stage
i, a d is o tai ed f o the slope of the st aight li e of t e sust/. Ci is the plot i te ept a d ep ese ts the ou da la e effe t [ ].
Statisti al a al sis
Results a e sho as the ea ± sta da d de iatio
SD. O e- a a al sis of a ia e ANOVA as applied fo ea h pa a ete . Tuke test as used as a test a poste io i ith a le el of sig ifi a e of %. All statisti al a al ses e e pe fo ed usi g the O igi P o
soft a e pa kage.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effe t of o ta t ti e o d e e o al
I easi g the du atio of o ta t ti e auses a i eased a ou t of d e uptake Figu e . The adso
p-tio of MB o to offee a d tea aste as apid du i g the i itial stage of the o ta t pe iod. It o u ed ithi the fi st i a d the g aduall slo ed do hile it ea hed e uili iu . I te s of effe ti e ess a d effi ie of adso ptio p o ess, o pletio of the p o ess ithi a sho t ti e is e t e el i po ta t fo i dust ial appli atio s [ ]. “i ila esults ha e ee o tai ed Nasuha et al. [ ] fo the i itial adso ptio stage of MB o to eje ted tea ithi the fi st i . The fast adso ptio at the i itial stage a e due to the fa t that a la ge u e of su fa e sites a e a aila le fo adso ptio . Afte a lapse of ti e, the e ai i g su fa e sites a e diffi ult to e o upied, p
o-a l e o-ause of the epulsio et ee the solute ole ules of the solid a d ulk phases ake it took lo g ti e to ea h e uili iu [ ]. I additio , the late p o ess egi e a also e follo ed slo e adso ptio i side the po es of adso e ts [ ].The sa e o se atio s ha e ee p e iousl epo ted Dutta et al. these ha e i estigated the MB e o al usi g it us f uit peel [ ].
MB uptake o to it us aste, as ell as lettu e aste, as i a o sta t i ease du i g the e a i ed o ta t ti e, e ept i a ase of t o lo est o e -t a-tio s of a d g/L, he e -the d e up-take as al ost i sig ifi a t. These ate ials e ui e e te ded o ta t ti e fo the esta lish e t of p o ess e uili -iu . Ne e theless, esults o tai ed i this stud ha e
ee i p o ed, i te s of faste ea hi g the e uili -iu , o pa ed to lite atu e epo ts. Fo e a ple, Ah ad a d Rah a [ ] ha e oted that o ta t ti e of h as e ui ed fo ea hi g the e uili -iu i the p o ess of RBO R d e adso ptio o to offee husks ith the i itial d e o e t atio s of – – g/L , hile the othe stud Oli ei a et al. [ ] i di ated that h of the o ta t ti e assu ed attai e t of e uili iu o to offee husks fo all i itial MB o e t atio s e aluated up to
g/L. I additio , adso ptio e uili iu has ee ea hed ithi h fo eth le e lue adso ptio o to tea aste, he ei the d e o e t atio s e e i a
a ge of – g/L [ ].
Effe t of o e t atio o d e e o al
The a ou t of MB adso ed pe u it of ass of adso e t i eased ith the i ease i i itial o e -t a-tio , ea i g i i ds all of -tes-ted adso e -ts. Rais-i g the d e o e t atRais-io f o to g/L allo s the adso e ts to i ease thei so ptio apa ities. The phe o e o has also ee epo ted p e iousl i the lite atu e [ , – ]. The i itial d e o e t atio p
Figu e . Effe t of o ta t ti e o eth le e lue d e adso ptio o to: offee aste a , tea aste , it us aste a d lettu e aste d , at a ious i itial d e o e t atio s adso e t ass: 7g/L, p , 7 °C .
high, he e esulti g i highe adso ptio apa it . I fa t, the atio of the i itial u e of d e ole ules to the a aila le su fa e a ea is lo e at a lo e i itial o e t atio o pa ed to highe i itial o e t atio [ ]. “o e esea he s ha e o se ed the fast adso p-tio of d e at lo e o e t ap-tio s, as a i di ap-tio that d es adso ptio o u s ai l o the su fa e of the adso e t [ ]. As the d e o e t atio i eases, the adso ptio p o ess ill p o a l o u i t o stages: the fi st o e at the adso e t su fa e faste a d the se o d o e slo e i the adso e t po es [ ]. It appea s that i ou i estigatio the d e o
-e t atio had ot aff-e t-ed th-e adso ptio sp-e-ed. Coffee aste e p essed a i u adso ptio ap-a it . g/g , follo ed teap-a ap-aste . g/g , lettu e aste . g/g a d it us aste . g/g , espe ti el . It as o se ed that the adso ptio ap-a ities depe d upo the sou es of the ap-a ap-ate iap-als used. Bea i g i i d that a a ate ials ha e ee odified a ious ph si al a d he i al t
eat-e ts theat-eseat-e i ludeat-e theat-e useat-e of o eat-e o leat-ess eat-e peat-e si eat-e
a d ad e se he i als i o de to affe t a d i p o e the adso ptio apa it , this stud ai s ith the e e ptio of usage of a he i al age ts a d i e-diate utilizatio of a estau a t aste. I additio , thei ost app oa hes ze o. The adso ptio apa it of these u o e tio al adso e ts as due to thei atu e o positio , a d the a iatio s i the o te t of pol e s su h as pol sa ha ides, lig i , he i el-luloses a d ellulose, p otei s, fats a d a a iet of othe ele e ts [ ].
It is ot u o o that offee a d tea esidues ha e ee al ead applied as adso e ts fo a t pes of adso ates, a d the o tai ed esults e e o e o less i p o ed, o pa ed ith the lite atu e epo ts. Thei ai ole i this i estigatio asi all o sisted as a efe e e poi t fo assessi g the effe t-i e ess of othe t pes of tested adso e ts. The
aste. I this espe t, it a e suggested that d e so ptio studies should take i to fu the o side atio lettu e aste as pote tial effe ti e a d a aila le lo
ost adso e t.
Coffee a d tea aste pe fo ed ette adso ptio affi it i MB d e, o pa ed to so e hea etals, e ide ed the follo i g lite atu e epo ts. Oli ei a
et al. [ ] oted that adso ptio apa ities of u t eated offee husks e e i a a ge f o . up to . g/g fo oppe , zi , ad iu a d h o e e -o al f -o its a ue-ous s-oluti-o s. Als-o, Ahlu alia a d Go al [ ] epo ted adso ptio apa it of aste tea lea es fo i kel e o al of g/g. I addi-tio , esults p ese ted i this pape e e highe tha those fou d fo othe o spe ifi t pes of io ate ials fo MB adso ptio apa it . Fo e a ple, N i i et al. [ ] epo ted adso ptio apa ities of . up to . g/g of Posido ia o ea i a L. fi e s fo MB uptake, as d e o e t atio aises f o to
g/L, espe ti el . A othe stud Ha a et al. [ ] oted haff apa it fo MB uptake of . g/g afte i of o ta t.
It should e oted that highe adso ptio apa ities ha e ee p e iousl epo ted fo MB uptake tea aste [ ], as ell as o a ge peel [ ]. Those ate ials e e also utilized ithout a p et eat e t, ut so e additio al effe ts ha e ee i luded i the i estigatio , like a i g the pH of the d e solutio a d te -pe atu e, as ell. Te -pe atu e effe ts ha e ee e e pted i this stud , i te s of o e all ost ed-u tio , hile p eli i a e pe i e tal esed-ults sho ed that pH a iatio s of i itial d e solutio s did ot sig ifi a tl affe t the p o ess effi ie data ot sho . Thus, pH e ai ed u odified du i g the e ti e pe iod of the p o ess du atio . “o e lite atu e epo ts also testif a out i ele a t pH effe ts i d e adso ptio e pe i e ts [ ].
The d e e o al pe e tages of all tested adso -e ts ha -e -e-e p -es-e t-ed i Ta l-e .
Ma i u o tai ed d e e o al pe e tage as attai ed ith offee aste, follo ed tea aste, lettu e aste a d it us aste, espe ti el . A o pa ati e e ie of the effe t of ti e o the pe e tages of MB e o al of all tested adso e ts is g aphi all p ese ted o Figu e .
Figu e . Effe t of ti e o eth le e lue d e e o al o offee, tea, lettu e a d it us aste i: g/L, adso e t
ass: 7g/L, p , 7 °C .
It as al ulated that offee aste e o ed al ost % of i itial d e o e t atio ithi i f o the sta t of the e pe i e t, at the i itial MB o e t atio of g/L. Fo the spe ified pe iod of ti e, tea aste e o ed %, lettu e aste % a d it us aste % of the i itial d e o e t atio . The esults p e-se ted i this pape ha e ee i p o ed o pa ed to p e iousl epo ted. Oli ei a et al. [ ] oted that the a ou t of MB adso ed o to offee husks a ged f o to % afte h a d f o to % afte h of o ta t, hile Ha a et al. [ ] epo ted MB e o al effi ie haff of % up to i . “o e esea he s ha e o se ed the de li e of MB e o al pe e tage as the i itial d e o e t atio i eased [ , , ]. Ne e theless, epo ted o e -t a-tio s e e u h highe -tha -those p ese -ted i -this pape . The esea he s e plai ed that the i eased u e of d e ole ules leads to satu atio of adso -e t su fa -e, a d thus ost of th-e d -e adso ptio took pla e slo l i side the po es [ ]. The e tio ed
phe-o e a ha e phe-ot ee phe-o se ed ithi the a ge phe-of o e t atio s tested i this pape . Thus, it ight e said that d e ole ules ha e ee p edo i a tl ads-o ed ads-o the ads-oute su fa e.
Ta le . Ma i u d e e o al pe e tages fo diffe e t eth le e lue d e i itial o e t atio s o offee, tea, lettu e a d it us aste adso e t ass: 7 g/L, p , 7 °C
Adso e t i / g L
–
Coffee aste Tea aste Lettu e aste Cit us aste
. ± . . ± . . ± . . ± .
. ± . . ± . . ± . . ± .
. ± . . ± . . ± . . ± .
. ± . . ± . . ± . . ± .
. ± . . ± . . ± . . ± .
E uili iu adso ptio Isothe s
The adso ptio e uili iu p o ides fu da e tal ph sio he i al data fo e aluati g the appli a ilit of the so ptio p o ess as a u it ope atio [ ]. The suit-a ilit of isothe odels hsuit-as ee ostl o psuit-a ed
judgi g the o elatio oeffi ie ts, R. Isothe odel pa a ete s a e p ese ted i Ta le . O l the La g ui isothe pa a ete s e e o itted due to o g e pe i e tal data fitti g. The La g ui odel al ulatio s esulted i o tai i g of egati e pa
a-ete alues, i di ati g to it’s o pla-etel i o pat-i pat-ilpat-it to fpat-it the a tual so ptpat-io s ste . Thpat-is fa t pat-ight
e the fi st ote efe i g that adso e ts su fa es e e ot ho oge ous o e a e lude assu ptio s that the i te a tio s e ist et ee adso ed
ole-ules.
The F eu dli h isothe odel e hi ited ette e pe i e tal fit tha oth the Te ki –P zhe a d Du i i –Radushke i h, espe ti el , fo all of tested adso e ts. This assu ptio p i a i di ates that the so ptio p o ess as ased o so ptio o a hete o-ge eous su fa e o su fa e suppo ti g sites of a ied affi ities [ ]. B o pa i g KF alues, it as o fi ed that the highest so ptio apa it possesses offee aste, follo ed tea, lettu e a d it us aste. Reg-a di g to Reg-alues it Reg-as ge e Reg-all estReg-a lished thReg-at
alues of > illust ate that adso ate is fa o a l adso ed o the adso e t he eas < de o st ate the adso ptio p o ess is he i al i atu e [ , ]. alues o tai ed fo all t pes of adso e ts e e less tha , de o st ated the adso ptio p o ess ight e
he i al i atu e.
These esults e e so e hat e pe ted. As a ate ials e e used, ithout a p e-t eat e t, it as u likel that thei su fa e o tai s ho oge ous ites, as the La g ui odel suggests. Lite atu e epo ts a out p e-t eated offee esidues, these a e used as d e adso e ts sho ed good ag ee e t ith La g ui
isothe [ ]. The sa e as o se ed fo tea aste [ ], as ell as o a ge peel [ ].
Ki eti stud
Adso ptio ki eti s des i es the ate of adso ate uptake go e i g the o ta t ti e of adso ptio ea -tio [ , ]. The esults sho ed that the so p-tio p o-ess follo ed a pseudo-se o d-o de e ha is fo all tested adso e ts, ased o the high o elatio oef-fi ie t alues Ta le . Fu the , o pa ed ith e pe-i e tal esults e,e p, the alues of e, al fo the pseudose o do de odel e e u h o e easo -a le th-a those fo the pseudo-fi st-o de odel. Most of the e, al alues of the pseudo-fi st-o de odel de iated sig ifi a tl f o the e pe i e tal alues. The est fit sho ed tea a d offee aste, follo ed lettu e a d it us aste. Also, pseudo-se o d o de odel as de eloped o the p i iple that the ate li iti g step a e he iso ptio p o oted eithe ale fo es, th ough sha i g of ele t o s et ee ioso e t a d so ate, o o ale t fo es, th ough the e ha ge of ele t o s et ee the pa ties i ol ed [ ]. The pseudo-se o d-o de ki eti plot fo the ads-o ptiads-o ads-of MB d e ads-o tads-o ads-offee, tea, lettu e a d it us
aste is p ese ted i Figu e . The spe ified odel follo s the p o ess ith a o e all tested a ge of o
-e t atio s.
P e ious esea he s ha e also epo ted the pseudo- -se o d-o de e ha is of MB adso ptio o to of-fee husks [ ], spe t tea [ , ], o a ge peel [ ], a d othe adso e ts, su h as i e husks [ ]. I additio , this ki eti odel as o o fo so e othe ads-o ed d es a d hea etals ads-o tads-o ads-offee a d tea
aste [ , , , ].
Ta le . Isothe o sta ts fo eth le e lue d e adso ptio s o offee, tea, lettu e a d it us aste adso e t ass: 7 g/L, p , 7 °C
Isothe odel Coffee aste Tea aste Lettu e aste Cit us aste
F eu dli h
RF . . . .
. . . .
Kf / g/g L/ g / . . . .
Te ki –P zhe
RT . . . .
T / J ol– . . . .
A . . . .
Du i i –Radushke i h
RD . . . .
β / ol J– . . × – . × – . × –
Figu e . Pseudo-se o d-o de ki eti plot fo the adso ptio of eth le e lue d e o offee, tea, lettu e a d it us aste
i: g/L, adso e t ass: 7 g/L, p , 7 °C .
Adso ptio e ha is
A i t apa ti le diffusio odel as e plo ed i o de to fu the la if the adso ptio e ha is a d dete i e ate o t olli g steps [ , ]. I a o da e ith the applied odel, the plot of t e sust/ should e li ea if the i t apa ti le diffusio o u s. Fu the , if the plot passes th ough the o igi , the ate li iti g p o ess is o l due to the i t apa ti le diffusio [ ].
The esults of e pe i e tal data fitti g ithi i t a-pa ti le diffusio odel a e p ese ted i Figu e a d
o espo di g pa a ete s a e o tai ed i Ta le . It as fou d that the so ptio p o ess e hi it ulti-li ea it a d te ds to e follo ed t o stages Fig.
. The sa e ultili ea it patte has also ee ep-o ted p e iep-ousl a iep-ous esea he s, thus i di ati g that the p o ess i ol es o e tha o e ki eti stage [ , , , ]. The fi st i itial li ea stage a e ef-e ef-ed to a i sta ta ef-eous adso ptio a d is p o a l due to a ele t ostati att a tio et ee the d e ole ules a d the e te al su fa e of the adso e t [ , ]. The se o d stage is a g adual adso ptio stage, as i ed to the i t apa ti le diffusio [ , ]. It a e also ega ded as the solute diffusio f o la ge po es
to the i opo es ausi g a slo adso ptio ate [ , ].
Vadi ela a d Ku a [ ] had oted that the adso ptio of eth le e lue d e o to the lo ost i e husk ased adso e t follo ed si ila t o-po tio i t apa ti le diffusio patte , as ell as adso ptio of a id iolet o to o a ge peel [ ]. A othe t pe of ads-o ates, su h as phe ads-ols, de ads-o st ated that adsads-o p-tio o to tea aste also o u ed i the sa e a e as p e iousl des i ed [ ].
F o the Figu e , it as lea that i t apa ti le diffusio as ot the full ope ati e e ha is , si e slopes of the plots do ot pass th ough the o igi a d this o se atio ight e applied to all of tested adso
-e ts. Ho -e -e , th-e p o -ess do-es ot o u id-e ti all at all e a i ed o e t atio s. The li ea plots fo lo e o e t atio s a d g/L te d to pass e lose to the o igi . With fu the i ease of i itial d e o e t atio s, the i te ept alues i ease, too, i di-ati g to the g eate o t i utio of su fa e so ptio i the p o ess [ ]. This de iatio f o the o igi a e due to the diffe e e i the ate of ass t a sfe i the i itial a d fi al stages of adso ptio [ ]. Al ost all the i te epts epo ted he e e e positi e, i di ati g that elati el apid adso ptio o u s ithi a sho t pe iod of ti e. Also, the kpi alues i ease as the d e i itial o e t atio s i ease. It ight e o luded that i t apa ti le diffusio te ds to e ate o t olli g step fo lo e d e o e t atio s, hile fo highe o e -t a-tio s -the o-the e ha is , su h as fil diffusio , is
o side ed to e i ol ed.
CONCLUSIONS
I e pe si e a d eadil a aila le estau a t aste, i ludi g offee, tea, lettu e a d it us esidues, ha e ee tested fo eth le e lue effi ie e o al a dthei adso ptio apa ities e e dete i ed. Coffee aste sho ed highest adso ptio apa it , a d the efo e the highest d e e o al effi ie . The e-upo , the e a e tea as ell as lettu e a d it us aste,
espe ti el , ith o side ate adso ptio apa ilities. The d e e o al as o e effe ti e as d e o e -Ta le . Ki eti o sta ts fo eth le e lue adso ptio o offee, tea, lettu e a d it us aste, at g/L of d e o e t atio
adso e t ass: 7 g/L, p , 7 °C
Adso e t Pseudo-fi st o de ki eti odel Pseudo-se o d o de ki eti odel e e p g/g e ala
g/g / i k R e al g/g g/ g i k R
Coffee aste Tea aste Lettu e aste Cit us aste
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Figu e . I t apa ti le diffusio odel plots fo the adso ptio of eth le e lue d e o to offee aste a , tea aste , lettu e aste a d it us aste d adso e t ass: 7 g/L, p , 7 °C .
Ta le . I t apa ti le diffusio odel o sta ts a d o elatio oeffi ie ts fo adso ptio of eth le e lue d e o offee, tea, lettu e a d it us aste adso e t ass: 7 g/L, p , 7 °C
Adso e t Pa a ete Co e t atio , g/L
Coffee aste kpi / g g– i – / . . . .
i / g g– . . . .
R . . . .
Tea aste kpi / g g– i – / . . . .
i / g g– . . . . . .
R . . . .
Lettu e aste kpi / g g– i – / . . . .
i / g g– . . . .
R . . . .
Cit us aste kpi / g g– i – / . . . .
i / g g– . . . . . .
t atio i eases f o up to g/L. “o ptio iso-the esults asse ted that iso-the so ptio p o ess as
ased o i te a tio s o a hete oge eous su fa e as all of adso e ts follo ed F eu dli h odel. Ki eti a
al-sis e ealed that pseudo-se o d-o de odel as the p i a p o ess e ha is , ut also the e as the te de that i t apa ti le diffusio odel follo s the p o ess at e lo d e o e t atio s.
Restau a t aste pe fo s ell i e o i g the MB at o ost, so it a e adopted a d idel used i i dust ies fo o ta i ated ate t eat e t as a o
-ept of aste-to- ealth. Fu the p o ess i estigatio a i lude the fo of i teg ated a d o p ehe si e estau a t aste fo t eat e t of i dust ial efflue ts, o tai i g ot o l d es, ut also othe polluta ts, like hea etals, et .
A k o ledge e ts
The fi a ial suppo t fo this i estigatio gi e Mi ist of Edu atio , “ ie e a d Te h ologi al De elop e t of the Repu li of “e ia u de the p o-je t TR is g atefull a k o ledged. The autho s
ould also like to tha k the Hotel - Restau a t H att , Belg ade, “e ia, fo p o idi g ate ials fo i esti-gatio .
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IZVOD
ISKORIŠĆENJE SIROVOG OTPADA IZ RESTORANA ZA ADSORPCIJU BOJA
Ma ija D. Pa lo ić, I a R. Nikolić, Mili a D. Miluti o ić, “uza a I. Di it ije ić-B a ko ić, “la i a “. Šile -Ma i ko ić, Duša G. A to o ić
U i e zitet u Beog adu, Teh ološko- etalu ški fakultet, Kated a za iohe ijsko i že je st o i ioteh ologiju, Ka egije a , Beog ad, S ija
Nauč i ad
Metile pla o je az a oja sa st uktu o hete o iklič og a o atič og jedi-je ja, koja se u do u sa e e og d ušt a često ko isti za ojedi-je jedi-je az ih tipo a ate ijala. Eflue ti iz i dust ije oja p edsta ljaju jed u od ajp o le atič ijih sta otpad ih oda za t eti a je, usled jiho e elike iološke i he ijske pot e e za kiseo iko . Po ed toga, toksič ost i teško azg adi a p i oda oja ogu z a-čaj o uti ati a fotosi tetičku akti ost ode og s eta. Adso p ijo a č sti
osači a ogu se uklo iti, od os o, s esti a i i u az i tipo i zagađi ača, z og čega o a teh ika i a ši oku p i e u u ko t oli zagađe ja oda. “ ti u ezi, ispiti a a je oguć ost isko išće ja si o og otpada iz esto a a za adso p iju i ukla ja je oje etile pla o iz ode ih ast o a. U adu su od eđi a i adso p-io i kapa iteti otpad ih si o i a ajčešće ko zu i a ih a i i a, uključujući kafu, čaj, zele u salatu i eša i u it us og oća it usa . P o es adso p ije iz e-de je u ša ž o eži u, uz eša je a t esili i, u uslo i a a ije tal e te -pe atu e. Efikas ost p o esa p aće a je u za is osti od p o e e ko e t a ije oje u ad i ast o i a. Pokaza o je da otpad a kafa ispolja a aj iši adso p-io i kapa itet, a za jo otpad i čaj, zele a salata i it usi, edo . Nako i odig a a ja eak ije, a kafi se ezalo goto o %, dok a čaju %, zele oj salati
% i it usi a % od počet e ko e t a ije ast o a oje. Vezi a je oje a adso e ti a ilo je efikas ije u slučaje i a kada je ko e t a ija ast o a oje asla od do g/L. Na os o u ispiti a ja ajčešće p i e ji a ih odela izo-te i za defi isa je adso p io e a oizo-teže, p o ađe o je da su a oizo-tež i po-da i, u slučaje i a s ih sta adso e ata, ili u skladu sa F oj dliho o adso p-io o izote o . “ ti u ezi, s at a se da je p o es odig a a ja eak ije azi-a azi-a i te azi-ak ijazi-a azi-a iz eđu olekulazi-a oje i fu k io azi-al ih g upazi-a azi-a hete oge oj po ši i adso e ata. Ki etika i eha iza eak ija opisa i su po p i ipu o-dela pseudo-d ugog eda, koji se zas i a a p etposta i da he iso p ija, od-os o st a a je he ijskih eza iz eđu adso e ta i adso ata, ko t oliše elo-kupa tok eak ija. Isko išće je si o og otpada iz esto a a ože se doći do eko o ski isplati og eše ja za zo i efikas o ukla ja je toksič ih i teško az-g adi ih oja iz ode ih ast o a. “ at a se da o a sta otpad oaz-g ate ijala ože aći s oju p i e u u oj i adso p io i p o esi a, u p o edu o i koji se zas i aju a t et a i a p ečišća a ja otpad ih i pijaćih oda.
Ključ e eči: Adso p ija • Boja • Otpad iz
