■❉❊◆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❱❆▲❖❘❊❙ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆
P❆❘❆ ▼➱❚❘■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊❙
❚❆❘❈❮❙■❖ ●❯❊❘❘❆ ❙❆❱■◆❖ ❋■▲Ó
■❉❊◆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❱❆▲❖❘❊❙ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆
P❆❘❆ ▼➱❚❘■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊❙
❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❖❙ P❖❘ ❖❇❏❊❚❖❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ ▼❛r✐③❛ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❇✐❣♦♥❤❛
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ ❑❡❝✐❛ ❆❧✐♥❡ ▼❛rq✉❡s ❋❡rr❡✐r❛
➞ ✷✵✶✹✱ ❚❛r❝ís✐♦ ●✉❡rr❛ ❙❛✈✐♥♦ ❋✐❧ó✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳
❋✐❧ó✱ ❚❛r❝ís✐♦ ●✉❡rr❛ ❙❛✈✐♥♦
❋✹✽✽✐ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✴ ❚❛r❝ís✐♦ ●✉❡rr❛ ❙❛✈✐♥♦ ❋✐❧ó✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✶✹
①①✈✱ ✶✾✼ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐ss ✖ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ ▼❛r✐③❛ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❇✐❣♦♥❤❛ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ ❑❡❝✐❛ ❆❧✐♥❡ ▼❛rq✉❡s ❋❡rr❡✐r❛
✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✖ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✖ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✸✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✖ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✖ ❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✳ ■■✳ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✳ ■■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦
❘❡s✉♠♦
❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ r❛③ã♦ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❢❛③ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✶✶✶ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✶✽ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♥❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ♣r♦♣✉s❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✳ ◆♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✉❣❡r❡ três ❢❛✐①❛s ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ❇♦♠✴❋r❡q✉❡♥t❡✱ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✴❖❝❛s✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❡ ❘✉✐♠✴❘❛r♦✳ ❆ ❢❛✐①❛ ❇♦♠✴❋r❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ❢❛✐①❛ ❘✉✐♠✴❘❛r♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✴❖❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❡ ♥❡♠ sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡ss❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡❧❡s r❡✢❡t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ♦ r❡❛❧ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐♠♦s três ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s s✉❣❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇♥✳ ❚❤✐s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ❛ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❤❛t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛s✲ s❡ss♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s st✐❧❧ ♥♦t t❤❡r❡ ✐♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♥❞✉str②✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛ ♣r❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ❛♥ ✶✶✶ s②st❡♠ ❞❛t❛s❡t✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ❢♦r ✶✽ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s♦♠❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❛t ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② ❢r♦♠ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣✉❡ ♦❢ t❤r❡s❤✲ ♦❧❞s t❤❛t ❣❛t❤❡rs ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡s✳ ❖✉r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤r❡❡ r❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s✿ ●♦♦❞✴❈♦♠♠♦♥✱ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✴❈❛s✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❇❛❞✴❯♥❝♦♠♠♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ●♦♦❞✴ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ r❛♥❣❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ❚❤❡ ❇❛❞✴❯♥❝♦♠♠♦♥ r❛♥❣❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇✐t❤ q✉✐t❡ ❧♦✇ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✴❈❛s✉❛❧ r❛♥❣❡ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ♦♥❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ✈❛❧✉❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♥♦t t♦♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ♥❡✐t❤❡r ❤❛✈❡ ✈❡r② ❧♦✇ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧② ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ ❜❡st ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ✐♥ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ t❤❡② r❡✢❡❝t ❛ q✉❛❧✐t② st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❚♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❛❧✐t②✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝❛♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❛❧✐t②✱ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ▼❛✐♥ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❬✶✾✾✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❊❘ ✲ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛s✳❝❧❛ss ❈♦r♣✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✸ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✹ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à
❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✺ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦
à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✻ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✼ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✽ ❈❆ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✾ ❈✉r✈❛s ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ ♠♦❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s✐♠❡✲
tr✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❉♦❛♥❡ ✫ ❙❡✇❛r❞ ❬✷✵✶✶❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❱♦s❡❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P❛r❡t♦ ✷✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❱♦s❡❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❲❡✐❜✉❧❧✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❱♦s❡❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ P❛r❡t♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❱♦s❡❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✼ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●✉♠❜❡❧ ▼❛①✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❊❛s②❋✐t ❬✷✵✶✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✽ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❈❤✐✲❙q✉❛r❡❞✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❱♦s❡❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✷✵✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✾ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡✲ ❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✶✵ ❈❆ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶✶ Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦
❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡✲ ❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✶✷ ❉■❚ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❉✉♣❧❛ ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❉■❚ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ ✼✷ ✺✳✶✹ ❆✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❡sã♦ ❡♠ ▼ét♦❞♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡
❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✶✺ ▲❈❖▼ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r✲
♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✶✻ Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❆♥✐♥❤❛❞♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡
❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●✉♠❜❡❧ ▼❛① ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●✉♠❜❡❧ ▼❛① ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✶✼ ◆❇❉ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✶✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❉✉♣❧❛ ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ◆❇❉ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ ✼✽ ✺✳✶✾ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥✳ P❛r❡t♦ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥✳ P❛r❡t♦ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✷✵ ❘▼❉ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛✲
❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✻✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳ ❬❙♦♠♠❡r✈✐❧❧❡✱ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✷ P❛❞rã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ▼❱❈✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙♦♠♠❡r✈✐❧❧❡ ❬✷✵✶✵❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❛ ❘❆❋❚♦♦❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✹ ■♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✿ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✻✳✺ ■♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✻ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦✉ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✿ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦
❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦✳✶✵✶ ✻✳✼ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿ ❈❆❙❯❆▲❬▼▲❖❈ ❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✻✳✽ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿ ❈❆❙❯❆▲❬▼▲❖❈ ❪ ❆◆❉ ❈❆❙❯❆▲❬❱●❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✼✳✶ Pr❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✼✳✷ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✸✳✶✴✼✳✹✳✶ ✭◆❖❈✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✶✶✶ ✼✳✸ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✹✳✶✴✼✳✺✳✶ ✭◆❖❈✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✶✶✶ ✼✳✹ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✺✳✶✴✼✳✻ ✭◆❖❈✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✶✶✷ ✼✳✺ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✸✳✶✴✼✳✹✳✶ ✭❈❆✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✶✶✸ ✼✳✻ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✹✳✶✴✼✳✺✳✶ ✭❈❆✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✶✶✹ ✼✳✼ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✺✳✶✴✼✳✻ ✭❈❆✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✼✳✽ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✸✳✶✴✼✳✹✳✶ ✭❈❊✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✶✶✻ ✼✳✾ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✹✳✶✴✼✳✺✳✶ ✭❈❊✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✶✶✻ ✼✳✶✵ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✺✳✶✴✼✳✻ ✭❈❊✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✼✳✶✶ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✸✳✶✴✼✳✹✳✶ ✭❘▼❉✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✶✶✽ ✼✳✶✷ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✹✳✶✴✼✳✺✳✶ ✭❘▼❉✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✶✶✽ ✼✳✶✸ ❏❍♦t❞r❛✇ ✼✳✺✳✶✴✼✳✻ ✭❘▼❉✮✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❜✮ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✶✶✾
❆✳✶ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊❢❡r❡♥t❡✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡✲ ❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✾ ❆✳✷ ❈❊ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵ ❆✳✸ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦r ▼ét♦❞♦✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡
❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P❛r❡t♦ ✷ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉✲ ♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P❛r❡t♦ ✷ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶
❆✳✹ ▼▲❖❈ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r✲ ♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✷ ❆✳✺ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ♣♦r P❛❝♦t❡✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡
❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹ ❆✳✻ ◆❖❈ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✺ ❆✳✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✻ ❆✳✽ ◆❖❋ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✼ ❆✳✾ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❲❡✐❜✉❧❧ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉s✲ t❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❲❡✐❜✉❧❧ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽ ❆✳✶✵ ◆❖▼ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛✲
❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✾ ❆✳✶✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❙♦❜r❡s❝r✐t♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡
❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P♦✇❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛✲ t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P♦✇❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✵ ❆✳✶✷ ◆❖❘▼ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r✲
♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✶ ❆✳✶✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❤❛s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡✲
❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✷ ❆✳✶✹ ◆❙❈ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✸
❆✳✶✺ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❊stát✐❝♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✺ ❆✳✶✻ ◆❙❋ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✻ ❆✳✶✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊stát✐❝♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡
❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❇❡t❛ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✼ ❆✳✶✽ ◆❙▼ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✽ ❆✳✶✾ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●✉♠❜❡❧ ▼❛① ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●✉♠❜❡❧ ▼❛① ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✾ ❆✳✷✵ P❆❘ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✵ ❆✳✷✶ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P♦✇❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P♦✇❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✶ ❆✳✷✷ ❙■❳ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✷ ❆✳✷✸ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❝❈❛❜❡✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥✲
❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P♦✇❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉✲ ❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ P♦✇❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✹ ❆✳✷✹ ❱● ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✺
❆✳✷✺ ▼ét♦❞♦s P♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❈❧❛ss❡✿ ✭❛✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❉✐s♣❡rsã♦ ✭❜✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝✮ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ✭❞✮ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦ à ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ✭❡✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❢✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✻ ❆✳✷✻ ❲▼❈ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡t♦r♥❛✲
❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❊❛s②❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❑ ❡ ▼❖❖❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❈❑ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞♦ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛s✳❝❧❛ss ❈♦r♣✉s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❚❡rr❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♠étr✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺✳✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✸ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ▼▲❖❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✹ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✺ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✻ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✼ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖❘▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✽ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❙❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✾ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❙❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✶✵ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✶✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ P❆❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✶✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❙■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✶✸ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❱● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✹ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❲▼❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✶✺ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❉■❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✶✻ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ▲❈❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✶✼ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❇❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✶✽ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❘▼❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✶✾ ❈❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r
♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✺✳✷✵ ❈❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✼✳✶ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çõ❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ✲ ❏❍♦t❉r❛✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✼✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ◆❖❈✱ ❈❆✱ ❈❊ ❡ ❘▼❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵
✽✳✶ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✽✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s r✉✐♥s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❳❨❩✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✽✳✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❲▼❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✽✳✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✽✳✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ▲❈❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✽✳✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✽✳✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ▼▲❖❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✽✳✽ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❇❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✽✳✾ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❱● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✽✳✶✵ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❉■❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹
✾✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ✐♥s♣❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ✾✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✐♥s♣❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✹ ✾✳✸ ❈♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢❛✐①❛s
❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦s ❡ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛❧ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳ ✶✺✶
❆✳✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✽ ❆✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ▼▲❖❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵ ❆✳✸ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✸ ❆✳✹ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✺ ❆✳✺ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✼ ❆✳✻ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❖❘▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✾ ❆✳✼ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❙❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✶ ❆✳✽ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❙❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✹ ❆✳✾ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✹ ❆✳✶✵ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ P❆❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✽ ❆✳✶✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❙■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✵ ❆✳✶✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❱● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸ ❆✳✶✸ ❱❛❧♦r❡s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❲▼❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆ ❆❜str❛❝t♥❡ss ✭❆❜str❛çã♦✮
❆❈ ❆✛❡r❡♥t ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ✭❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡✮
❆❈■ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ❞✉❡ t♦ ■♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ✭❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛✮
❆❍❋ ❆ttr✐❜✉t❡ ❍✐❞✐♥❣ ❋❛❝t♦r ✭❋❛t♦r ❖❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦✮
❈❆▲▼ ❈❧❛ss ❆❣❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ▲❡✈❡❧ ▼❡❛s✉r❡ ✭◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡✮
❈❇❖ ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❝❧❛ss❡s ✭❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s✮
❈❈■ ❈❧❛ss ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❞✉❡ t♦ ■♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ✭❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛✮
❈❈❖▼ ❈❧❛ss ❈♦❤❡s✐♦♥ ▼❡❛s✉r❡ ✭❈♦❡sã♦ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡✮
❈■❈▼ ❈❧❛ss ■♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ▼❡❛s✉r❡ ✭❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡✮
❈▼❈ ❈❧❛ss ▼❡t❤♦❞ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ✭❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡✮
❈▼❈▼ ❈❧❛ss ▼❡♠❜❡r ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ▼❡❛s✉r❡ ✭❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ▼❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss❡✮
❈❖❋ ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ❋❛❝t♦r ✭❋❛t♦r ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦✮
❈❚❆ ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤t ❆❜str❛❝t ❉❛t❛ ✭❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❉❛❞♦s ❆❜str❛t♦s✮
❈❚▼ ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤t ▼❡ss❛❣❡ P❛ss✐♥❣ ✭❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❚r♦❝❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✮
❉■❚ ❉❡♣t❤ ♦❢ ■♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ❚r❡❡ ✭Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛✮
❊❈ ❊✛❡r❡♥t ❈♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ✭❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊❢❡r❡♥t❡✮
■ ■♥st❛❜✐❧✐t② ✭■♥st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✮
▲❈❖▼ ▲❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❈♦❤❡s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✭❆✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❡sã♦ ❡♠ ▼ét♦❞♦s✮
▼❍❋ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ❍✐❞✐♥❣ ❋❛❝t♦r ✭❋❛t♦r ❖❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦✮
▼■❋ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ■♥❤❡r✐t❛♥❝❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ✭❋❛t♦r ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦✮
▼▲❖❈ ▲✐♥❡s ♦❢ ❈♦❞❡ ♣❡r ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✭▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦r ▼ét♦❞♦✮
◆❆❈ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❆♥❝❡st♦r ❈❧❛ss❡s ✭◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❆♥❝❡str❛✐s✮
◆❇❉ ◆❡st❡❞ ❇❧♦❝❦ ❉❡♣t❤ ✭Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❆♥✐♥❤❛❞♦s✮
◆❉❈ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❉❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t ❈❧❛ss❡s ✭◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❉❡s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✮
◆▲▼ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ▲♦❝❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ✭◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ▲♦❝❛✐s✮
◆❖❈ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❈❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ✭◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❤♦s✮
P❋ P♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ❋❛❝t♦r ✭❋❛t♦r P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦✮
❘❋ ❘❡✉s❡ ❋❛❝t♦r ✭❋❛t♦r ❘❡ús♦✮
❘❋❈ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❋♦r ❛ ❈❧❛ss ✭❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡✮
❘▼❉ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ✭❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛✮
❙■❳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ■♥❞❡① ✭❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✮
❲▼❈ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞s P❡r ❈❧❛ss ✭▼ét♦❞♦s P♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❈❧❛ss❡✮
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❖❜❥❡t♦s ✼ ✷✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ▼❖❖❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▼❛rt✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✺ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▲■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✻ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▼✐s❤r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✼ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▼❛❧✐❦ ✫ ❈❤❤✐❧❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✽ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✾ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❞❛s ▼étr✐❝❛s ❊st✉❞❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✵ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❈rít✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ❡♠ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✷✸ ✸✳✶ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❘❡❣r❡ssã♦ ▲♦❣íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✶✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❘❖❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❊st✉❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❈rít✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹ ❯♠ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✸✸ ✹✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✶✳✶ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛s✳❝❧❛ss ❈♦r♣✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❉❡r✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺ ❈❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✹✾
✺✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✺✳✶✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❊①tr❡♠❡ ❱❛❧✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶✳✷ ▲♦❣✲▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶✳✸ P❛r❡t♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❲❡✐❜✉❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✶✳✺ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ P❛r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✶✳✻ P♦✇❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✶✳✼ ❇❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✶✳✽ ●✉♠❜❡❧ ▼❛① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✶✳✾ ❈❤✐✲❙q✉❛r❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❢❡r❡♥t❡ ✭❈❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊❢❡r❡♥t❡ ✭❈❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✷✳✸ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦r ▼ét♦❞♦ ✭▼▲❖❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✷✳✹ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ♣♦r P❛❝♦t❡ ✭◆❖❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✺ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✭◆❖❋✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✻ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ✭◆❖▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✷✳✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❙♦❜r❡s❝r✐t♦s ✭◆❖❘▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✷✳✽ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❤❛s ✭◆❙❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✷✳✾ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❊stát✐❝♦s ✭◆❙❋✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✷✳✶✵ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊stát✐❝♦s ✭◆❙▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✷✳✶✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✭P❆❘✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✷✳✶✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❙■❳✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✷✳✶✸ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼❝❈❛❜❡ ✭❱●✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✷✳✶✹ ▼ét♦❞♦s P♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❈❧❛ss❡ ✭❲▼❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷✳✶✺ Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❍❡r❛♥ç❛ ✭❉■❚✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷✳✶✻ ❆✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❡sã♦ ❡♠ ▼ét♦❞♦s ✭▲❈❖▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷✳✶✼ Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❆♥✐♥❤❛❞♦s ✭◆❇❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✷✳✶✽ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✭❘▼❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✸ ❈❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✹✳✶ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❱❛❧♦r ❞❛ ▼étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❯♥✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ❘❡❧❛çã♦
à ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ❈♦r♣✉s ✽✻ ✺✳✹✳✹ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❆♠♦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✹✳✺ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❚❡st❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❡ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✹✳✻ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✻ ❘❆❋❚♦♦❧ ✲ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s✱ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❡ P❛❝♦t❡s ✽✾ ✻✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✻✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❱✐❡✇✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ✭▼❱❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ P❛❝♦t❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✷✳✸ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✸ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✻✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✼ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ■♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✵✺ ✼✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✼✳✶✳✶ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✼✳✶✳✷ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❍✐♣ót❡s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✼✳✶✳✸ ❘❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✼✳✶✳✹ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✼✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆❧✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
