❊❱❊❘❚❍❖◆ ❱❆▲❆❉➹❖
❋❉✲❙❊◆❙■ ✲ ❯▼ ❉❊❚❊❈❚❖❘ ❉❊ ❋❆▲❍❆❙
❆❉❆P❚❆❚■❱❖ ❊ ❙❯❆ ❆P▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❆ ❯▼
❙■❙❚❊▼❆ ❉■❙❚❘■❇❯❮❉❖ ❊▼ ▲❆❘●❆ ❊❙❈❆▲❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉♦r❣✐✈❛❧ ❖❧❛✈♦ ●✉❡❞❡s ◆❡t♦
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❉✉❛rt❡
❝
✷✵✵✾✱ ❊✈❡rt❤♦♥ ❱❛❧❛❞ã♦✳
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳
❱❛❧❛❞ã♦✱ ❊✈❡rt❤♦♥
❉❄❄❄❄♣ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ✲ ❯♠ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ✴ ❊✈❡rt❤♦♥ ❱❛❧❛❞ã♦✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✵✾
①✈✐✐✐✱ ✶✵✸ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉♦r❣✐✈❛❧ ❖❧❛✈♦ ●✉❡❞❡s ◆❡t♦ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❉✉❛rt❡
✶✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳ ✷✳ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s✳ ✸✳ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s✳ ■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
❬❋♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❆♣r♦✈❛çã♦❪
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❡st❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✱
❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✳ ❙❡ ✈♦❝ê ❡st✐✈❡r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❞❢❧❛t❡①✱
❛r♠❛③❡♥❡ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ P◆● ✭♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❏P❊● é ♣✐♦r ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✮✳
❙❡ ✈♦❝ê ❡st✐✈❡r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❧❛t❡① ✭♥ã♦ ♦ ♣❞❢❧❛t❡①✮✱ t❡rá q✉❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❊P❙✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧❂④♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦⑥
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉í❞♦ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❯♠ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✐❞❡❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r✲s❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s rá♣✐❞❛s ❡ ♣r❡✲ ❝✐s❛s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❢❛❧❤♦s ❛♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐✱ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ❋♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛✲ çã♦ ❞♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛s s✐♥tét✐❝❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❣❛s r❡❛✐s ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛ ❞❡ ♥ós ❞♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛❧✲ ❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❆❝❝r✉❛❧✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ t❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❆❝❝r✉❛❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✲ ✜❝❛t✐✈❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧s♦✲♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✳ ❖ tr❛❝❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦ ♥♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❣❧♦❜❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❡r✲ ❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ q✉❡✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ♥ó ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦ ❡ ♦s ❛tr❛s♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉✲♥♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜✱ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s✱ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ✐s ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ ❛♥② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ s②st❡♠ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❆♥ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ♠✉st ❛❞❛♣t t♦ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✴s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❢❛st ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❢❛✉❧t② ♥♦❞❡s t♦ ♦t❤❡r ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜❧❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♥❡✇ ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♣❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤❡❛✈✐❧② ❧♦❛❞❡❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✐♥ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ❞❡❧❛② s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✳ ❲❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ♦✉r ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐♥ ❛♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ♥♦❞❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❞❛②✱ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❆❝❝r✉❛❧✳ ❖✉r r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❆❝❝r✉❛❧✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❛❧s❡✲♣♦s✐t✐✈❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦✇ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛❝❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ♦♥ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ♠❛② ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐ts ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤❡ ❜❡st ✜tt❡❞ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❞❡❧❛②s ✐♥ ❣❧♦❜❛❧❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t❤❛t✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❧♦❛❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ♥♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞❡❧❛②s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ✉s t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❛♥❞ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❙②st❡♠s✱ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜✱ ❋❛✉❧t ❚♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡✱ ❋❛✐❧✉r❡ ❉❡t❡❝t♦rs✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ❚✐♠❡♦✉t ❞♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ❆❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❆❝❝r✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❈❛r❣❛s ◆♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✹✹ ✸✳✹ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆tr❛s♦s ◆♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✶ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❚r♦❝❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥♦ ❚❲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❘❚❚ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐ár✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❚❚ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❞❛ P❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✺ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐ár✐❛ ❞❛ P❡r❞❛ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✼ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐ár✐❛ ❞❛ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❚❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✽ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐ár✐❛ ❞♦ ✾✾✲q✉❛♥t✐❧ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❚❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✾ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✵ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ●❛♠♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❘❚❚ ❞♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✶✷ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❆ss✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✶ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈❛r❣❛ ♥♦ ❆tr❛s♦ ❞❛s ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❍❇ ✈✐❛ ❚❲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✸ ■♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛ ❡ s✉❛ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✹ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ♥♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✺ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✲ ❇❛✐①❛ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❋❛❧s♦✲♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✻ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✲ ❇❛✐①♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✼ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ♥✉♠ ❈❧✉st❡r ❚í♣✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✽ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ■♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❆tr❛s♦s✴P❡r❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✾ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ■♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❆tr❛s♦ ✽✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❉❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❜②s❤❡✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✲ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ◆♦r♠❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✸ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✲ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✹ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❋❛❧s♦✲♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✺ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✶ ❉❛t❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❆❥✉st❡ ❞❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✸ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❆ss✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✺ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❈❧✉st❡r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✻ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺✳✶ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❘❚❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❈❧✉st❡r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
❇✳✶ ▲✐st❛ ❞♦s ◆ós ❉❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ❇✳✷ ▲✐st❛ ❞♦s ◆ós ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✲ P❛rt❡ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❇✳✸ ▲✐st❛ ❞♦s ◆ós ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✲ P❛rt❡ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✺ ✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❆ssí♥❝r♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❆ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s❡♥s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♠✐t ❆tô♠✐❝♦ ◆ã♦✲❇❧♦❝❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ◗✉✐❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✸ ❖s ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸✳✷ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❊♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ▲❛r❣❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ✷✶ ✷✳✹ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸ ❖ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ✷✼ ✸✳✶ ❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✸✳✷ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❈❛r❣❛ ❙✐♥tét✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡ ❋❛t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❈❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✳✺ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❋❛t♦r✐❛❧ 23 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✷✳✻ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✸✳✶ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❋❛t♦r✐❛❧ 23 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✸✳✷ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❚r❛❝❡ ❞♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ✹✼ ✹✳✶ ❖ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❉❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈♦❧❡t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❚r❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❚r❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❆ss✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦s ❆tr❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✸✳✺ ❈❧✉st❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊♥❧❛❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✸✳✻ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❋❉ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛r❣❛ ✼✶ ✺✳✶ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❊♥tr❡ ❈❛r❣❛ ❡ ❆tr❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❈❛r❣❛ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡ ❋❛t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❆❞♦t❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❈❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❈❧✉st❡rs ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❘❚❚ ✫ P❡r❞❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✽✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✽✾
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ●❧♦ssár✐♦ ✾✼
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ◆ós ❞♦ ❚r❛❝❡ ✶✵✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ♥✉♠❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥á✲❧♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦✱ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s s✐st❡♠❛s sã♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♦✉ ♠❛s❝❛r❛♥❞♦✲❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s sã♦ ❞✐t♦s ✏t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✑ ❡ sã♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❚❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ t♦❧❡r❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❡①✳✿ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✮ ❡✴♦✉ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭❡①✳✿ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s✲ s❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✮ ❬❙❛♠♣❛✐♦ ✫ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♠❛s❝❛rá✲❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♦✉ ❛❝✉sá✲❧❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦ss❛ t♦♠❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳
❋✐❞❡❞✐❣♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐t②✮ é ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛tr✐❜✉✲ t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✮✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t②✮✱ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ✭s❛❢❡t②✮✱ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✐♥t❡❣r✐t②✮ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t②✮ ❬❆✈✐③✐❡♥✐s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ▼❡s♠♦ s❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢♦r ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛s❝❛r❛r ♦s ❡rr♦s✱ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ✜❞❡❞✐❣♥♦✱ ♣♦✐s é ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛r q✉❛❧ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❢❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦ss❛ t♦♠❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❬❱❡r✐ss✐♠♦ ✫ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❊st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s✐❣❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ■❙❖ ✾✶✷✻ ❬◆❇❘✲✶✸✺✾✻✱ ✶✾✾✻❪ ❡ s❡❥❛♠ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❛t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐✲ ❡♥t❡s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ♦✉ ♠íss❡✐s ❡ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✈✐❞❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❬❚✉r❝❤❡tt✐ ✫ ◆✉♥❡s✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳
❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✜❞❡❞✐❣♥♦s✱ r♦❜✉st♦s ❡ ❛✉t♦✲r❡♣❛rá✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❞♦ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦✈❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦s
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ t♦♠❛r ❛s ❞❡✈✐❞❛s ♣r♦✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ✭❋❉✮ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦rá❝✉❧♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✳ ❆ r❛③ã♦ ❞✐ss♦ é q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ❋❉s ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦s ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♥❡❧❡s ❤á ❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❢❛❧❤♦✉ ♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡stá ❛♣❡♥❛s ❧❡♥t❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❛tr❛s♦s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❢❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ s❡ s✉s♣❡✐t❡ ❞✐ss♦ ♦✉ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ s✉s♣❡✐t♦ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛❧❤❛❞♦✱ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❧s♦✲♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❋❛❧s♦✲♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ s✉s♣❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐s♣❛r❛r ✉♠ ❝✉st♦s♦ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ✐ss♦ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♠á①✐♠♦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡ s✉s♣❡✐t❛r ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❢❛❧❤❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ❧❡✈❛r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛✳ ❉❡♥✲ tr♦ ❞❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡❥❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✏q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✑✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❆ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦rr❡t♦s✱ s❡❣✉r♦s✱ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡✐s✱ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ✉❜í✲ q✉♦s✶ ❢♦✐ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❇❈ ❬✷✵✵✻❪ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡s✲
q✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛té ✷✵✶✻✳ ❍á ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡❧❡s sã♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ❡ s❡❣✉r♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s✉❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r❛✱ ♣♦✐s é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❬❈✉✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❈❤❛♥❞r❛ ✫ ❚♦✉❡❣✱ ✶✾✾✻❪✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s t❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ t♦r♥á✲ ❧♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧♦③❡s✱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❞❛♣tá✈❡✐s às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳
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✶✳✷✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✸
❖s ❋❉s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♦ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ✭r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✲ ❲❆◆s✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ s✉❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ✭▲❆◆s✮ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❲❆◆s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡✱ ❛té ♦♥❞❡ ♣✉❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡❥❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✳
❊♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ s♦❜ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❉✉❛rt❡✱ ♣r♦♣✉s ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ❬❱❛❧❛❞ã♦✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❊❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ s✉❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s✳ ❖ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ❢♦✐ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❝♦♠ t✐♠❡♦✉t ✜①♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❏●r♦✉♣s ❬▼♦♥tr❡s♦r✱ ✷✵✵✻❪ ❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❲❆◆s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐✱ ♦t✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✴♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜ ❬P❡t❡rs♦♥ ✫ ❘♦s❝♦❡✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♦✈❡r❧❛② ❣❧♦❜❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♠❛✐s ✜❞❡❞✐❣♥♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
✶✳✸ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆tr❛✈és ❞♦ tr❛❝❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ t❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ r❡❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ s✐♥tét✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜✳
❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ é ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈❛✲ r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠✱ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞♦ P❧❛♥❡t▲❛❜✱ ✉♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧s♦✲♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✳
Pr♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ♥ó ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦ ❡ ♦s ❛tr❛s♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s✳ ❉❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ♦ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥ó ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❛tr❛s♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❢❛❧s♦✲♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ♣♦s✲ sí✈❡❧ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ à ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ✜❝❛ r❡str✐t❛ ❛♦ ❋❉✲❙❡♥s✐✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦s ♥ós ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s
❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s
❆ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❛❧✲ ❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✜❞❡❞✐❣♥♦s✱ r♦❜✉st♦s ❡ ❛✉t♦✲r❡♣❛rá✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❞♦ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦✈❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ t♦♠❛r ❛s ❞❡✈✐❞❛s ♣r♦✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ s❡r t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ❛q✉❡✲ ❧❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥❛s ❡ ♥ã♦✲❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❡ ❣r✐❞s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐✲ ç♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❝♦♥✜❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✭♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♥ã♦✲❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✮✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐✲ ❞❡r❛r ♥✉♠ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡✴♦✉ ❝❛r❣❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ●✉♣t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✶❪ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♥ã♦✲❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ♥❛ ❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s
✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❆ssí♥❝r♦♥♦
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈r✐st✐❛♥ ✫ ❋❡t③❡r ❬✶✾✾✾❪✱ ♥✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ sí♥❝r♦♥♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦rr❡t♦s é r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♥✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✜♥✐t❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❛ t❡♠♣♦ é ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡❧✳ ❏á ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦✈ê ❡st❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ♦❝♦r✲ r❡r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣r♦✈❡❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈r✐st✐❛♥ ✫ ❋❡t③❡r ❬✶✾✾✾❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ r❡❧ó❣✐♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐s♠♦ ❡ s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ❞❡ ♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛r ♣♦r q✉❡❞❛ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛❞❛ ♣r❡♠❛t✉r❛✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ é ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛s s❛í❞❛s ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✮ ❛té q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ✭♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✮ ❢❛❧❤❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❝r❛s❤✲st♦♣ ✭❢❛✐❧✲st♦♣✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ♠❛✐s ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛♠✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥✲ s❛❣❡♥s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣❛r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s é ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❡♥❧❛❝❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s✿
• ❖ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ pi ❛♦ pj é ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ s❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❝r✐❛ ♦✉ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛
♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛ ♣♦rpi ♣❛r❛pj é ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣♦r pj ✭❝❛s♦ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛❧❤❡✮✳
• ❖ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ pi ❛♦ pj é ♥ã♦✲❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ✭❢❛✐r ❧♦ss②✮ s❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r
❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❝r✐❛r ♦✉ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r❞ê✲❧❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ s❡ pi ❡♥✈✐❛ ✉♠❛
q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ pj q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ♥❛ ❛çã♦
❞❡ r❡❝❡❜ê✲❧❛s ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥tã♦pj r❡❝❡❜❡rá ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥✲
✷✳✷✳ ❆ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✼
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡②♥❛❧ ❬✷✵✵✺❪ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦✿
• ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❋▲P q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦♣❡♥s♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✳ • ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❋▲▲ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦♣❡♥s♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ♥ã♦✲
❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✳
✷✳✷ ❆ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ✉♠ ❧✐✲ ♠✐t❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ tr❛❢❡❣❛r ❛té ♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❚❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❡rt❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❛♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡s ♣❧❛✲ ♥❡❥❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❬❘❡②♥❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ P♦ré♠ t❛✐s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s sã♦ ✐♥út❡✐s ❝❛s♦ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦✉ ♥ós✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛r✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ó ❞❡❝✐❞✐r s❡ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ♥ó ❢❛❧❤♦✉ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳ ❆ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥✉♠ ♥ó ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ s❡❣✉r♦ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r s❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❢❛❧❤♦✉ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ❛♦ ❛ss✉♠✐r✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ t❛❧ ♥ó ❢❛❧❤♦✉✱ ♣♦❞❡✲ s❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥❣❛♥❛❞♦ ♣♦✐s t❛❧✈❡③ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ❡stá ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛tr❛s❛❞❛✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❡ ♦ ♥ó r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t✐✈❡r ❢❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♠❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❡♥❣❛♥♦s✱ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡✲s❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✳ ❊st❛ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✈❛✐ s❡ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛r ❡t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐✈❡♥❡ss✶ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ s❡rá s❛t✐s❢❡✐t❛✳
▼✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲ ♣❧♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s❡♥s♦✮ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡✲ ♠❛s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s s❡ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣✉❞❡r ❢❛❧❤❛r ❬❋✐s❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺❀ ▲②♥❝❤✱ ✶✾✽✾❪ ❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✱ ❡st❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✲ ❝♦rr❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❢❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❧❡♥t♦✳ ❋❡❧✐③♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♠❛♥té♠ s❡ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢♦r ❛❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♦rá❝✉❧♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ♥ã♦✲❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♥♦çã♦ ❡st❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❈❤❛♥❞r❛ ✫ ❚♦✉❡❣ ❬✶✾✾✻❪✳ ❚❛✐s ♦rá❝✉❧♦s ♥ã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡✲ ♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❛❞✐✈✐♥❤❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❛❧♣✐t❡ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♣♦❞❡rá ♦❝♦rr❡r✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♦rá❝✉❧♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❢❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ s✉s♣❡✐t❛❞♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ s✉s♣❡✐t❛❞♦ s❡♠ t❡r r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛❧❤❛❞♦✳
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s
❆✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♠ ♦rá❝✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♠✉❞❛r ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❛♦ ♣❛r❛r ❞❡ s✉s♣❡✐t❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❧ t❡♥❤❛ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉s♣❡✐t❛❞♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛♠♣❛✐♦ ✫ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❬✷✵✵✺❪✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♦rá❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡❧❡❣❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ ❖s ♦rá❝✉❧♦s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛❜str❛t❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ t❛✐s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠❛s ✐❣♥♦r❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ❖ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦rá❝✉❧♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦ss❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♥♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❬▼♦t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♦rá❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✱ ❡❧❛ é ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❬❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✫ ❙❛♠♣❛✐♦✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s❡♥s♦
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛✳ ❊❧❡ s✉r❣❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞❛r ❡♠ ❛❧❣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❝♦✲ ♠✉♠ ❛ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♦✉ ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛ s❡r t♦♠❛❞❛✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉✲ tr♦s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ é ♦ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ❛tô♠✐❝♦✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✈✐❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ❛tô♠✐❝♦ r❡q✉❡r q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦rr❡t♦s ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭♣♦✐s t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s tê♠ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛✲ ❣❡♥s✮ ❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ✭♣♦✐s ❡❧❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡♥tr❡❣á✲❧❛s ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠✮✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦pi ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦rvi ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
❝♦rr❡t♦s tê♠ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r ♣♦r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ✈✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❬❘❡②♥❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
❈❤❛♥❞r❛ ✫ ❚♦✉❡❣ ❬✶✾✾✻❪ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ♥❛s três s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣r♦✲ ♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✿
• ❋✐♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ❈❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r✳
• ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❙❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✈✱ ❡♥tã♦ ✈ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠
♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
✷✳✷✳ ❆ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✾
❖❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦r✲ r❡t♦s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❛✲s❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞✐st✐♥t♦ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛r✳ ❖ ❈♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❯♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ t❛❧ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❋✐♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s ❛❝r❡s❝✐❞❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✿
• ❈♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❯♥✐❢♦r♠❡✿ ◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✭❝♦rr❡t♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✮ q✉❡ ❞❡❝✐✲
❞❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❋✐s❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✾✽✺❪✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡q✉❡r✳ ❊ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r ❡st❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❈❤❛♥❞r❛ ✫ ❚♦✉❡❣ ❬✶✾✾✻❪✳ P❛r❛ s❡r út✐❧✱ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s t❡♠ q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r ❝❡rt❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✈❡❧ ❡❧❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r tã♦ ❢r❛❝❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ s❡❥❛ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❈❤❛♥✲ ❞r❛ ✫ ❚♦✉❡❣ ❬✶✾✾✻❪ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦ s❡♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♠❡t❡r❡♠ ❡♥❣❛♥♦s ❬◆✉♥❡s ✫ ❏❛♥s❝❤✲Pôrt♦✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s s❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ q✉❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ é ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s t❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛rá ❞❡ s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊♠ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✫ ❙❛♠♣❛✐♦ ❬✷✵✵✶❪ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ t❛✐s s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦✲ ♥❛✐s ✭❡①✳✿ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✮ ❢♦r❛♠ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦✳
P❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝✲ t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛ç❛♠ às s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✿
• ❈♦♠♣❧❡t✉❞❡ ❋♦rt❡✿ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❧❤❡ é ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✲
♠❡♥t❡ s✉s♣❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♦✉tr♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦✳
• Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❋r❛❝❛✿ ❊①✐t❡ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣ós ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡rá s✉s♣❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦rr❡t♦s✳
