Fosfito de potássio e ulvana no controle da mancha foliar da gala em macieira.

(1)

SHORT COMMUNICATION / COMUNICAÇÃO

)RV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRHXOYDQDQRFRQWUROHGDPDQFKDIROLDUGD

JDODHPPDFLHLUD

Leonardo Araújo

1

_{, Marciel J. Stadnik}

1

_{, Leandro C. Borsato}

1

_{& Rosa M. Valdebenito-Sanhueza}

2

_{'HSDUWDPHQWR GH )LWRWHFQLD &HQWUR GH &LrQFLDV $JUiULDV 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GH 6DQWD &DWDULQD &[ 3RVWDO}

)ORULDQySROLV6&%UDVLO_{(PEUDSD(VWDomR([SHULPHQWDOGH)UXWDV7HPSHUDGDV&[3RVWDO}

9DFDULD56%UDVLO

$XWRUSDUDFRUUHVSRQGrQFLD0DUFLHO-6WDGQLNHPDLOVWDGQLN#FFDXIVFEU

$ PDom 0DOXV GRPHVWLFD%RUNK p DWXDOPHQWH D VHJXQGD IUXWD PDLV LPSRUWDQWH GH FOLPD WHPSHUDGR QR %UDVLO VHQGR 6DQWD &DWDULQD R SULQFLSDO HVWDGR SURGXWRU FRPGDSURGXomRQDFLRQDO(QWUHRVSULQFLSDLVIDWRUHV TXHDIHWDPDSURGXWLYLGDGHGDPDFLHLUDGHVWDFDPVHREDL[R Q~PHURGHKRUDVGHIULRDOWDSUHFLSLWDomRQDSULPDYHUDHQR YHUmRDOWDXPLGDGHUHODWLYDGRDUHRFRUUrQFLDGHGRHQoDV (SDJUL(PFRQVWDWRXVHQR3DUDQiXPDQRYD GRHQoDGDPDFLHLUDTXHIRLGHQRPLQDGDGHPDQFKDIROLDUGD JDODHPYLVWDGHRFRUUHUH[FOXVLYDPHQWHQDFXOWLYDU*DOD 0DLVWDUGHDGRHQoDIRLHQFRQWUDGDHPRXWUDVORFDOLGDGHV HDWXDOPHQWHpSUHVHQWHHPWRGDVDVUHJL}HVSURGXWRUDVGH PDomQRVXOGR%UDVLO(SDJUL$PDQFKDIROLDUGD

JDOD 0)* p FDXVDGD SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU&ROOHWRWULFKXP JORHRVSRULRLGHV3HQ]3HQ] 6DFF2XWUDVHVSpFLHVGR JrQHUR&ROOHWRWULFKXP FRPR & DFXWDWXP -+ 6LPPRQGV SRGHPWDPEpPHVWDUDVVRFLDGDVjGRHQoDPDVVmRPHQRV IUHTHQWHV 2 SDWyJHQR SRVVXL XPD JUDQGH YDULDELOLGDGH JHQpWLFD R TXH GL¿FXOWD RV GLIHUHQWHV HVWXGRV H FRQWUROH GHVVDGRHQoD+DPDGD

2V VLQWRPDV LQLFLDLV GD GRHQoD VmR PDQFKDV GH FRORUDomR YHUPHOKR D UR[R Mi YLVtYHLV GRLV GLDV DSyV D LQIHFomR H TXH HYROXHP SDUD PDQFKDV QHFUyWLFDV GH IRUPDWR LUUHJXODU $V IROKDV OHVLRQDGDV DPDUHOHFHP H FDHPSUHFRFHPHQWHHQWUHRLWRDGLDVDSyVRVSULPHLURV VLQWRPDV HP WHPSHUDWXUDV DFLPD GH & &UXVLXVHW DO RESUMO

(VWH WUDEDOKR WHYH FRPR REMHWLYR HVWXGDU FRPSDUDWLYDPHQWH D DomR GR IRV¿WR GH SRWiVVLR H GR SROLVVDFDUtGHR XOYDQD VREUH

&ROOHWRWULFKXPJORHRVSRULRLGHV³LQYLWUR´HHPSOkQWXODVGHPDFLHLUD0DOXVGRPHVWLFD(PPHLR%'$ DYDOLRXVHRHIHLWRGH FRQFHQWUDo}HV

GHIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRH/P/3O.2HXOYDQDHPJP/VREUHRFUHVFLPHQWR

PLFHOLDOGRIXQJR3DUDYHUL¿FDURHIHLWRSUHYHQWLYRHPSOkQWXODVGHPDFLHLUDFXOWLYDGDVHPFDVDGHYHJHWDomRSXOYHUL]RXVHIRV¿WR/ P/RXXOYDQDPJP/VRPHQWHQDVIROKDVLQIHULRUHVHLQRFXORXVHXPDVXVSHQVmRGH[_{FRQtGLRVP/HGLDVDSyVRWUDWDPHQWR} $RVHGLDVDSyVDLQRFXODomRDSRUFHQWDJHPGHiUHDIROLDUQHFURVDGDIRLDYDOLDGDHPIROKDVLQIHULRUHVHVXSHULRUHVHFRPHVWHVGDGRV FDOFXORXVHD$$&3'1DYHUL¿FDomRGRHIHLWRFXUDWLYRDSOLFRXVHIRV¿WRRXXOYDQDKDSyVDLQRFXODomR(PPHLRGHFXOWXUDRIRV¿WR UHGX]LXRFUHVFLPHQWRPLFHOLDOHQTXDQWRDXOYDQDQmRDIHWRXRIXQJR2WUDWDPHQWRSUHYHQWLYRGHXOYDQDUHGX]LXDVHYHULGDGHORFDOH VLVWHPLFDHP$RFRQWUiULRGDXOYDQDRIRV¿WRWHYHHIHLWRFXUDWLYRTXDQGRDSOLFDGRKDSyVDLQRFXODomR2VUHVXOWDGRVLQGLFDP TXHRIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRWHPDomRGLUHWDVREUHRIXQJRHQTXDQWRDXOYDQDSURYDYHOPHQWHLQGX]UHVLVWrQFLDjPDQFKDIROLDUGDJDODHP PDFLHLUD

Palavras chave:&ROOHWRWULFKXPJORHRVSRULRLGHV0DOXVGRPHVWLFD8OYDIDVFLDWDDOJDYHUGHFRQWUROHGHGRHQoD

ABSTRACT

Potassium phosphite and ulvan in the control of ‘Gala’ leaf spot on apple

7KLVZRUNDLPHGWRPDNHDFRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\RIWKHPRGHRIDFWLRQRISRWDVVLXPSKRVSKLWHDQGWKHSRO\VDFFKDULGHXOYDQRQ

&ROOHWRWULFKXPJORHRVSRULRLGHV³LQYLWUR´DQGRQDSSOHVHHGOLQJV'LIIHUHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRISRWDVVLXPSKRVSKLWH

DQG/P/3O

.2DQGXOYDQDQGPJP/ZHUHHYDOXDWHGDJDLQVWIXQJXVP\FHOLXPJURZWKRQ3'$ PHGLXP7RYHULI\WKHSUHYHQWLYHHIIHFWDSSOHVHHGOLQJVZHUHJURZQLQJUHHQKRXVHWKHLUORZHUOHDYHVVSUD\HGZLWKSKRVSKLWH/P/ RUXOYDQPJP/DQGLQRFXODWHGZLWKDVXVSHQVLRQRI[_{FRQLGLDP/RUGD\VDIWHUWUHDWPHQW2QWKH}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µ*DOD¶OHDIVSRWLQDSSOHSODQWV

(2)

$ 0)* PDQLIHVWDVH SULQFLSDOPHQWH QR YHUmR TXDQGR SRGH SURYRFDU GHVIROKDPHQWR VXSHULRU D H FRPRFRQVHTrQFLDUHGX]LUDSURGXomRGDVSODQWDVQRDQR VHJXLQWH (SDJUL /RQJRV SHUtRGRV GH PROKDPHQWR IROLDUDOWDXPLGDGHUHODWLYDGRDUHWHPSHUDWXUDVHOHYDGDV VmR DV SULQFLSDLV FRQGLo}HV IDYRUiYHLV j LQIHFomR SRU &ROOHWRWULFKXP&UXVLXVHWDO+DPDGD

2 FRQWUROH GD GRHQoD p IHLWR SULQFLSDOPHQWH FRP IXQJLFLGDV TXH GHYHP VHU DSOLFDGRV GXUDQWH R FLFOR WRGR QDVFXOWLYDUHVVXVFHWtYHLV&UXVLXVHWDO'HQWUHRV WUDWDPHQWRVTXtPLFRVLQGLFDGRVRVIRV¿WRVVmRDWXDOPHQWH UHFRPHQGDGRV2VIRV¿WRVVmRIHUWLOL]DQWHVIROLDUHVTXHWrP HIHLWR DQWLI~QJLFR SRUpP Ki G~YLGDV VREUH R VHX PRGR H[DWRGHDomR$OJXQVDXWRUHVFRPSURYDUDPDDomRGLUHWDGR IRV¿WRVREUHIXQJRV*XHVW *UDQW3RURXWURODGR 6DLQGUHQDQWHWDODWULEXLXjVtQWHVHGH¿WRDOH[LQDV HOLFLDGD SRU IRV¿WRV FRPR PHFDQLVPR GH FRQWUROH GH 3K\WRSKWKRUD FU\SWRJHD HP IHLMmR FDXSL 1R %UDVLO RV IRV¿WRV YrP VHQGR XWLOL]DGRV SDUD FRQWURODU GRHQoDV GH PDFLHLUD HP HVSHFLDO D VDUQD FDXVDGD SRU9HQWXULD LQDHTXDOLV%RQHWL .DWVXUD\DPD2XWURVPpWRGRV DOWHUQDWLYRVDIXQJLFLGDVSDUDRFRQWUROHGD0)*VmRDLQGD SRXFRH[SORUDGRV

$OJDVSURGX]HPGLYHUVRVFRPSRVWRVELRDWLYRVFRPR DTXHOHVTXHLQLEHPRFUHVFLPHQWRGHPLFURUJDQLVPRVHRX LQGX]HP D UHVLVWrQFLD GD SODQWD D SDWyJHQRV 6WDGQLN 3DXOHUW.$VSDUHGHVFHOXODUHVGDVDOJDVVmRFRQVWLWXtGDV SRU SROLVVDFDUtGHRV FRPSOH[RV RV TXDLV SRGHP HOLFLDU XPD VpULH GH UHVSRVWDV GH GHIHVD GD SODQWD ,VVR DFRQWHFH SRUTXH FRP D GHJUDGDomR GHVVHV SROLVVDFDUtGHRV Ki OLEHUDomRGHROLJ{PHURVTXHHVWmRQDWXUDOPHQWHHQYROYLGRV QR UHFRQKHFLPHQWR FHOXODU GDV LQWHUDo}HV SODQWDSDWyJHQR .ODU]\QVNLHW DO &OX]HWHW DO 6WDGQLN 0DUDVFKLQ$ODPLQDULQDROLJ{PHUROLQHDUGHȕ JOXFDQDREWLGDGHXPDDOJDPDUURP/DPLQDULDGLJLWDWD GHRFRUUrQFLDIUHTHQWHQRKHPLVIpULRQRUWHpDWXDOPHQWH R H[HPSOR PDLV EHP VXFHGLGR H YHP VHQGR XVDGD SDUD FRQWURODU GLIHUHQWHV GRHQoDV GH SODQWDV .ODU]\QVNLHW DO

8OYDVS DOIDFHGRPDU p XPD PDFURDOJD YHUGH FRPXPQROLWRUDOEUDVLOHLURTXHDSUHVHQWDUiSLGRFUHVFLPHQWR H SURGX] JUDQGH TXDQWLGDGH GH ELRPDVVD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HP DPELHQWHV HXWUR¿]DGRV $ XOYDQD XQLGDGHV UHSHWLGDV GH iFLGR XOYDQRELXU{QLFRVXOIDWR p XP SROLVVDFDUtGHR VRO~YHOGHVVDDOJD TXHSRGHLQGX]LUUHVLVWrQFLDHPSODQWDV GHDOIDIDD&ROOHWRWULFKXPWULIROLL&OX]HWHWDOHDC. OLQGHPXQWKLDQXP3DXOHUW$LQGXomRGHUHVLVWrQFLD HPSODQWDVpXPIHQ{PHQRPXLWRFRPXPTXHSRGHUHVXOWDU GH XPD SUpLQIHFomR SRU SDWyJHQR RX WUDWDPHQWR FRP FRPSRVWRV GH QDWXUH]D TXtPLFD YDULDGD &RQVLVWH HP XP PpWRGRPRGHUQRH¿FLHQWHHXPDDOWHUQDWLYDPHQRVDJUHVVLYDj VD~GHKXPDQDHDRHTXLOtEULRGRVDJURHFRVVLVWHPDV6WDGQLN 0DUDVFKLQ2SUHVHQWHWUDEDOKRWHYHSRUREMHWLYRHVWXGDU RHIHLWRGRIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRHXOYDQDVREUH&JORHRVSRULRLGHV ³LQYLWUR´HHPH[SHULPHQWRVFRPWUDWDPHQWRVSUHYHQWLYRVH SyVLQIHFFLRQDOHPSOkQWXODVGHPDFLHLUDµ*DOD¶

8WLOL]RXVH R IRV¿WR GH SRWiVVLR 3O

H .2 GH XPD IRUPXODomR FRPHUFLDO )LWRIRV . SOXV® 6XTXLPR(VSDQKD$XOYDQDIRLREWLGDGH8OYDIDVFLDWD FRQIRUPHGHVFULWRSRU3DXOHUWHWDO3DUDWDQWRJ GDDOJDVHFDIRUDPDXWRFODYDGRVSRUKD&HP/GH iJXDGHVWLODGD$VROXomRDTXRVDIRL¿OWUDGDHDSUHFLSLWDomR GRSROLVVDFDUtGHRIRLIHLWDSHODDGLomRGHWUrVYROXPHVGH HWDQROR_{*/VHJXLGRGHUHVIULDPHQWRD&SRUK} 2VFRPSRVWRVSUHFLSLWDGRVIRUDPFROHWDGRVVHFRVD& SRUKDWpSHVRFRQVWDQWHHPDQWLGRVD&DWpXWLOL]DomR QRVHQVDLRV

(P WRGRV RV H[SHULPHQWRV XWLOL]RXVH R LVRODGR &*)GH&JORHRVSRULRLGHVGDFROHomRGD(PEUDSD8YDH 9LQKRSURYHQLHQWHGHSODQWDVGRHQWHVGDFXOWLYDU*DOD3DUD REWHQomRGHLQyFXORIRUDPXVDGDVFXOWXUDVGHVHQYROYLGDVHP %'$SRUGLDVD&HKGHIRWRSHUtRGR$VFRO{QLDV IRUPDGDV IRUDP UDVSDGDV VXSHU¿FLDOPHQWH FRP DOoD GH 'ULJDOVN\ H D FRQFHQWUDomR GD VXVSHQVmR GH FRQtGLRV IRL DMXVWDGDFRPFkPDUDGH1HXEDXHUFRQIRUPHHVSHFL¿FDGR HPFDGDH[SHULPHQWR

1RVHQVDLRV³LQYLWUR´IRUDPLQFRUSRUDGRVIRV¿WRGH SRWiVVLRHXOYDQDDRPHLR%'$D&LPHGLDWDPHQWHDQWHV GHYHUWrORVREUHDVSODFDVGH3HWULGHFPGHGLkPHWUR 3DUDRIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRWHVWDUDPVHDVFRQFHQWUDo}HVGH H/P/HPS+DFLGH] FDUDFWHUtVWLFDGRSURGXWRHS+DMXVWDGRFRP1D2+ 13DUDXOYDQDS+XVDUDPVHDVFRQFHQWUDo}HV HPJP/8PGLVFRGHPPGHGLkPHWURFRQWHQGR PLFpOLRGH&JORHRVSRULRLGHVIRLWUDQVIHULGRSDUDRFHQWUR GHFDGDSODFDHLQFXERXVHD&VREKGHIRWRSHUtRGR 'LkPHWURV GDV FRO{QLDV HP VHQWLGR SHUSHQGLFXODU IRUDP PHGLGRVDRVHGLDVDSyVRLQLFLRGDLQFXEDomRFRPXP SDTXtPHWUR&RPRVGDGRVGRGLkPHWURPpGLRGDVFRO{QLDV REWLGRHPFDGDDYDOLDomRIRLFDOFXODGRR,9&0ËQGLFHGH 9HORFLGDGHGH&UHVFLPHQWR0LFHOLDOH[SUHVVRHPPPGLD $EUHXXWLOL]DQGRVHDIyUPXOD,9&0 '±'D 1 RQGH ' 'LkPHWUR PpGLR DWXDO 'D 'LkPHWUR PpGLR DQWHULRU1Q~PHURGHGLDVDSyVDWUDQVIHUrQFLD

(3)

HPFDGDYDVRDRVGLDVGHLGDGH3DUDFRQWUROHGHRtGLRH SXOJ}HVSXOYHUL]RXVHDFDGDGLDVHQ[RIUHJ/H LQVHWLFLGDRUJDQRGLFORUYRV&(PO/8PGLDDQWHVGR WUDWDPHQWRLQRFXODomRDVIROKDVIRUDPODYDGDVSDUDUHWLUDU RUHVtGXRGHHQ[RIUH3DUDVHSDUDUDVIROKDVLQRFXODGDVH RXWUDWDGDVGDTXHODVTXHVHGHVHQYROYHUDPSRVWHULRUPHQWH j LQRFXODomR HRX WUDWDPHQWR LQVHULXVH XP DQHO SOiVWLFR FRORULGRQDUHJLmRGRSHFtRORIROLDUORJRDFLPDGD~OWLPD IROKDH[SDQGLGD

3DUD DYDOLDU R HIHLWR SUHYHQWLYR GR IRV¿WR GH SRWiVVLR H GD XOYDQD QR FRQWUROH GD 0)* UHDOL]DUDPVH GRLV H[SHULPHQWRV LQGHSHQGHQWHV HP FRQGLo}HV GH FDVD GHYHJHWDomR 3DUD WDQWR SURWHJHUDPVH DV TXDWUR IROKDV VXSHULRUHVFRPXPVDFRSOiVWLFRHHPVHJXLGDSXOYHUL]RXVH XPDVROXomRGHIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLR/P/±FRQFHQWUDomR UHFRPHQGDGDSHORIDEULFDQWHRXXOYDQDPJP/3DXOHUW FRPXPDSLVWRODDFRSODGDDXPPRWRFRPSUHVVRUGH DU0DUFD6FKXO]®P/PLQOEISROQDVIROKDV LQIHULRUHVGDVSOkQWXODVDWpDWLQJLURSRQWRGHHVFRUULPHQWR 8PD KRUD DSyV R WUDWDPHQWR RV VDFRV SOiVWLFRV IRUDP UHWLUDGRVHDVSODQWDVSHUPDQHFHUDPHPFDVDGHYHJHWDomR DWp R PRPHQWR GD LQRFXODomR 2 IRV¿WR GH SRWiVVLR H D XOYDQDIRUDPDSOLFDGRVRXGLDVDQWHVGDLQRFXODomRGDL GH DFRUGR FRP 3DXOHUW 3ODQWDV WUDWDGDV FRP iJXD GHVWLODGDVHUYLUDPFRPRWHVWHPXQKDVQRVGRLVH[SHULPHQWRV $VSODQWDVIRUDPLQRFXODGDVFRPXPDVXVSHQVmRGH[ FRQtGLRVPOGR&JORHRVSRULRLGHVHLQFXEDGDVQRHVFXURD 85H&SRUK$YDOLRXVHDVHYHULGDGHGH0)* EDVHDQGRVHQDHVWLPDWLYDYLVXDOGDSRUFHQWDJHPGHWHFLGR QHFURVDGRGHFDGDIROKDDRVHGLDVDSyVDLQRFXODomR &RP HVWHV GDGRV FDOFXORXVH iUHD DEDL[R GD FXUYD GR SURJUHVVRGDGRHQoD$$&3'GDVTXDWURIROKDVVXSHULRUHV HIHLWRVLVWrPLFRHGDVIROKDVLQIHULRUHVGLUHWDPHQWHWUDWDGDV HIHLWRORFDO

3DUDDYDOLDURHIHLWRSyVLQIHFFLRQDOGDDSOLFDomRGH IRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRHXOYDQDQRFRQWUROHGD0)*DVSODQWDV IRUDPLQRFXODGDVFRPXPDVXVSHQVmRGH[_FRQtGLRV POHPDQWLGDVQRHVFXURD85H&3ODQWDVIRUDP SXOYHUL]DGDVFRPIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRHXOYDQDKDSyVD LQRFXODomRHDVWHVWHPXQKDVFRPiJXDGHVWLODGD$YDOLRXVH DVHYHULGDGHGHFDGDIROKDDRVHGLDVDSyVDLQRFXODomR HFDOFXORXVHD$$&3'FRQIRUPHGHVFULWRDQWHULRUPHQWH

$GRWRXVHRGHOLQHDPHQWRFRPSOHWDPHQWHFDVXDOL]DGR FRPFLQFRUHSHWLo}HVQRVWHVWH³LQYLWUR´HUHSHWLo}HVQRV WHVWHV³LQYLYR´.1DDQiOLVHHVWDWtVWLFDGRVWHVWHV³LQYLYR´ IRUDPFRQVLGHUDGRVVRPHQWHRVVHJUHJDQWHVVXVFHWtYHLVFRP VLQWRPDVGD0)*RXVHMDGHDUHSHWLo}HV2VUHVXOWDGRV GRVWHVWHV³LQYLWUR´IRUDPVXEPHWLGRVjDQiOLVHGHUHJUHVVmR HGRVH[SHULPHQWRV³LQYLYR´jDQiOLVHGHYDULkQFLDVHJXLGR GR WHVWH GH VHSDUDomR GH PpGLDV 7XNH\ Į FRP R VRIWZDUH6WDWLVWLFD±6WDW6RIW®YHUVmR

$HVWLPDWLYDGRtQGLFHGHYHORFLGDGHGHFUHVFLPHQWR PLFHOLDO WHYH R PHOKRU DMXVWH SHOR PRGHOR GH UHJUHVVmR TXDGUiWLFD TXH DSUHVHQWRX RV PDLRUHV FRH¿FLHQWHV GH GHWHUPLQDomR H D PHOKRU GLVWULEXLomR GRV UHVtGXRV 3HOD DQiOLVHGHUHJUHVVmRTXDQWRPDLRUDFRQFHQWUDomRGHIRV¿WR

GH SRWiVVLR QR PHLR PHQRU D YHORFLGDGH GH FUHVFLPHQWR PLFHOLDO GH & JORHRVSRULRLGHV )LJXUD 1D PDLRU FRQFHQWUDomRWHVWDGD/P/VHPFRUUHomRGRS+GR PHLR KRXYH LQLELomR TXDVH WRWDO GR FUHVFLPHQWR PLFHOLDO GR IXQJR HP UHODomR jV WHVWHPXQKDV DRV GLDV (P S+ QHVWD PHVPD FRQFHQWUDomR D UHGXomR GR FUHVFLPHQWR PLFHOLDO IRL HP WRUQR GH )LJXUD $ XOYDQD QmR DIHWRX R FUHVFLPHQWR $ DomR GR IRV¿WR ³LQ YLWUR´ IRL PHQRU TXDQGR R S+ GD VROXomR GR SURGXWR IRL FRUULJLGR R TXH VXJHUH TXH DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV iFLGDV GR IHUWLOL]DQWH LQWHUIHULUDP QR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR IXQJR GLUHWDPHQWH (VWHVGDGRVGHPRQVWUDPTXHRIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRWHPDomR IXQJLVWiWLFDSRLVRIXQJRQmRFHVVRXFRPSOHWDPHQWHRVHX FUHVFLPHQWRHPQHQKXPGRVWUDWDPHQWRV$DWLYLGDGHGLUHWD GRiFLGRIRVIRURVRHGHVHXVDOIRV¿WRWHPVLGRFRQVWDWDGD IUHTHQWHPHQWHHPH[SHULPHQWRVFRP)RVHW\O$O%RQHWL .DWVXUD\DPD6HJXQGR*XHVW *UDQWHVWH IXQJLFLGDpGHJUDGDGRUDSLGDPHQWHQRVWHFLGRVGDSODQWDDWp IRUPDURiFLGRIRVIRURVR+32&XULRVDPHQWHR)RVHW\O $OSRVVXLEDL[DDWLYLGDGH³LQYLWUR´SRUpPVHXPHWDEyOLWRR iFLGRIRVIRURVRLQLEHIRUWHPHQWHRV2RPLFHWHV(VVHiFLGR pPXLWR¿WRWy[LFRPDVSRGHVHUQHXWUDOL]DGRSRUXPDEDVH UHVXOWDQGRHPXPVDOGHQRPLQDGRIRV¿WRWDOFRPR.+32 RX.+322VIRV¿WRVVmRPHQRV¿WRWy[LFRVHDSUHVHQWDP DOWDDWLYLGDGHIXQJLFLGDQDSODQWD%RQHWL .DWVXUD\DPD

1RVHQVDLRV³LQYLYR´DVIROKDVVXSHULRUHVGDPDFLHLUD IRUDPPDLVVXVFHWtYHLVD&JORHRVSRULRLGHVTXHDVLQIHULRUHV $VVLPHQTXDQWRQDVTXDWURIROKDVVXSHULRUHVD$$&3'IRL HPPpGLDQDVRLWRDIROKDVLQIHULRUHVDVHYHULGDGH PpGLD IRL )LJXUD 2 IRV¿WR GH SRWiVVLR TXDQGR

&RQFHQWUDomRGHIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRµL/mL)

,9&0PPGLD

FIG. 1 - (IHLWRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGHIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRHPS+ H S+ VREUH R tQGLFH GH YHORFLGDGH GH FUHVFLPHQWR PLFHOLDO

,9&0 DRV VHLV GLDV DSyV D WUDQVIHUrQFLD GH&ROOHWRWULFKXP

(4)

DSOLFDGRWUrVHVHLVGLDVDSyVDLQRFXODomRGDLQmRDIHWRX DVHYHULGDGHGDGRHQoDWDQWRHPIROKDVWUDWDGDVGLUHWDPHQWH TXDQWR HP IROKDV SURWHJLGDV HIHLWR VLVWrPLFR %RQHWL .DWVXUD\DPDHQFRQWUDUDPDOWDH¿FLrQFLDGHFRQWUROH GDVDUQD9LQDHTXDOLVTXDQGRRIRV¿WRGHSRWiVVLRPO/ IRLSXOYHUL]DGRVHWHGDLSRUpPDSOLFDo}HVIHLWDVDXPWUrV HFLQFRGLDVWLYHUDPEDL[DH¿FLrQFLDRXQHQKXPHIHLWRVREUH DGRHQoD(VWHVUHVXOWDGRVOHYDPjFRQFOXVmRTXHRIRV¿WR GH SRWiVVLR SRGHULD DWXDU LQGLUHWDPHQWH SHOD LQGXomR GH UHVLVWrQFLDjVDUQDGDPDFLHLUD2VIRV¿WRVVmRWUDQVORFDGRV VLVWHPDWLFDPHQWHQDSODQWDYLDÀRHPDH[LOHPDHJHUDOPHQWH HVWmRDVVRFLDGRVDIRWRDVVLPLODGRV*XHVW *UDQW 6DLQGUHQDQWHWDO6mRFRQVLGHUDGRVXPDIRUPDQmR PHWDEROL]iYHOGHIyVIRURUDSLGDPHQWHDEVRUYLGDSHODVIROKDV HTXHSRGHSHUPDQHFHUQDSODQWDSRUDWpGLDV*XHVW *UDQW$VVLPQRSUHVHQWHWUDEDOKRHPTXHVHDSOLFRX RIRV¿WRWUrVRXVHLVGDLDLQH¿FLrQFLDGRSURGXWRSRGHULD VHUH[SOLFDGDSRUXPDGDVVHJXLQWHVKLSyWHVHVDRLQWHUYDOR GHWHPSRHQWUHDSXOYHUL]DomRHLQGXomRIRLLQVX¿FLHQWHSDUD DXPHQWDU D UHVLVWrQFLD GDV SODQWDV E QmR KRXYH LQGXomR GHUHVLVWrQFLDD&JORHRVSRULRLGHVRXSURYDYHOPHQWHF QHVWHLQWHUYDORRIRV¿WRWHQKDVLGRWUDQVORFDGRHDFXPXODGR QDVSDUWHVPDLVDWLYDVHPFUHVFLPHQWRFRPRJHPDVIROKDV QRYDVHPLWLGDVRXPHVPRUDt]HVTXHVmRGUHQRVFRQKHFLGRV GHIRWRDVVLPLODGRV(SDJUL(QWUHWDQWRRIRV¿WRGH SRWiVVLRDSOLFDGRXPD~QLFDYH]KDSyVDLQRFXODomR WHYH HIHLWR FXUDWLYR UHGX]LQGR RV YDORUHV PpGLRV GD $$&3' HP QRV WHFLGRV SUHYLDPHQWH WUDWDGRV $R FRQWUiULRDDSOLFDomRSyVLQIHFFLRQDOGHXOYDQDQmRDIHWRX RGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGD0)*HPH[SHULPHQWRVUHDOL]DGRVHP FDVDGHYHJHWDomR)LJXUD

$V IROKDV WUDWDGDV GLUHWDPHQWH HIHLWR ORFDO FRP VROXomR GH XOYDQD EHP FRPR DV IROKDV VXSHULRUHV SURWHJLGDV FRP RV VDFRV SOiVWLFRV GXUDQWH D SXOYHUL]DomR HIHLWRVLVWrPLFRGDLH[LELUDPXPDUHGXomRGD$$&3' HP WRUQR GH HP UHODomR j WHVWHPXQKD )LJXUD (P FRQWUDVWH XPD DSOLFDomR GH XOYDQD DRV WUrV GDL DSUHVHQWRX VRPHQWH HIHLWR ORFDO VREUH D VHYHULGDGH GD 0)*$ FDUDFWHUL]DomR PROHFXODU GD XOYDQD IRL UHDOL]DGD SRU3DXOHUWHWDORVTXDLVGHPRQVWUDUDPTXHHVWH SROLVVDFDUtGHR QmR LQLEH GLUHWDPHQWH R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHGLIHUHQWHVIXQJRVHEDFWpULDV¿WRSDWRJrQLFDVPDVLQGX] UHVLVWrQFLD VLVWrPLFD j DQWUDFQRVH GR IHLMRHLUR$ DWLYDomR GHYiULRVJHQHVGHUHVLVWrQFLDD&WULIROOLLIRLGHPRQVWUDGD WDPEpP HP DOIDID WUDWDGD FRP SROLVVDFDUtGHRV GH8OYD VS &OX]HWHW DO 1R SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR VRPHQWH R WUDWDPHQWR SUHYHQWLYR GH XOYDQD UHDOL]DGR DRV GDL UHVXOWRXHPUHGXomRVLVWrPLFDGDVHYHULGDGHGD0)*TXH SRGHULD VHU H[SOLFDGR SHOD QHFHVVLGDGH GH XP LQWHUYDOR GH WHPSR SDUD TXH D SODQWD LQLFLH D VHTrQFLD GH HYHQWRV UHODFLRQDGRVjDWLYDomRGHVLQDLVVLVWrPLFRVGHGHIHVDHP SDUWHVGDSODQWDQmRWUDWDGDV6WHLQHU 6FK|QEHFN &OX]HWHW DO 3RU H[HPSOR DFLEHQ]RODU6PHWK\O UHGX]DVHYHULGDGHGH9LQDHTXDOLV2UWHJDHWDOH GH (UZLQLD DP\ORYRUD %ULVVHWHW DO HP PDFLHLUD HDUHVLVWrQFLDLQGX]LGDSRUHVVHFRPSRVWRRFRUUHDSyVR

FIG. 3 - (IHLWR GR IRV¿WR GH SRWiVVLR H GD XOYDQD VREUH D iUHD DEDL[RGDFXUYDGRSURJUHVVRGDGRHQoD$$&3'HPSOkQWXODV GH PDFLHLUD FY *DOD WUDWDGDV K DSyV D LQRFXODomR FRP &ROOHWRWULFKXP JORHRVSRULRLGHV &ROXQDV FRP PHVPD OHWUD QmR GLIHUHPHQWUHVLSHORWHVWHGH7XNH\Į

7UDWDPHQWRGLDVDQWHVGDLQRFXODomR

AACPD

FIG. 2 - (IHLWRORFDOHVLVWrPLFRGHXOYDQDVREUHDiUHDDEDL[RGD FXUYDGRSURJUHVVRGDGRHQoD$$&3'HPSOkQWXODVGHPDFLHLUD

FY *DOD LQIHFWDGDV FRP&ROOHWRWULFKXP JORHRVSRULRLGHV 3DUD

DYDOLDomRGRHIHLWRORFDOXVRXVHGHDIROKDVLQIHULRUHVHSDUD RHIHLWRVLVWrPLFRIROKDVVXSHULRUHV&ROXQDVFRPPHVPDVOHWUDV PLQ~VFXODVHPDL~VFXODVLQGLFDPTXHQmRKiGLIHUHQoDHVWDWtWLFD SHORWHVWHGH7XNH\ĮH TXDQWRDRHIHLWRORFDOH VLVWrPLFRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

7UDWDPHQWRSyVLQIHFFLRQDO

AACPD

(5)

LQGX]UHVLVWrQFLDj0)*HPSODQWDVGHPDFLHLUD

AGRADECIMENTOS

2V DXWRUHV DJUDGHFHP j )XQGDomR GH $SRLR j 3HVTXLVD &LHQWt¿FD H 7HFQROyJLFD GR (VWDGR GH 6DQWD &DWDULQD±)$3(6&SHODFRQFHVVmRGDEROVDGHHVWXGRVDR SULPHLUR DXWRU j$VVRFLDomR %UDVLOHLUD GRV 3URGXWRUHV GH 0Dom $%30 H DR 3URJUDPD ,EHURDPHULFDQR GH &LrQFLD H7HFQRORJLDSDUD'HVHQYROYLPHQWR&<7('SHORVXSRUWH ¿QDQFHLUR

REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

$EUHX *) %LRSURVSHFomR GH PDFURDOJDV PDULQKDV H SODQWDV DTXiWLFDV SDUD R FRQWUROH GD DQWUDFQRVH &ROOHWRWULFKXP OLQGHPXWKLDQXPGRIHLMRHLUR3KDVHROXVYXOJDULV/'LVVHUWDomR GH0HVWUDGR8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH6DQWD&DWDULQD)ORULDQySROLV 6&

%RQHWL-,6.DWVXUD\DPD<9LDELOLGDGHGRXVRGHIRV¿WRVQR

FRQWUROHGDVDUQDGDPDFLHLUD$JURSHFXiULD &DWDULQHQVH $JURSHFXiULD&DWDULQHQVH

%ULVVHW01&HVEURQ67KRPVRQ693DXOLQ-3$FLEHQ]RODU 6PHWK\O LQGXFHV WKH DFFXPXODWLRQ RI GHIHQVHUHODWHG HQ]\PHV LQDSSOHDQGSURWHFWVIURP¿UHEOLJKW(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI3ODQW 3DWKRORJ\

&OX]HW67RUUHJURVD&-DFTXHW&/D¿WH&)RXUQLHU-0HUFLHU/ 6DODPDJQH6%ULDQG;(VTXHUUp7XJD\p07'XPDV%

*HQHH[SUHVVLRQSUR¿OLQJDQGSURWHFWLRQRI0HGLFDJRWUXQFDWXOD

DJDLQVW D IXQJDO LQIHFWLRQ LQ UHVSRQVH WR DQ HOLFLWRU IURP JUHHQ DOJDH8OYDVSS3ODQW&HOODQG(QYLURQPHQW

&UXVLXV/8)RUFHOLQL&$6DQKXH]D509)HUQDQGHV-0&

(SLGHPLRORJ\ RI DSSOH OHDI VSRW )LWRSDWRORJLD %UDVLOHLUD )LWRSDWRORJLD %UDVLOHLUD

(SDJUL$FXOWXUDGDPDFLHLUD(SDJUL)ORULDQySROLV6& *XHVW',*UDQW%57KHFRPSOH[DFWLRQRISKRVSKRQDWHV

DQWLIXQJDODJHQWV%LRORJLFDO 5HYLHZ %LRORJLFDO5HYLHZ

+DPDGD 1$ &DUDFWHUL]DomR PRUIROyJLFD SDWRJrQLFD

H PROHFXODU GH LVRODGRV GH&ROOHWRWULFKXPVSS. HP PDFLHLUD

'LVVHUWDomRGH0HVWUDGR8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH6DQWD&DWDULQD )ORULDQySROLV6&

.ODU]\QVNL23OHVVH%-RXEHUW-0<YLQ-&.RRS0.ORDUHJ % )ULWLJ % /LQHDU ȕ JOXFDQV DUH HOFLWRUV RI GHIHQVH UHVSRQVHVLQWREDFFR3ODQW3K\VLRORJ\

2UWHJD)6WHLQHU8'HKQH+:,QGXFHGUHVLVWDQFHDWRRO

IXQJLFLGHPDQDJHPHQW3HVWLFLGH 6FLHQFH 3HVWLFLGH6FLHQFH

3DXOHUW 5 $WLYLGDGH DQWLPLFURELDQD H FRQWUROH GD DQWUDFQRVHGRIHLMRHLURFRPXP3KDVHROXVYXOJDULV/XWLOL]DQGR

SROLVVDFDUtGHR H H[WUDWRV GD PDFURDOJD PDULQKD8OYD IDVFLDWD

'LVVHUWDomRGH0HVWUDGR8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH6DQWD&DWDULQD )ORULDQySROLV6&

6DLQGUHQDQW3%DUFKLHWWR7$YHOLQRS-%RPSHL[*(IIHFW RI SKRVIKLWH RQ SK\WRDOH[LQ DFFXPXODWLRQ LQ OHDYHV RI FRZSHD LQIHFWHGZLWK3K\WRSKWKRUDFU\SWRJHD3K\VLRORJLFDODQG0ROHFXODU 3ODQW3DWKRORJ\

6WDGQLN0-0DUDVFKLQ00DQHMRHFROyJLFRGHGRHQoDVGH SODQWDV,Q6WDGQLN0-7DODPLQL9(GV,QGXomRGHUHVLVWrQFLD GHSODQWDVD¿WRSDWyJHQRV)ORULDQySROLV6&&HQWURGH&LrQFLDV $JUiULDV8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGH6DQWD&DWDULQDSS 6WDGQLN 0- 3DXOHUW 5 8VR GH PDFURDOJDV PDULQKDV QD DJULFXOWXUD 6pULH /LYURV GR 0XVHX 1DFLRQDO 5LR GH -DQHLUR 9ROXPHQRSUHOR

6WHLQHU 8 6FK|QEHFN ) ,QGXFHG GLVHDVH UHVLVWHQFH LQ PRQRFRWV,Q+DPPHUVFPLGW5.XF-(GV,QGXFHGUHVLVWDQFH

WRGLVHDVHLQSODQWV'RUGUHFKW .OXZHU $FDGHPLF 3XEOLVKHUV SS'RUGUHFKW.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUVSS