• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Epidemiologia do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: uma revisão

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "Epidemiologia do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: uma revisão"

Copied!
6
0
0

Texto

(1)

Epidemiologia do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo:

uma revisão

Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder:

a review

5HVXPR 5HVXPR5HVXPR 5HVXPR5HVXPR

2VLQTXpULWRVSRSXODFLRQDLVVmRLPSRUWDQWHVSRLVDPRVWUDVFOtQLFDVWHQGHPDDSUHVHQWDUYLHVHVGHVHOHomR$VSHFWRVVRFLRGHPRJUiILFRV H UHODFLRQDGRV j SUySULD FRQGLomR PyUELGD SRGHP LQWHUIHULU QD SURFXUD SRU WUDWDPHQWR 3HOD QDWXUH]D HJRGLVW{QLFD GR WUDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYR VHXV SRUWDGRUHV WHQGHP D RFXOWDU R SUREOHPD SRGHQGR QmR SURFXUDU RX GHPRUDU D SURFXUDU WUDWDPHQWR 3RUpP D PDLRU SDUWH GR FRQKHFLPHQWR DWXDO VREUH R WUDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYR DGYpP GH DPRVWUDV FOtQLFDV TXH QmR UHSUH VHQWDPDWRWDOLGDGHGRVFDVRV)RLIHLWDXPDUHYLVmRFRQYHQFLRQDOGDOLWHUDWXUDDWUDYpVGR0HGOLQH3VLFR,QIRH/LODFVGHLQTXpULWRV SRSXODFLRQDLV VREUH R WUDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYR FREULQGR R SHUtRGR GH D XWLOL]DQGRVH FRPR SDODYUDVFKDYH ´HSLGHPLRORJLDµ ´WUDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRµ ´LQTXpULWRV SRSXODFLRQDLVµ H ´SUHYDOrQFLDµ (VWXGRV UHDOL]DGRV HP GLIHUHQWHV SDtVHVLQGLFDPSDUDRWUDQVWRUQRREVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRXPDSUHYDOrQFLDDWXDOHPWRUQRGHHDRORQJRGDYLGDGHD 'LIHUHQWHPHQWHGHDPRVWUDVFOtQLFDVHPTXDVHWRGDVDVDPRVWUDVSRSXODFLRQDLVKiSUHGRPtQLRGHPXOKHUHVHSRUWDGRUHVTXHWrP DSHQDV REVHVV}HV $ IUHTHQWH FRPRUELGDGH FRP RXWURV WUDQVWRUQRV PHQWDLV SDUWLFXODUPHQWH GHSUHVVmR H RXWURV WUDQVWRUQRV DQVL RVRVUHSHWHVHHPFDVRVGDSRSXODomRJHUDOTXHDSUHVHQWDPDLQGDXPDDVVRFLDomRFRPDEXVRGHVXEVWkQFLDV0XLWRVSRUWDGRUHV QmR HVWmR HP WUDWDPHQWR SDUWLFXODUPHQWH RV FDVRV ´SXURVµ ,QGLFDGRUHV GH LQFDSDFLWDomR IXQFLRQDO GHPRQVWUDP XP FRQVLGHUiYHO LPSDFWRQHJDWLYRGRWUDQVWRUQRREVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYReSUHFLVR PHOKRUDURFRQKHFLPHQWRGDSRSXODomRHGRVSURILVVLRQDLVGHVD~GH VREUHRVVLQWRPDVGRWUDQVWRUQRREVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRSDUDDXPHQWDUDSURFXUDGHDWHQGLPHQWRDVVLPFRPRDFRUUHWDLGHQWLILFDomR H DERUGDJHP WHUDSrXWLFD GHVWH JUDYH SUREOHPD GH VD~GH

'HVFULWRUHV 'HVFULWRUHV'HVFULWRUHV

'HVFULWRUHV'HVFULWRUHV 7UDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRHSLGHPLRORJLD 7UDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRSVLFRORJLD ,QTXpULWRV GH PRUELGDGH $FHVVRDRVVHUYLoRVGHVD~GH

$ EVWU D FW $ EVWU D FW$ EVWU D FW $ EVWU D FW$ EVWU D FW

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´HSLGHPLRORJ\µ ´REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHUµ ´SRSXODWLRQDO VXUYH\Vµ DQG ´SUHYDOHQFHµ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´SXUHµ FDVHV ,QGLFDWRUV RI IXQFWLRQDO LQFDSDFLWDWLRQ VKRZ D FRQVLGHUDEOH QHJDWLYH LPSDFWRIREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHU,WLVQHFHVVDU\WRLQFUHDVHWKHDZDUHQHVVDERXWREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHUV\PSWRPV LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG DPRQJ KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDOV LQ RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH KHOS VHHNLQJ DV ZHOO DV WKH SURSHU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG WUHDWPHQW RI WKLV UDWKHU VHULRXV PHGLFDO FRQGLWLRQ

.H\ZRUGV .H\ZRUGV.H\ZRUGV

.H\ZRUGV.H\ZRUGV 2EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHUHSLGHPLRORJ\ 2EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHUSV\FKRORJ\ 0RUELGLW\ VXUYH\ +HDOWK VHUYLFHV DFFHVVLELOLW\

1 Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNIFESP), Botucatu (SP), Brasil

Financiamento: Inexistente Conflito de interesses: Inexistente Recebido: 17 de Janeiro de 2005 Aceito: 20 de Abril de 2005

Correspondência

Albina Rodrigues Torres

Departamento de Neurologia e Psiquiatria- FMB- UNESP Distrito de Rubião Jr.

18618-970 Botucatu, SP Fax: (14) 3815-5965 Fone (14) 3811-6260 E-mail: torresar@fmb.unesp.br

5 ( 9 , 6 ® 2 5 ( 9 , 6 ® 2 5 ( 9 , 6 ® 2 5 ( 9 , 6 ® 2 5 ( 9 , 6 ® 2

(2)

FUHYHX XPD SUHYDOrQFLD GH RX VHMD DSHQDV DSUR[L PDGDPHQWHFLQFRFDVRVSDUDFDGDKDELWDQWHVDRORQ JRGDYLGDHHVWDHVWLPDWLYDSUHGRPLQRXGXUDQWHGpFDGDV

2XWUR DVSHFWR QRWiYHO GR 72& REVHUYDGR HP DPRVWUDV FOtQL FDV p D FRQVLVWrQFLD GD DSUHVHQWDomR IHQRPHQROyJLFD QRV Yi ULRV SDtVHV HVWXGDGRV FRP VLQWRPDV PXLWR VHPHOKDQWHV H XP Q~PHUROLPLWDGRGHREVHVV}HVHFRPSXOV}HVPHVPRHPFXOWX UDV H[WUHPDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV FRPR (8$ ,VUDHO )LQOkQGLD &D QDGiÉIULFD&RUpLD1RYD=HOkQGLD3RUWR5LFRH%UDVLO

2EMHWLYR 2EMHWLYR 2EMHWLYR 2EMHWLYR 2EMHWLYR

)D]HU XPD UHYLVmR FRQYHQFLRQDO GD OLWHUDWXUD D UHVSHLWR GH HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV VREUH R 72& SXEOLFDGRV HP SRUWX JXrV H LQJOrV

0pWRGRV 0pWRGRV 0pWRGRV 0pWRGRV 0pWRGRV

)RLIHLWDXPDEXVFDFRPSXWDGRUL]DGDGHDUWLJRVIRLIHLWDSHORV VLVWHPDV 0HGOLQH 3VLFR,QIR H /LODFV FREULQGR R SHUtRGR GH D XWLOL]DQGRVH FRPR SDODYUDVFKDYH ´HSLGHPLRORJLDµ µWUDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRµ ´LQTXpUL WRVSRSXODFLRQDLVµH´SUHYDOrQFLDµ´HSLGHPLRORJ\µ´REVHVVLYH FRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHUµ ´SRSXODWLRQDO VXUYH\Vµ ´SUHYDOHQFHµ 2XWURV DUWLJRV FRPSOHWRV RXUHVXPRV GH FRQJUHVVRVFLWDGRV QDV SXEOLFDo}HV HQFRQWUDGDV H FRQVLGHUDGRV UHOHYDQWHV WDP EpP IRUDP FRQVXOWDGRV H LQFOXtGRV

5HVXOWDGRV H GLVFXVVmR 5HVXOWDGRV H GLVFXVVmR 5HVXOWDGRV H GLVFXVVmR 5HVXOWDGRV H GLVFXVVmR 5HVXOWDGRV H GLVFXVVmR

(VWXGRV SRSXODFLRQDLV GH SUHYDOrQFLD GR 72& (VWXGRV SRSXODFLRQDLV GH SUHYDOrQFLD GR 72& (VWXGRV SRSXODFLRQDLV GH SUHYDOrQFLD GR 72& (VWXGRV SRSXODFLRQDLV GH SUHYDOrQFLD GR 72& (VWXGRV SRSXODFLRQDLV GH SUHYDOrQFLD GR 72& ,QTXpULWRV WUDQVYHUVDLV JHUDP HVWLPDWLYDV GH SUHYDOrQFLD SRSXODFLRQDLV UHODWLYDV D FHUWR SHUtRGR GH WHPSR H[ ~OWLPD VHPDQDPrVDQRRXYLGDWRGDVHQGRPDLVSUHFLVRVTXDQWR PDLVSRQWXDLV$PHWRGRORJLDGHVVHVHVWXGRVSRGHVHUGLYLGL GDHPGXDVIDVHVDTXHOHVEDVHDGRVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHQRMXOJD PHQWR FOtQLFR GRV DYDOLDGRUHV H RV PDLV UHFHQWHV TXH XWLOL ]DP LQVWUXPHQWRV HVWUXWXUDGRV RX VHPLHVWUXWXUDGRV SDUD R HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR GR GLDJQyVWLFR 6HJXQGR %HEELQJWRQ R SUL PHLUR HVWXGR SRSXODFLRQDO VREUH 72& IRL FRQGX]LGR SRU 5RWK H/XWRQHPQR7HQQHVVH(8$FRPXPDDPRVWUDGH SHVVRDV LQGLFDQGR XPD WD[D GH H R VHJXQGR UHDOL]DGRSRU%UXQHWWLHPQD)UDQoDREWHYHXPDWD[D GH 0DLV UHFHQWHPHQWH IRUDP UHDOL]DGRV HVWXGRV

SRSXODFLRQDLV LQWHUQDFLRQDLV XWLOL]DQGRVH R3UHVHQW 6WDWH ([DPLQDWLRQ 36( H R SURJUDPD FRPSXWDFLRQDO &$7(*2 TXHSRUWHUFULWpULRVKLHUiUTXLFRVGLDJQyVWLFRVPXLWRUtJLGRV² TXHH[FOXHPSRUH[HPSORRGLDJQyVWLFRGH72&QDSUHVHQoD GHVLQWRPDVGHSUHVVLYRV²SHUPLWLUDPDRWRGRDLGHQWLILFDomR GHDSHQDVXPFDVRGH72&

2HVWXGRDPHULFDQR(SLGHPLRORJLFDO&DWFKPHQW$UHD(&$ FRP XPD DPRVWUD GH FHUFD GH SHVVRDV UHDOL]DGR QR LQtFLR GRV DQRV XWLOL]DQGRVH GR'LDJQRVWLF ,QWHUYLHZ 6FKHGXOH ',6 VHJXQGR FULWpULRV GR '60,,, PXGRX UDGL

FDOPHQWHDQRomRGR72&FRPRXPDGRHQoDUDUDDRREWHUXPD WD[D GH SUHYDOrQFLD DR ORQJR GD YLGD HQWUH H QDV FLQFRUHJL}HVDYDOLDGDV(VWHHVWXGRIRUQHFHXLQIRUPDo}HV

VXUSUHHQGHQWHV VREUH D HSLGHPLRORJLD H FRPRUELGDGH GR 72& LQGLFDQGRTXHHVWHHUDDYH]HVPDLVFRPXPGRTXHVH VXSXQKD DWp HQWmR FRP XPD SUHYDOrQFLD PpGLD QRV FLQFR

ORFDLV GH HP VHLV PHVHV H QD YLGD 2 72& IRL R TXDUWR WUDQVWRUQR PDLV IUHTHQWH GHSRLV DSHQDV GDV IRELDV DEXVR GH VXEVWkQFLDV H GHSUHVVmR $ SUHYDOrQFLD PpGLD

HPXPPrVIRLGHHQWUHRVKRPHQVHHQWUH DV PXOKHUHV FRP SUHGRPtQLR HP IDL[DV HWiULDV PDLV MRYHQV SHVVRDV VHSDUDGDV H FRP PHQRU QtYHO VRFLRHFRQ{PLFR

,QWURGXomR ,QWURGXomR ,QWURGXomR ,QWURGXomR ,QWURGXomR

$ LQYHVWLJDomR HSLGHPLROyJLFD p GH IXQGDPHQWDO LPSRUWkQ FLD HP 3VLTXLDWULD XPD YH] TXH DPRVWUDV FOtQLFDV WHQGHP D DSUHVHQWDU YLHVHV GH VHOHomR 0HVPR TXDQGR Ki RIHUWD DGH TXDGDGHVHUYLoRVGHVD~GHYiULRVIDWRUHVSRGHPLQWHUIHULUQD SURFXUD SRU WUDWDPHQWR GHVGH DVSHFWRV VRFLRGHPRJUiILFRV VH[R LGDGH VLWXDomR FRQMXJDO H RFXSDFLRQDO JUDX GH HVFR ODULGDGH QtYHO VRFLRHFRQ{PLFR SURFHGrQFLD UXUDO RX XUED QDDWpDTXHOHVUHODFLRQDGRVjSUySULDFRQGLomRPyUELGDGX UDomRWLSRGHVLQWRPDWRORJLDJUDYLGDGHJUDXGHLQFDSDFLWDomR HGHFUtWLFDSUHVHQoDGHWUDQVWRUQRVFRPyUELGRVHWF/HYDQ WDPHQWRVSRSXODFLRQDLVGmRDRSRUWXQLGDGHGHVHHVWXGDUQmR DSHQDV RV FDVRV DWHQGLGRV HP VHUYLoRV GH VD~GH PDV WDP EpPDTXHOHVLGHQWLILFDGRVQDFRPXQLGDGHPXLWDVYH]HVFRQ VLGHUDYHOPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVGRVLQGLYtGXRVTXHHVWmRVHQGRWUD WDGRV$VVLPRVHVWXGRVSRSXODFLRQDLVSRVVLELOLWDPGHVFUHYHU DIUHTrQFLDHDGLVWULEXLomRGRVWUDQVWRUQRVQDFRPXQLGDGH HVWXGDU VXD KLVWyULD QDWXUDO H LGHQWLILFDU SRVVtYHLV IDWRUHV GH ULVFRDOpPGHDMXGDUHPQDDYDOLDomRGDQHFHVVLGDGHGHVHU YLoRVGHVD~GH

1RTXHVHUHIHUHDRWUDQVWRUQRREVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYR72& HVWH WHQGH D VHU XP TXDGUR VHFUHWR HP IXQomR GD KDELWXDO SUHVHUYDomR GD FUtWLFD H FRQVHTHQWH YHUJRQKD GR SRUWDGRU HPUHODomRDRVVLQWRPDV$OJXQVVHTXHUVDEHPTXHVHWUDWD

GHXPDFRQGLomRPpGLFDWUDWiYHOHPXLWRVSURFXUDPRFXOWDU

RV VLQWRPDV PHVPR GH IDPLOLDUHV SUy[LPRV 2XWURV WHPHP TXH DR IDODU GH VHXV PHGRV HOHV GH IDWR VH UHDOL]HP RX DLQGD QR FDVR GH REVHVV}HV VH[XDLV RX DJUHVVLYDV WHPHP VHUFRQVLGHUDGRVORXFRVRXSHULJRVRVHKRVSLWDOL]DGRVRXPHVPR SUHVRV2PHGRGHFRQWDPLQDomRRXGHRXWURVHVWtPXORVRE

VHVVLYRVSRGHWDPEpPHVWDUSRUWUiVGDHYLWDomRGHVHUYLoRVGH VD~GH 'H IDWR HVWXGRV FOtQLFRV PRVWUDP TXH RV SRUWDGRUHV

GHPRUDPHPPpGLDGHDDQRVDWpSURFXUDUHPHREWHUHP WUDWDPHQWR DGHTXDGR SDUD VHX SUREOHPD

$ DVVRFLDomR GR 72& FRP RXWURV WUDQVWRUQRV SVLTXLiWULFRV WDPEpP PHUHFH LQYHVWLJDo}HV HSLGHPLROyJLFDV FXLGDGRVDV $ FRPRUELGDGHFRPWUDQVWRUQRVGHSUHVVLYRVHDQVLRVRVSRUH[HP SORpDUHJUDHPDPRVWUDVFOtQLFDVSRGHQGRLQIOXLUGHPRGR

UHOHYDQWH QD EXVFD SRU WUDWDPHQWR $FUHGLWDVH TXH HP

JHUDO TXDQWR PDLRU R Q~PHUR GH FRPRUELGDGHV PDLRU D LQ WHUIHUrQFLD GRV VLQWRPDV QDV DWLYLGDGHV GLiULDV SLRU D TXDOL GDGHGHYLGDHPDLRUDSUREDELOLGDGHGHVHEXVFDUWUDWDPHQ WR 8PD H[FHomR VHULD D DVVRFLDomR FRP DEXVR GH VXEVWkQ

FLDV TXH SRGH GLPLQXLU DV FKDQFHV GH R LQGLYtGXR SURFXUDU VHUYLoRV GH VD~GH

(PXPHVWXGRVREUHLQFLGrQFLDGH72&1HVWDGWHWDOFRQV WDWDUDP TXH DSHVDU GH D PDLRULD GRV FDVRV WHU SURFXUDGR WUDWDPHQWR SDUD VHXV SUREOHPDV HPRFLRQDLV QHQKXP KDYLD SURFXUDGRDMXGDSDUDRVVLQWRPDVREVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRV2& PDVVLPSDUDDQVLHGDGHHVWUHVVHVLQWRPDVGHSUHVVLYRVXVR GHVXEVWkQFLDVRXSUREOHPDVGHUHODFLRQDPHQWR$VVLPVLQ

WRPDV 2& VHULDP VXEUHODWDGRV PHVPR QR FRQWH[WR FOtQLFR $SHVDU GRV DVSHFWRV GLVFXWLGRV DWp UHFHQWHPHQWH QRVVR FRQKHFLPHQWR D UHVSHLWR GD SUHYDOrQFLD H GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FOtQLFDV H GHPRJUiILFDV GR 72& EDVHDYDVH TXDVH H[FOXVLYD PHQWHHPDPRVWUDVFOtQLFDVTXHGHPRGRDOJXPUHSUHVHQ

WDPDWRWDOLGDGHGRVSRUWDGRUHV1DYHUGDGHKiDQRVR72& YHPVHQGRGHVFULWRFRPRXPDGRHQoDRFXOWDSRVVLYHOPHQWH

HVFDSDQGRjDWHQomRRXSHORPHQRVWHQGRPHQRUSULRULGDGH SDUD D PDLRULD GRV HSLGHPLRORJLVWDV &RP LVWR DWp R LQtFLR

GDGpFDGDGHR72&HUDFRQVLGHUDGRXPTXDGURH[WUHPD PHQWH UDUR PDV WDO QRomR DGYLQKD GH FDVRV TXH SURFXUD

(3)

3RVWHULRUPHQWH OHYDQWDPHQWRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV HP YiULRV RXWURV SDtVHV XWLOL]DQGR R PHVPR LQVWUXPHQWR GH DYDOLDomR HQFRQWUDUDP WD[DV VHPHOKDQWHV HQWUH H HP VHLV PHVHV H H QD YLGD FKDPDQGR D DWHQomR SDUD XPDSRVVtYHO´HSLGHPLDRFXOWDµ

:HLVVPDQHWDOXQLIRUPL]DUDPHVXPDUL]DUDPRVDFKDGRV

GHVHWHOHYDQWDPHQWRVHSLGHPLROyJLFRVLQWHUQDFLRQDLVUHDOL]D GRVFRPR',6VHJXQGRFULWpULRVGR'60,,,REWHQGRWD[DV

GH SUHYDOrQFLD TXH YDULDUDP GH D DR ORQJR GD YLGD 2V DFKDGRV VmR EDVWDQWH FRQVLVWHQWHV H[FHWXDQGRVH 7DLZDQRQGHDVSUHYDOrQFLDVIRUDPPDLVEDL[DVSDUDWRGRVRV WUDQVWRUQRV HVWXGDGRV $ PDLRULD GHVVHV OHYDQWDPHQWRV

DSRQWRX XPD SUHGRPLQkQFLD GH REVHVV}HV SXUDV HQTXDQWR HP 0XQLTXH H 7DLZDQ KRXYH PDLV REVHVV}HV H FRPSXOV}HV DVVRFLDGDVHQD&RUpLDXPSUHGRPtQLRGHFRPSXOV}HVLVROD GDV 2V WUDQVWRUQRV FRPyUELGRV PDLV FRPXQV IRUDP GHSUHV VmRPDLRUHRXWURVWUDQVWRUQRVGHDQVLHGDGHFRPRVVHJXLQ WHV YDORUHV GH UD]mR GH SUHYDOrQFLD UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH (8$

H(GPRQWRQH3RUWR5LFRH 0XQLTXH H 7DLZDQ H &RUpLD H

H1RYD=HOkQGLDH(YLGHQFLDUDPVHDSDUWLU

GHVVHV HVWXGRV RXWUDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GR 72& QD FRPXQLGD GH FRPR LQtFLR SUHFRFH WHQGrQFLD D FURQLFLGDGH OHYH SUH GRPLQkQFLD QR VH[R IHPLQLQR H SLFR GH LQFLGrQFLD HP IDL[DV HWiULDVPDLVEDL[DV

(P UHDOL]RXVH QD *Um %UHWDQKD R SULPHLUR%ULWLVK 1DWLRQDO6XUYH\RI3V\FKLDWULF0RUELGLW\OHYDQWDPHQWRFRP

XPDDPRVWUDJHPDOHDWyULDGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDGXO WRV 'LIHUHQWHPHQWH GR HVWXGR DPHULFDQR (&$ UHVWULWR D FLQ FRFHQWURVIRLEDVHDGRHPDPRVWUDGHUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGHQD FLRQDO $V WD[DV GH SUHYDOrQFLD GR 72& REWLGDV DWUDYpV GD YHUVmR UHYLVWD GD&OLQLFDO ,QWHUYLHZ 6FKHGXOH&,65 H

FULWpULRVGLDJQyVWLFRVGD&,'IRUDPGHQRVKRPHQV

HQDVPXOKHUHV)RLPDLRUDSUHYDOrQFLDHQWUHSHVVRDV VHSDUDGDVRXGLYRUFLDGDVGHVHPSUHJDGDVRXHFRQRPLFDPHQ WHLQDWLYDVHTXHPRUDYDPVR]LQKDV

>

>

>

>

>

>

(4)

21DWLRQDO &RPRUELGLW\ 6XU YH\ R PDLRU HVWXGR

HSLGHPLROyJLFR UHSUHVHQWDWLYR GH WRGD SRSXODomR DPHULFDQD TXH XWLOL]RX FULWpULRV GR '60,,,5 D SDUWLU GH XPD YHUVmR

PRGLILFDGD GD &,', &RPSRVLWH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'LDJQRVWLF ,QWHUYLHZ ² LQVWUXPHQWR GHULYDGR GD ',6 ² QmR LQFOXLX R 72& HQWUH RV WUDQVWRUQRV DYDOLDGRV $VVLP LQIHOL]PHQWH QmR KiGDGRVGLVSRQtYHLVVREUHSUHYDOrQFLDHFRPRUELGDGHGR72& GHVWH LPSRUWDQWH OHYDQWDPHQWR

6WHLQ HW DO DYDOLDUDP SRU SHVTXLVD WHOHI{QLFD D SUHYDOrQFLD GH 72& HP SHVVRDV QR &DQDGi REWHQGR LQLFLDOPHQWH XPDSUHYDOrQFLDQRPrVGHVHJXQGRFULWpULRVGR'60 ,9 TXH FDLX SDUD LQFOXLQGR RV FDVRV VXEFOtQLFRV HP

UHDYDOLDomR FOtQLFD VXJHULQGR TXH D UHDO SUHYDOrQFLD p PHQRU GRTXHDSRQWDPHVWXGRVUHDOL]DGRVSRUHQWUHYLVWDGRUHVOHLJRV

6HJXQGR HVWHV DXWRUHV DYDOLDGRUHV VHP IRUPDomR HP VD~GH PHQWDO WHQGHP D URWXODU HUURQHDPHQWH SUHRFXSDo}HV QRUPDLV FRPRREVHVVLYDVHVXSHUHVWLPDURJUDXGHLQWHUIHUrQFLDHVRIUL PHQWR SHORV VLQWRPDV 7DPEpP 1HVWDGW HW DO DYDOLDUDP DGXOWRVHP%DOWLPRUH(8$QXPVHJXQGRHVWiJLRGR(&$DSyV R UDVWUHDPHQWR LQLFLDO IHLWR SRU HQWUHYLVWDGRUHV OHLJRV HQFRQ WUDQGRVLQWRPDV2&HPGHOHVPDVXPDSUHYDOrQFLDHV WLPDGDGH72&GHDSHQDV3DUDHVVHVDXWRUHVRVYDORUHV

VmR PHQRUHV GR TXH R HVSHUDGR SRVVLYHOPHQWH SRUTXH SHORV FULWpULRV GR '60,,,D FRRFRUUrQFLD GH GHSUHVVmR PDLRU H

HVTXL]RIUHQLD p FULWpULR GH H[FOXVmR SDUD R GLDJQyVWLFR (QWUH H IRL IHLWR XP LQTXpULWR HSLGHPLROyJLFR HP2VOR1RUXHJDXWLOL]DQGRVHD&,',HFULWpULRVGR'60

,,,5 2EWHYHVH XPD SUHYDOrQFLD DQXDO GR 72& GH

GRVKRPHQVHGDVPXOKHUHVHQDYLGDGH GRVKRPHQVHGDVPXOKHUHV8POHYDQWDPHQWR FRQGX]LGRQRQRUWHGD$OHPDQKDDWUDYpVGD&,',DGDSWDGD

D FULWpULRV GR '60,9 REWHYH XPD SUHYDOrQFLD DQXDO H QD

YLGD GH H UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH HQTXDQWR 72& VXEFOtQLFR RFRUUHX HP H GD SRSXODomR $ UD]mR HQWUHPXOKHUHVHKRPHQVHQFRQWUDGDIRLGHQR72&FOtQL FR H QR VXEFOtQLFR 0HVPR RV TXDGURV VXEFOtQLFRV DVVR FLDUDPVH D XP FRQVLGHUiYHO JUDX GH SUHMXt]R QR IXQFLRQD PHQWR SVLFRVVRFLDO 8P HVWXGR SRSXODFLRQDO GH 6DQWLDJR GR &KLOHXWLOL]DQGRDPHVPDPHWRGRORJLDGROHYDQWDPHQWREUL

WkQLFR GH HQFRQWURX XPD SUHYDOrQFLDSRQWR DWXDO

GH GH 72& DWUDYpV GD&OLQLFDO ,QWHUYLHZ 6FKHGXOH 5HYLVHG&,65VHQGRHQWUHRVKRPHQVHHQWUH DVPXOKHUHV1D+RODQGDREWHYHVHXPDSUHYDOrQFLDQDYLGD GHDWUDYpVGD&,',2XWURHVWXGRHSLGHPLROyJLFRFRQ

GX]LGR QR ,Um HP FRP SHVVRDV DFLPD GH DQRV

REWHYHXPDSUHYDOrQFLDGH72&QDYLGDGHVHQGR HQWUH RV KRPHQV H HQWUH DV PXOKHUHV FRP GHFOtQLR QDVWD[DVDSyVDQRVGHLGDGH,QTXpULWRFRQGX]LGRQDSUR YtQFLDGH.RQ\DQD7XUTXLDFRPD&,',PRVWURXSUHYDOrQFLD

GH SDUD 72& QR DQR DQWHULRU UHSHWLQGRVH DLQGD TXH VHP VLJQLILFkQFLD HVWDWtVWLFD D PDLRU SURSRUomR GH FDVRV HQ WUH PXOKHUHV FRQWUD QRV KRPHQV

(P IRL IHLWR XP QRYR LQTXpULWR QD *Um %UHWDQKD R

%ULWLVK 1DWLRQDO 6XUYH\ RI 3V\FKLDWULF 0RUELGLW\ QR TXDO

IRUDP HQWUHYLVWDGRV DGXOWRV PRUDGRUHV GH UHVLGrQFLDV SDUWLFXODUHV QD ,QJODWHUUD (VFyFLD H 3DtV GH *DOHV 2V WUDQV WRUQRV QHXUyWLFRV IRUDP DYDOLDGRV DWUDYpV GD &,65 GH

DFRUGR FRP D &,',GHQWLILFDUDPVH FDVRV GH 72&

PXOKHUHV XPD SUHYDOrQFLD GH QD ~OWLPD VHPDQD ,& &RPR HP RXWURV HVWXGRV D PDLRULD GRV FDVRV WLQKD DSHQDV REVHVV}HV DV FRPRUELGDGHV IRUDP IUHTHQWHV WLQKDP RXWURV WUDQVWRUQRV QHXUyWLFRV DVVRFLDGRVSUHGRPLQDQGRHSLVyGLRGHSUHVVLYRVHJXL

GRGHWUDQVWRUQRGHDQVLHGDGHJHQHUDOL]DGDDJRUDIRELD RXSkQLFRIRELDVRFLDOHIRELDHVSHFtILFD 3RUWDGRUHVGH72&DSUHVHQWDUDPPDLVGHSHQGrQFLDGHiOFRRO GR TXH RV RXWURV QHXUyWLFRV PDV R QtYHO GH GHSHQGrQFLD GH RXWUDV GURJDV QmR GLIHULX VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH YHUVXV &XULRVDPHQWH GHSHQGrQFLD GH GURJDV HPJHUDOHGHPDFRQKDHPSDUWLFXODUIRUDPPDLVFRPXQVHP FDVRV GH 72& ´SXURµ GR TXH QDTXHOHV FRP FRPRUELGDGH 2 72& DVVRFLRXVH D XP PDLRU JUDX GH LQFDSDFLWDomR VRFLDO H RFXSDFLRQDO GR TXH RXWUDV QHXURVHV PHQRV FDVDGRV PDLV IUHTHQWHPHQWH PRUDQGR VR]LQKRV GHVHPSUHJDGRV H FRP UHQGD EDL[D PHVPR FRP QtYHO GH HVFRODULGDGH VHPHOKDQWH 8P TXDUWR GRV FDVRV Mi KDYLD WHQWDGR VXLFtGLR DR PHQRV XPD YH] QD YLGD (PERUD QmR WHQKD KDYLGR GLIHUHQoDV HP UHODomR D LQGLFDGRUHV GH LQFDSDFLWDomR HQWUH FDVRV FRP H VHPFRPRUELGDGHRV~OWLPRVHVWDYDPUHFHEHQGRVLJQLILFDWL YDPHQWHPHQRVWUDWDPHQWRGRTXHRVSULPHLURVYHUVXV

S&RQVWDWRXVHSRUWDQWRTXHRVFDVRVTXH HVWmR VHQGR WUDWDGRV HP JHUDO WrP DOJXPD FRPRUELGDGH H SRGHP QmR HVWDU UHYHODQGR VXDV REVHVV}HV H FRPSXOV}HV Mi TXH DSHQDV XPD PLQRULD HVWDYD UHFHEHQGR DERUGDJHQV WHUD SrXWLFDVFRQVLGHUDGDVHVSHFtILFDVVyHVWDYDPUHFHEHQGR LQLELGRUHVGHUHFDSWDomRGHVHURWRQLQDHWHUDSLDFRJQLWLYR FRPSRUWDPHQWDO

%HP PDLV HVFDVVRV VmR RV LQTXpULWRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV VREUH 72& QD LQIkQFLD H DGROHVFrQFLD 2 HVWXGR PDLV DEUDQJHQWH H UHSUHVHQWDWLYR IRL SURYDYHOPHQWH UHDOL]DGR WDPEpP QD *Um %UHWDQKD HP FRP SDUWLFLSDQWHV HQWUH H DQRV TXH HQFRQWURX XPD SUHYDOrQFLD GH 72& GH

2EVHUYRXVH XP DXPHQWR SURJUHVVLYR GD SUHYDOrQFLD FRP R DXPHQWR GD LGDGH GRV FDVRV WLQKDP HQWUH H DQRVHUDPPHQLQRVWLQKDPDOJXPRXWURGLDJQyV WLFRFRPyUELGRHRVFDVRVGH72&WLQKDPQtYHLVVRFLRHFRQ{PLFR HLQWHOHFWXDOPDLVEDL[RVGRTXHRVGHPDLVSDUWLFLSDQWHV

8PDVSHFWRLQWHUHVVDQWHpTXHHVWXGRVHSLGHPLROyJLFRVQmR YrP FRQILUPDQGR DOJXQV DFKDGRV VREUH SDFLHQWHV FRP 72& EDVHDGRV HP DPRVWUDV FOtQLFDV FRPR D REVHUYDomR GH TXH HVWHV WLQKDP HP JHUDO PHOKRU QtYHO VRFLRHFRQ{PLFR H QtYHO GH LQWHOLJrQFLD DFLPD GD PpGLD $ SUHYDOrQFLD DSUR[LPDGD PHQWH LJXDO HQWUH RV JrQHURV QD LGDGH DGXOWD HP HVWXGRV FOtQLFRV WDPEpP GLIHUH GH GDGRV SRSXODFLRQDLV QRV TXDLV HP JHUDO SUHGRPLQDP DV PXOKHUHV e SRVVtYHO TXH H[LV

WDPQDFRPXQLGDGHPDLVPXOKHUHVGRTXHKRPHQVFRP72& OHYH TXH QmR SURFXUDP WUDWDPHQWR $OpP GLVVR HQTXDQWR D PDLRULDGRVSDFLHQWHVHPWUDWDPHQWRRXPDLVDSUHVHQ WD REVHVV}HV H FRPSXOV}HV HP PpGLD DSHQDV XP WHUoR GRV FDVRVQDFRPXQLGDGHDSUHVHQWDDPERVRVIHQ{PHQRVDVVRFL DGRVSUHGRPLQDQGRDVREVHVV}HVSXUDV7DLVFRQWUDV

WHVLQGLFDPSURYiYHLVYLHVHVGHVHOHomRGRVFDVRVTXHSURFX UDP RX REWpP WUDWDPHQWR RX VHMD TXH FHUWRV SRUWDGRUHV GH 72&HVWmRVXEXWLOL]DQGRRVVHUYLoRVGHVD~GH

2XWUR DVSHFWR UHOHYDQWH LGHQWLILFDGR HP HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV H SRXFR GHVFULWR HP HVWXGRV FOtQLFRV UHIHUH VHjFRPRUELGDGHFRPDEXVRHGHSHQGrQFLDGHiOFRROHGUR JDV ,QLFLDQGRVH HP JHUDO DSyV D LQVWDODomR GR 72& RV SUREOHPDV SRU XVR GH VXEVWkQFLDV TXH FKHJDP D XP TXDUWR RX XP WHUoR GRV FDVRV SRGHP UHSUHVHQWDU XPD WHQWDWLYD GH DXWRPHGLFDomRSRUSDUWHGHSRUWDGRUHVTXHQmREXVFDPWUDWD PHQWRHVSHFtILFR&RPRMiPHQFLRQDGRPXLWRVSDFLHQWHV

FRP72&SRGHPDLQGDHVWDUVHQGRWUDWDGRVPDVQmRHVSHFL ILFDPHQWHGRVVLQWRPDV2&HVLPGHVLQWRPDVGHWUDQVWRUQRV DVVRFLDGRV RX SUREOHPDV GH HVWUHVVH GH YLGD HP JHUDO3RU

(5)

5HIHUrQFLDV 5HIHUrQFLDV5HIHUrQFLDV 5HIHUrQFLDV5HIHUrQFLDV

6DPXHOV - 1HVWDGW * (SLGHPLRORJ\ DQG JHQHWLFV RI REVHVVLYH FRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU ,QW 5HY 3V\FKLDWU\

6LPRQGV /0 7KRUSH 6- $WWLWXGHV WRZDUG REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHUVDQ H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ 6RF 3V\FKLDWU\ 3V\FKLDWU (SLGHPLRO

1HVWDGW*6DPXHOV-)5RPDQRVNL$-)ROVWHLQ0)0F+XJK35 2EVHVVLRQV DQG FRPSXOVLRQV LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ $FWD 3V\FKLDWU 6FDQG

+HQGHUVRQ-*-U3ROODUG&$7KUHHW\SHVRIREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHULQDFRPPXQLW\VDPSOH-&OLQ3V\FKRO

.DUQR0*ROGLQJ-06RUHQVRQ6%%XUPDP0$7KHHSLGHPLRORJ\ RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU LQ ILYH 86 FRPPXQLWLHV $UFK *HQ 3V\FKLDWU\

.RODGD -/ %ODQG 5& 1HZPDQ 6& (SLGHPLRORJ\ RI SV\FKLDWULF GLVRUGHUV LQ (GPRQWRQ 2EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU $FWD 3V\FKLDWU 6FDQG 6XSSO

+ROODQGHU ( *UHHQZDOG 6 1HYLOOH ' -RKQVRQ - +RUQLJ &' :HLVVPDQ008QFRPSOLFDWHGDQGFRPRUELGREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU LQ DQ HSLGHPLRORJLF VDPSOH 'HSUHVV $Q[LHW\

JXLQWHVGDGRVREWLGRVFRPSDFLHQWHVFOtQLFRVRFXUVRGR72& p HP JHUDO FU{QLFR VHXV SRUWDGRUHV WHQGHP D VH FDVDU FRP PHQRV IUHTrQFLD H HVWH p XP WUDQVWRUQR FRP PXLWDV

FRPRUELGDGHVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHFRPGHSUHVVmRHRXWURVWUDQV WRUQRVGHDQVLHGDGH

1R %UDVLO R (VWXGR 0XOWLFrQWULFR GH 0RUELGDGH 3VLTXLiWUL FD HQFRQWURX XPD SUHYDOrQFLD GH 72& QD YLGD GH H

HQWUH KRPHQV H PXOKHUHV GH %UDVtOLD H GH H HP 3RUWR $OHJUH SRU FULWpULRV GR '60,,, QmR WHQGR

VLGRSRVVtYHOHVWDEHOHFHUDSUHYDOrQFLDHP6mR3DXOR3RVWHUL RUPHQWH$QGUDGHHWDOXWLOL]DQGRD&,',HPLQTXpULWRFRQGX ]LGR HP XPD SDUWH GD FLGDGH GH 6mR 3DXOR HVWLPDUDP HP D SUHYDOrQFLD DR ORQJR GD YLGD VHQGR HQWUH KR PHQVHHQWUHPXOKHUHV(VWHVGRLVHVWXGRVVmRLQVXIL

FLHQWHVSDUDVHWHUXPDGLPHQVmRSUHFLVDGR72&QDSRSXOD omR EUDVLOHLUD H HVWXGRV PDLV DEUDQJHQWHV H UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV DLQGD VmR PXLWR QHFHVViULRV

'LILFXOGDGHV GRV HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV GH 72& 'LILFXOGDGHV GRV HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV GH 72& 'LILFXOGDGHV GRV HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV GH 72& 'LILFXOGDGHV GRV HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV GH 72& 'LILFXOGDGHV GRV HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV GH 72& $SHVDU GD UHFRQKHFLGD LPSRUWkQFLD QmR VmR SRXFDV DV GLIL FXOGDGHV GH VH DYDOLDU R 72& HP HVWXGRV SRSXODFLRQDLV &RPR QmR VH WUDWD GH XP TXDGUR PXLWR IUHTHQWH DSHQDV JUDQGHV OHYDQWDPHQWRVVmRFDSD]HVGHREWHUQ~PHURVXILFLHQWHSDUDSHU PLWLU FRQFOXV}HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH HP UHODomR D VXEJUXSRV GH SRUWDGRUHV(VWXGRVSRSXODFLRQDLVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHJUDQGHSRUWH VmRH[WUHPDPHQWHGLVSHQGLRVRVHQHFHVVLWDPVHUPXLWREHPSOD QHMDGRV H H[HFXWDGRV SRU HQWUHYLVWDGRUHV OHLJRV WUHLQDGRV SRU PHLR GH LQVWUXPHQWRV GLDJQyVWLFRV HVWUXWXUDGRV 1HQKXP LQV WUXPHQWRGHDYDOLDomRIRLDLQGDHVSHFLILFDPHQWHYDOLGDGRSDUDR GLDJQyVWLFR GR 72& H[DWDPHQWH SHOR Q~PHUR LQVXILFLHQWH GH FDVRV LGHQWLILFDGRV PHVPR HP JUDQGHV LQTXpULWRV

(QWUHYLVWDGRUHV OHLJRV SRGHP WHU GLILFXOGDGHV HP GLIHUHQ FLDU REVHVV}HV H FRPSXOV}HV GR 72& GH SUHRFXSDo}HV QRU PDLVRXDWRVFRPSXOVLYRVVHPVLJQLILFDGRFOtQLFRTXHID]HP SDUWH GD YLGD SVtTXLFD GH WRGRV WHQGHQGR D VXSHUHVWLPDU R VRIULPHQWR H DV OLPLWDo}HV DVVRFLDGRV 2EVHVV}HV H

FRPSXOV}HV QmR VmR H[FOXVLYDV GR 72& SRGHQGR RFRUUHU HP GLYHUVRV RXWURV WUDQVWRUQRV PHQWDLV FRPR QDV GHSUHVV}HV GHPrQFLDV H HVTXL]RIUHQLDV SRU H[HPSOR $OpP GLVVR D FR RFRUUrQFLD GH RXWURV WUDQVWRUQRV p H[WUHPDPHQWH IUHTHQWH GLILFXOWDQGR DLQGD PDLV R GLDJQyVWLFR 2 72& p WDPEpP XP TXDGUR PXLWR KHWHURJrQHR GR SRQWR GH YLVWD VLQWRPDWROyJLFR FRPLQ~PHUDVSRVVLELOLGDGHVGHDSUHVHQWDomRFOtQLFDPHVPR WHQGRXPFRQMXQWRPDLVWtSLFRGHPDQLIHVWDo}HV)LQDOPHQWH FRPR Mi GLVFXWLGR SHOR FDUiWHU HJRGLVW{QLFR GR SUREOHPD PHVPR D LQYHVWLJDomR GLUHWD QmR JDUDQWH TXH R SRUWDGRU DG PLWDVXDH[LVWrQFLDRFXOWDQGRRSRUFRQVWUDQJLPHQWR,QVWUX PHQWRVGHDXWRSUHHQFKLPHQWRSRGHPPLQLPL]DUHVWHIDWRPDV p LPSURYiYHO TXH R DQXOHP SRU FRPSOHWR DOpP GH VHUHP GH XWLOL]DomRLQYLiYHOHPSHVVRDVGHEDL[DHVFRODULGDGH$FRP SDUDomRHQWUHRVHVWXGRVFRPXQLWiULRVMiIHLWRVWDPEpPpWD UHIDFRPSOH[DSHODYDULHGDGHGHLQVWUXPHQWRVXWLOL]DGRVFUL WpULRV GLDJQyVWLFRV H SHUtRGRV GH DEUDQJrQFLD

&RQFOXV}HV &RQFOXV}HV &RQFOXV}HV &RQFOXV}HV &RQFOXV}HV

(VWLPDVHTXHHQWUHDGXOWRVR72&WHQKDXPDSUHYDOrQFLD DWXDO HP WRUQR GH H GH D DR ORQJR GD YLGD HP GLIHUHQWHV SDUWHV GR PXQGR (QTXDQWR D PDLRULD GRV HVWXGRV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV DSRQWD XPD RFRUUrQFLD SUHGR PLQDQWH HP PXOKHUHV H GH FDVRV FRP DSHQDV REVHVV}HV QDVDPRVWUDVFOtQLFDVREVHUYDVHXPQ~PHURVHPHOKDQWHGH KRPHQVHPXOKHUHVHDPDLRULDGRVFDVRVFRPREVHVV}HVH FRPSXOV}HV DVVRFLDGDV $VVLP SDFLHQWHV SXUDPHQWH REVHV

VLYRV H GR VH[R IHPLQLQR SRGHP HVWDU XWLOL]DQGR PHQRV RV VHUYLoRV GH VD~GH 3RU RXWUR ODGR D DOWD FRPRUELGDGH GR 72&FRPRXWURVWUDQVWRUQRVSVLTXLiWULFRVYHPVHQGRDUHJUD WDPEpP HP DPRVWUDV FRPXQLWiULDV

2 LQTXpULWR EULWkQLFR GH DSRQWRX DLQGD XP Q~PHUR

FRQVLGHUiYHO GH LQGLYtGXRV FRP 72& SULQFLSDOPHQWH KRPHQV TXHDSUHVHQWDPFRPRUELGDGHFRPGHSHQGrQFLDGHiOFRRO H XP Q~PHUR SUHRFXSDQWH GH SRUWDGRUHV TXH Mi DSUHVHQWDUDP WHQWDWLYDV GH VXLFtGLR 'HPRQVWURX DLQGD TXH PXLWRV FDVRV SDUWLFXODUPHQWH DTXHOHV VHP FRPRUELGDGH FRP RXWURV WUDQVWRUQRV´QHXUyWLFRVµQmRHVWmRUHFHEHQGRWUDWDPHQWRDSHVDU GHDSUHVHQWDUHPLQGLFDGRUHVGHLQFDSDFLWDomR²LQFOXVLYHFRP SRUWDPHQWRVVXLFLGDV²VHPHOKDQWHVDRVFDVRVFRPyUELGRV2V SDFLHQWHV FRP FRPRUELGDGHV SRGHP HVWDU VHQGR WUDWDGRV GH VLQWRPDVDVVRFLDGRVDR72&HHVWHHVWDUSHUPDQHFHQGRFRPR XPD FRQGLomR RFXOWD PHVPR QRV VHUYLoRV GH VD~GH XPD YH] TXH SRXFRV HVWDYDP UHFHEHQGR WUDWDPHQWRV HVSHFLILFDPHQWH LQGLFDGRVSDUDRFRQWUROHGRSUREOHPD

e QHFHVViULR SRUWDQWR DSULPRUDU D IRUPDomR GH SURILVVLR QDLVGHVD~GHLQFOXVLYHGHVHUYLoRVGHDWHQomRSULPiULDSUH SDUDQGRRVHHVWLPXODQGRRVSDUDDLQYHVWLJDomRDWLYDGHVLQ WRPDV 2& SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HP SDFLHQWHV FRP TXHL[DV DQVLR VDV H GHSUHVVLYDV $OJXQV SRUWDGRUHV PDLV GR VH[R PDVFXOL QRSRGHPHVWDUXWLOL]DQGRiOFRROHGURJDVQDEXVFDGHDOLYLDU RV VLQWRPDV HP YH] GH SURFXUDU DMXGD SURILVVLRQDO 3RGHP WDPEpPHVWDUQRVVHUYLoRVGHVD~GHPDVVHQGRWUDWDGRVGRV SUREOHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV DR XVR GH VXEVWkQFLDV FRP D VLQWRPDWRORJLDGR72&QmRLGHQWLILFDGDRTXHSRGHFRQWULEXLU SDUDUHFDtGDVHSLRUDURSURJQyVWLFRSURORQJDQGRRVRIULPHQ WR H RV SUHMXt]RV VRFLRRFXSDFLRQDLV DVVRFLDGRV

(6)

:HONRZLW]/$6WUXHQLQJ(/3LWWPDQ-*XDUGLQR0:HONRZLW]-2EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU DQG FRPRUELG DQ[LHW\ SUREOHPV LQ D QDWLRQDO DQ[LHW\ VFUHHQLQJ VDPSOH - $Q[LHW\ 'LVRUG

0D\HURYLWFK -, 'X )RUW ** .DNXPD 5 %ODQG 5& 1HZPDQ 6& 3LQDUG*7UHDWPHQWVHHNLQJIRUREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHUUROH RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU V\PSWRPV DQG FRPRUELG SV\FKLDWULF GLDJQRVHV &RPSU 3V\FKLDWU\

3LJRWW 7$ /·+HXUHX[ ) 'XEEHUW % %HUQVWHLQ 6 0XUSK\ '/ 2EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU FRPRUELG FRQGLWLRQV - &OLQ 3V\FKLDWU\ 6XSSO GLVFXVVLRQ

5DVPXVVHQ 6$ 7VXDQJ 07 &OLQLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG IDPLO\ KLVWRU\LQ'60,,,REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHU$P-3V\FKLDWU\ *DOEDXGGX)RUW*1HZPDQ6&%ODQG5&3V\FKLDWULFFRPRUELGLW\ DQG WUHDWPHQW VHHNLQJ 6RXUFHV RI VHOHFWLRQ ELDV LQ WKH VWXG\ RI FOLQLFDO SRSXODWLRQV - 1HUY 0HQW 'LV

1HVWDGW*%LHQYHQX2-&DL*6DPXHOV-(DWRQ::,QFLGHQFHRI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU LQ DGXOWV - 1HUY 0HQW 'LV

+RUZDWK ( :HLVVPDQ 00 7KH HSLGHPLRORJ\ DQG FURVVQDWLRQDO SUHVHQWDWLRQRIREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHU3V\FKLDWU&OLQ1RUWK $P

-HQLNH 0$ 2EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH DQG UHODWHG GLVRUGHUV D KLGGHQ HSLGHPLF 1 (QJO - 0HG

'HO3RUWR-$(SLGHPLRORJLDHDVSHFWRVWUDQVFXOWXUDLVGRWUDQVWRUQR REVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYR 5HY %UDV 3VLTXLDWU 6XSO

*UDEH+-0H\HU&+DSNH85XPSI+-)UH\EHUJHU+-'LOOLQJ+ HW DO 3UHYDOHQFH TXDOLW\ RI OLIH DQG SV\FKRVRFLDO IXQFWLRQ LQ REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU DQG VXEFOLQLFDO REVHVVLYH FRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHULQQRUWKHUQ*HUPDQ\(XU$UFK3V\FKLDWU\&OLQ 1HXURVFL 'HO3RUWR-$'LVW~UELRREVHVVLYRFRPSXOVLYRIHQRPHQRORJLDFOtQL FD GH SDFLHQWHV H HVWXGR GH DVSHFWRV WUDQVKLVWyULFRV H WUDQVFXOWXUDLV>WHVH@6mR3DXOR(VFROD3DXOLVWDGH0HGLFLQD 6RELQ&%OXQGHOO0:HLOOHU)*DYLJDQ&+DLPDQ&.DUD\LRUJRX 0 3KHQRW\SLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU DVFHUWDLQHG LQ DGXOWKRRG - 3V\FKLDWU 5HV

%HEELQJWRQ 3( (SLGHPLRORJ\ RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU %ULW - 3V\FKLDWU\ 6XSSO

$PHULFDQ 3V\FKLDWULF $VVRFLDWLRQ $3$ 'LDJQRVWLF DQG 6WDWLVWLFDO 0DQXDORI0HQWDO'LVRUGHUV'60,,DHG:DVKLQJWRQ'&$3$ 5RELQV/1+HO]HU-(:HLVVPDQQ002UYDVFKHO+*UXHQEHUJ( %XUNH-'-UHWDO/LIHWLPHSUHYDOHQFHRIVSHFLILFSV\FKLDWULFGLVRUGHUV LQ WKUHH VLWHV $UFK *HQ 3V\FKLDWU\

5DVPXVVHQ $6 (LVHQ -/ 7KH HSLGHPLRORJ\ DQG GLIIHUHQWLDO GLDJQRVLV RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU - &OLQ 3V\FKLDWU\ 6XSO GLVFXVVLRQ 5HJLHU'$1DUURZ:(5DH'7KHHSLGHPLRORJ\RIDQ[LHW\GLVRUGHUV WKH(SLGHPLRORJLF&DWFKPHQW$UHD(&$H[SHULHQFH-3V\FKLDWULF 5HV 6XSSO 5HJLHU'$)DUPHU0(5DH'60\HUV-..UDPHU05RELQV/1HW DO2QHPRQWKSUHYDOHQFHRIPHQWDOGLVRUGHUVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV DQGVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKH(SLGHPLRORJLF&DWFKPHQW $UHD VWXG\ $FWD 3V\FKLDWU 6FDQG

6WHLQ0%)RUGH'5$QGHUVRQ*:DONHU-52EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQ HSLGHPLRORJLF VXUYH\ ZLWK FOLQLFDO UHDSSUDLVDO $P - 3V\FKLDWU\

:HLVVPDQ00%ODQG5&&DQLQR*-*UHHQZDOG6+ZX+*/HH &.HWDO7KHFURVVQDWLRQDOHSLGHPLRORJ\RIREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU7KH&URVV1DWLRQDO&ROODERUDWLYH*URXS-&OLQ3V\FKLDWU\ 6XSSO

-HQNLQV5%HEELQJWRQ3(%UXJKD7)DUUHOO0*LOO%/HZLV*HW DO7KH1DWLRQDO3V\FKLDWULF0RUELGLW\6XUYH\RI*UHDW%ULWDLQVWUDWHJ\ DQG PHWKRGV 3V\FKRO 0HG

/HZLV*3HORVL$-0DQXDORIWKHUHYLVHGFOLQLFDOLQWHUYLHZVFKHGXOH &,65 /RQGRQ ,QVWLWXWH RI 3V\FKLDWU\

/HZLV*3HORVL$-$UD\D5&'XQQ*0HDVXULQJSV\FKLDWULFGLVRUGHU LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ D VWDQGDUGL]HG DVVHVVPHQW IRU XVH E\ OD\ LQWHUYLHZHUV 3V\FKRO 0HG

2UJDQL]DomR 0XQGLDO GH 6D~GH 206 &ODVVLILFDomR HVWDWtVWLFD

LQWHUQDFLRQDOGHGRHQoDVHSUREOHPDVUHODFLRQDGRVDVD~GH&,' 6mR 3DXOR &HQWUR GD 206 SDUD &ODVVLILFDomR GH 'RHQoDV .HVVOHU5&0F*RQDJOH.$=KDR61HOVRQ&%+XJKHV0(VKOHPDQ 6HWDO/LIHWLPHDQGPRQWKSUHYDOHQFHRI'60,,,5SV\FKLDWULF GLVRUGHUVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV5HVXOWVIURPWKH1DWLRQDO&RPRUELGLW\ 6XUYH\ $UFK *HQ 3V\FKLDWU\

$PHULFDQ 3V\FKLDWULF $VVRFLDWLRQ $3$ 'LDJQRVWLF DQG 6WDWLVWLFDO 0DQXDORI0HQWDO'LVRUGHUV'60,,5DHGUHY:DVKLQJWRQ'& $3$

$PHULFDQ 3V\FKLDWULF $VVRFLDWLRQ $3$ 'LDJQRVWLF DQG 6WDWLVWLFDO 0DQXDORI0HQWDO'LVRUGHUV'60,9DHG:DVKLQJWRQ'&$3$

.ULQJOHQ ( 7RUJHUVHQ 6 &UDPHU 9 $ 1RUZHJLDQ SV\FKLDWULF HSLGHPLRORJLFDO VWXG\ $P - 3V\FKLDWU\

$UD\D 5 5RMDV * )ULWVFK 5 $FXQD - /HZLV * &RPPRQ PHQWDO GLVRUGHUV LQ 6DQWLDJR &KLOH SUHYDOHQFH DQG VRFLRGHPRJUDSKLF FRUUHODWHV %U - 3V\FKLDWU\

'H*UDDI5%LMO596PLW)5DYHOOL$9ROOHEHUJK:$3V\FKLDWULF DQGVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFSUHGLFWRUVRIDWWULWLRQLQDORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\ 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV 0HQWDO +HDOWK 6XUYH\ DQG ,QFLGHQFHO 6WXG\ 1(0(6,6 $P - (SLGHPLRO

0RKDPPDGL05*KDQL]DGHK$5DKJR]DU01RRUEDOD$$'DYLGLDQ +$I]DOL+0HWDO3UHYDOHQFHRIREVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHULQ ,UDQ %0& 3V\FKLDWU\

&LOOLFLOOL $6 7HOFLRJOX 0 $VNLQ 5 .D\D 1 %RGXU 6 .XFXU 5 7ZHOYHPRQWK SUHYDOHQFH RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU LQ .RQ\D 7XUNH\ &RPSU 3V\FKLDWU\

6LQJOHWRQ1%XPSVWHDG52·%ULHQ0/HH$0HOW]HU+2IILFHIRU 1DWLRQDO 6WDWLVWLFV 3V\FKLDWULF PRUELGLW\ DPRQJ DGXOWV OLYLQJ LQ SULYDWH KRXVHKROGV /RQGRQ 7KH 6WDWLRQHU\ 2IILFH

7RUUHV$53ULQFH0-%UXJKD7/HZLV*%KXJUD'-HQNLQV5HWDO 2EVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU SUHYDOHQFH FRPRUELGLW\ LPSDFW DQGKHOSVHHNLQJLQWKH8.1DWLRQDO3V\FKLDWULF0RUELGLW\6XUYH\ RI ,Q WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQJUHVV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO

)HGHUDWLRQ RI 3V\FKLDWULF (SLGHPLRORJ\ %ULVWRO (QJODQG

+H\PDQ,)RPERQQH(6LPPRQV+)RUG7+RZDUG0*RRGPDQ 5 3UHYDOHQFH RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU LQ WKH %ULWLVK QDWLRQZLGH VXUYH\ RI FKLOG PHQWDO KHDOWK %U - 3V\FKLDWU\ $WWLXOODK1(LVHQ-/5DVPXVVHQ6$&OLQLFDOIHDWXUHVRIREVHVVLYH FRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU 3V\FKLDWU &OLQ 1RUWK $P 'HPDO8/HQ]*0D\UKRIHU$=DSRWRF]N\+*=LWWHUO:2EVHVVLYH FRPSXOVLYHGLVRUGHUDQGGHSUHVVLRQ$UHWURVSHFWLYHVWXG\RQFRXUVH DQG LQWHUDFWLRQ 3V\FKRSDWKRORJ\

=LWWHUO:'HPDO8$LJQHU0/HQ]*8UEDQ&=DSRWRF]N\+*HW DO 1DWXUDOLVWLF FRXUVH RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHU DQG FRPRUELG GHSUHVVLRQ /RQJLWXGLQDO UHVXOWV RI D SURVSHFWLYH IROORZ XS VWXG\ RI DFWLYHO\ WUHDWHG SDWLHQWV 3V\FKRSDWKRORJ\

$OPHLGD)LOKR 1 0DUL -- &RXWLQKR ( )UDQoD -) )HUQDQGHV -* $QGUHROL 6% HW DO (VWXGR 0XOWLFrQWULFR GH PRUELGDGHSVLTXLiWULFD HP iUHDV XUEDQDV EUDVLOHLUDV %UDVtOLD 6mR 3DXOR H 3RUWR $OHJUH 5HY $%3$3$/ $QGUDGH/:DOWHUV((*HQWLO9/DXUHQWL53UHYDOHQFHRI,&' PHQWDOGLVRUGHUVLQDFDWFKPHQWDUHDLQWKHFLW\RI6mR3DXOR%UD]LO 6RF 3V\FKLDWU\ 3V\FKLDWU (SLGHPLRO

1HOVRQ ( 5LFH - 6WDELOLW\ RI GLDJQRVLV RI REVHVVLYHFRPSXOVLYH GLVRUGHULQWKH(SLGHPLRORJLF&DWFKPHQW$UHDVWXG\$P-3V\FKLDWU\ &DQLQR*.%LUG+56KURXW3(5XELR6WLSHF0%UDYR00DUWLQH] 5HWDO7KHSUHYDOHQFHRIVSHFLILFSV\FKLDWULFGLVRUGHUVLQ3XHUWR 5LFR $UFK *HQ 3V\FKLDWU\

Referências

Documentos relacionados

Este estudio aborda la problemática de la participación institucional-formal de graduados a partir del año 2000 en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y

Ao se comparar parte aérea e rizoma PA/Ri pode-se observar que em plantas cultivadas sob omissão múltipla -NP e simples de N, apesar de terem se desenvolvido menos quando se compara

O Agente Vendedor publicita no mercado as suas capacidades, de acordo com a ontologia Ont estabelecida. Fornece, ainda, informação sobre se autoriza, ou não, a divulgação dos

Em termos económicos, avaliou-se na sequência estudada (O/O ZeQ P/P) a opção de utilizar o estágio de deslenhificação Z em vez de um estágio D (Dióxido de Cloro), no pressuposto

Para análise da variável massa seca da parte aérea MSPA foram estabelecidos três grupos de eficiência para o SUT floresta secundária em estágio avançado de regeneração ou

O reconhecimento da proteína quimérica recombinante purificada por anticorpos presentes no soro de bovinos vacinados e no soro de coelhos hiperimunizados, tanto na sua forma

avaliação judicial. Valor de mercado da empresa: modelos de avaliação econômico-financeira de empresas, exemplos de avaliação com cálculo de valores, subsídios para

Maslach (1993) considera que a síndrome de burnout influencia negativamente o trabalhador através de: (a) exaustão emocional – a depleção das reservas emocionais