An Empirical Investigation of the Effect of the Leadership From a Chairman of the Mosque as well as Social Environmental Support to the Implementation of the Quality Management at the Mosques In the City of Bogor

An Empirical Investigation of the Effect of the Leadership

From a Chairman of the Mosque as well as Social Environmental Support

to the Implementation of the Quality Management at the Mosques

In the City of Bogor

1

Study Program of Islamic Guidance and Community Counseling,

Faculty of Da’wa and Communication, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Indonesia taufikmtht@yahoo.co.id

Abstract – As we knew that the function of a mosque in the middle of Islamic society has an important role as a center of planned changes for muslims. The good management of a mosque professionally becomes a very important thing to do for now on. It’s really necessary for a mosque to have the board members of the mosque who are able to manage and possess strong leadership and are able to get support from all stakeholders to realize the quality management of the mosque. This research was conducted in the city of Bogor, West Java Province by using device Ex post facto to determine the leadership of the chairman of the mosque as well as social environmental support and their effect on the implementation of quality management of the mosque. It was conducted from May to November 2015, where the respondents got involved in this research are the chairmans and the board members of the primary mosque in the city of Bogor. Meanwhile, the samples obtained by using proportionate stratified random sampling technique of 215 clients from all over the boards of the mosque amounted 456 people of its population. Collected data were obtained after conducting interviews with respondents based on the questionnaire which are equipped with in-depth interview in addition to observation and also documentary study. Later, they were analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis method. Then, it was used to see the effect of independent variables againts to the dependent variable which is done by using multiple linear regression method. Finally, the results showed that the leadership of the chairman of the mosque was in the moderate category where the highest score reached was in the ability to relate with the others, whilst social environmental support was in the moderate category either with the support of community leaders perceived by the respondents had a higher score than the sub variable of the other as well as the implementation of the quality management of the mosque was in the moderate category as well, where the sub variable involvement of all members of the organization has reached the highest score. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the leadership of the chairman of the mosque and social environmental support significantly can give positive effect on the implementation of quality management of the mosque.

1

Introduction

Over the past few years ago, the role of the mosque in developing community felt very important, especially its function as the pivot institution of the planned change. The concept of the planned change and its relation with the mosque was very clear when the Qur'an gives special attention to those who can prosper the mosque as someone special. As mentioned in Al-Qur’an "For thosewho only can prosper the mosques of Allah and for those who believe in Allah and the Day after Tomorrow, and still establish the prayer and pay zakat and not afraid (to anyone) besides Allah Ta’ala, then they're the ones expected including among those who are guided. "(At Taubah (9): 18). According to this verse, it means that someone who can make and manage the prosperity of a mosque

is able to reach special degree in front of Allah Ta’ala, nor, indeed, to those who are entrusted to

manage the prosperity of the mosque, even can get more special course, in the day of judgement later.

Therefore, it is not surprising that in the history of the mosque development, the function of this institution is felt as a center of religious activity in the middle of the muslim society for years (Harahap 1996; Gazalba 1994; and Mustafa 2008), and even the function of the mosque became an important means to develop the Islamic community around the world (Rifa'i and Fahruroji 2005). As a result of the strategic functions that lead to the function of the mosque in reviving the Islamic culture (Abdullah 1997). For it derivatives, the mosque function whether primarily or secondarily has the

following functions; function of worship rituals such as praying, contemplating (dzikir) and i’tikaf (stay in the mosque and do some good Islamic’s rituals, such as reciting Qur’an, doing secondary

praying, e.t.c.), either the function to make social relationship among other muslims, function of

education and da’wah, function to empower community economically, political function, and last but

not least the function of art and cultural development (Rifa'i and Fahruroji (2005: 46).

However, there are many mosques degradation of the function in the middle of glamourity, opulence and elegance of their architectural art buildings that we can be seen in many places nowadays. These happened because the mosque faced a real crisis that occurs in almost everywhere in the middle of muslims society. One of the causes of the crisis of the mosque degradation is the ability weaknesses of

the board members of the mosque in managing mosque’s activities and environmental resources that

are less supportive. Related to these issues, Gazalba (1994) mentions that the crisis management took a place is not planned well and the vurnability of politicization of the mosque functions for particular interests that could be divided the unity and solidarity of Muslims.

Furthermore, to overcome this vurnerable situation that could be endanger muslims existance for now on and in the future, there is no other way except to remake outstanding internal improvements for the boards of the mosque to achieve the real functions of mosques ideally, as Rosulullah, peace be upon him, done. The function of the mosque should be actually need to implement an effective and efficient management through the implementation of quality management of the mosque. The mosque really need a leader, as well as the board members of the mosque who also have the knowledge, attitudes and

skills adequately to manage their mosque’s services more attractive for the worshippers. Although that

situation also are not quite enough to guarantee an ideal condition happen, It really needs as well to get support from all stakeholders and the social environmental support around either, where those could be expected to mobilized for the realization of gaining a prosperity for the mosque. This research was made particularly regarding with the effectiveness for analyzing several variables that can be affected to the implementation of the quality management of the mosque.

2

Problems Research

a. How does the leadership of the chairman of the mosque as well as social environmental support and the implementation of the quality management of the mosque?

b. Does the leadership of the chairman of the mosque as well as social environmental support are able to influence the implementation of the quality management of the mosque?

3

Research Purposes

Based on the formulation of the problems mentioned above, the research has several purposes as follows:

a. Describe the leadership of the chairman of the mosque as well as social environmental support and the implementation of the quality management of the mosque.

b. Analyzing the effect of the leadership of the chairman of the mosque as well as social environmental support which is affected to the implementation of quality management of the mosque.

4

Framework of Research

A trend increased in the number of visits to the mosque community indicates an increasing need for religious enlightenment. Muslims as a community in this case is truly needed a place to make them feel save and peace, and even if it allows to find and get the enlightenment when they visit mosque, especially in terms of understanding of religious teachings in order to solve their various problems in life that they should dealing with in daily. At this point the important role of the board members of the mosque will get their momentum especially in providing services through the quality management of the mosque in the society. Hopely, by giving such implementation of the quality management of the mosque, it will actually allow to turn as a place that provides comfortable, peaceful and satisfaction for

the worshippers that always visit “the House of God” located in the Earth.

However, in order to make such an ideal implementation of the quality management of the mosque and hopely it will be work to perform better, if it is supported by some various factors; there are at least two factors took a place that can lead to optimalize the implementation of the quality management of the mosque is the leadership that can be shown by the chairman of the mosque and also how to get the best social environmental support from surrounded. There are some studies that can be shown the relationship or the influence of several variables.

As the results of research related to the influence of leadership to the implementation of quality management of the mosque conducted by Alharbi and Yusoff (2012: 64) where they found that there is a connection between the leadership behavior with the implementation of the quality management of the mosque itself. In accordance with the results of research where it says that the support came from the top of management is became on of a key factor in the successfulness for the implementation of TQM (Clement and Michelle 2010: 75). As the matter of fact, the role of leadership itself is so crucial to reach the successfulness of the TQM implementation (Ulle and Kumar 2014: 152; Sallis 1993: 86).

5

Research Methods

This research was conducted in the city of Bogor, West Java Province by using device Ex post facto method to determine the leadership of the chairman of the mosque as well as social environmental support and their effect to the implementation of the quality management of the mosque. This research started from May to November 2015. While, the respondents for this research are the chairmans and board members of the primary mosques located in the city of Bogor. Samples obtained using proportionate stratified random sampling technique of 215 clients from all over the board members of the mosque amounted 456 people of its population.

Collected data obtained after conducting interviews with respondents based on the questionnaire which are equipped with in-depth interview. Later, they were analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis method. Then, the quantitative analysis method was used to see the effect of independent variables againts to the dependent variable is done by using multiple linear regression method.

6

Results and Discussion

a Description research variable

Table 1 showed in general that the leadership of the chairman of the mosque was in the moderate

category (where the average reached is 75.6). By judging from its sub variable, it’s shown that the

ability of the chairman of the mosque to relate with others had the highest scores of all. Uniquely, the chairman of the mosque assesses, that the ability of the chairman of the mosque to relate with others is higher than on the conceptual abilities by himself. It is quite contrast with the perception of the board members of the mosque, who considered that the ability of the chairman of the mosque to relate with others and conceptual abilities of the chairman of the mosque has the same large value. This condition showed that the involvement of the participating center of power or its interaction within the organization that gave a greater chance if compared with the board members of the mosque involvement.

If it’s elaborated per each sub variable, it shown that the ability of the chairman of the mosque to relate

Table 1. The respondent average category in the city of Bogor based on variables of the leadership of the chairman of the mosque (2015)

Leadership of the chairman of the

mosque Measurement

Average Total

Chairman of the mosque (76 respondents)

Board members of the mosque (139 respondents)

Caretaker of the mosque

(215 respondents) Ability to relate with

the others Score 77.7 75.6 76.4

Technical abilities Score 72.8 71.9 72.2

Conceptual abilities Score 75.9 75.6 75.7

Total 76.4 75.2 75.6

Notes :

Score: Low = 0-59, Moderate = 60-79, High = 80-100

It is official for the chairman of the mosque to do a lot of relationships with the other, both internal and external, individual and organizational as well. This is caused that form of his leadership is the result of all the relationships that occur in a certain scope naturally. In accordance with the opinion of Sulistiyani and Rosidah (2003: 197) which states that a leader is a product of the functional relationships, with certain individuals in the group on a particular organization. For example, internal relation in terms of employment guidance and give direction to his subordinates as simple as could be, it does not need to do it routinely but it happens occasionally. The ability that stands out more in general is the ability of the chairman of the mosque in directing his members to improve their skills in

serving society better, the chairman’s ability to receive some input from members of the board to

achieve organizational goals through behavioral openness and gives feedback for the members of the board slightly. The other thing needed is the empathy of the chairman of the mosque when one of the unfortunate members have some particular ilnesses or facing some troubles in private.

Among the technical abilities should be possessed by the chairman of the mosque is how to hold a meeting or a briefing to discuss the problems that occured in his organization that he lead, such as how to hold a discussion talking about emergency repairs for the mosque, to discuss how to provide infrastructure for the mosque, or to discuss about social problems took a place in the neighborhood around. In another case, the chairman of the mosque should try to build a solid team work by forming a committee for Islamic Holidays (PHBI) or forming the team to collect and distribute zakat from and for muslims around.

In order to get social environmental support as shown in table 2, it was in the moderate category as well (score reached is 71.7). Meanwhile the support from public figures perceived by the respondents had a higher score than the other sub variable. This condition suggests that the role of community leaders has been greatly affect, and even the performance of the existence of the chairman of the mosque organization other than that average public figures also doubles as a trustee of the board member of the mosque, it certainly has an interest in advancing the mosque and its programs.

Table 2. The respondent average category in the city of Bogor based on variables of social environmental support (2015)

Social environmental

support Measurement

Average Total

Chairman of the mosque

(76 respondents)

Board members of the mosque (139 respondents)

Caretaker of the mosque

(215 respondents) Community leaders

support Score 79.1 78.7 78.9

Institutional support of

religious sphere Score 65.7 64.5 64.9

Community

organizations support Score 72.6 70.4 71.2

Total 72.5 71.2 71.7

Notes :

Score: Low = 0-59, Moderate = 60-79, High = 80-100

Another sub variable which can be considered has the lowest score is the institutional support of religious sphere. The scope of religious institutions among them, id est; Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI), Indonesian Mosque Council (DMI) or other religious organizations that operate in the subdistrict level. Although that low support had given from institutional religious sphere, it can be understood as a form of support artificial or false support which only limited to the presence in various program activities of the mosque, especially related only in celebrating Islamic holidays, instead of support that can enhance the organizational capacity of the board members of the mosque.

As the research findings where the support from public figures had higher category among other sub variables. As the matter of fact in the field, that there are some of the community leaders were joining

into the management of the board members of the mosque and some of them were not. It’s very

important for the board members of the mosque, to get some support from them who were not incorporated into the management of the board members of the mosque which was especially joining as an advisor on the structure of the board members of the mosque elected officially. By joining as an advisor, at least there would be additional energy in order to manage better for mosque. Unfortunately it did not happen as expected earlier, as public figures only limit to the formal role without giving any help by providing many input for improvement of the management of the mosque. Another thing as a form of support which the board members of the mosque expected to be obtained from public figures was the ease of access to get many information needed on various matters relating to the management of the mosque. As the matter of fact, it could not be denied that the access to get many information related to the mosque is still exist, but it is still limited to general information, specificly related to the social problems mosque worshipers faced.

comprehensively. If there are some activities from Indonesian Council of Ulama and if they do exist, it still formed for its own sake. The only activity of institutional support from the religious sphere such as Indonesian Council of Ulama is came from the members who operate in the village or district level only, but it was just limited to attendance at the Islamic holidays activities as invited guests.

Another support that came from community organizations felt less by the board members of the mosque. During these years the support from community institutions is only to borrow some places to hold an activities to the board members of the mosque and the rest of that only in the management of the activities of the community institutions that manage its operations without involving the board members of the mosque.

Several community organizations that also support are; dzikir groups who run their certain activities in some scheduled nights, groups of children carrying out learning how to read Al Qur’an regularly at the mosque which is usually held every evening for six days a week, groups of men which implement Islamic studies regularly at the mosque on any given night. While the support of other community institutions are donation of charities who only provided assistance when the mosques do some activities. Already understood if such charity support is a form of indirect influence on the quality of the mosque itself.

Implementation of quality management of the mosques are in the medium category with a score reached is 72.2 (as shown in table 3). Sub variable involvement of all members of the organization have higher scores when compared with other sub variables. During this time, the entire board members of the mosque is still reached in consolidation stage only to anticipate and solve the private problems of each board members. It caused the advanced stages of implementation such as quality management and process improvement services that focused on the customer is still not given priority yet. It happened especially when talking about services that focus on the customer is still the biggest weakness in the implementation of quality management of the mosques.

Table 3. The respondent average category in the city of Bogor based on variables of Implementation of quality management of the mosque (2015)

Implementation of quality management of

the mosque

Measurement

Average Total

Chairman of the mosque

(76 respondents)

Board members of the mosque

(139 respondents)

Caretaker of the mosque

(215 respondents)

Focus on the customer Score 69.5 69 69.2

Improvement of Process Score 75.7 73 74

Involvement of all members of the

organization

Score 76.6 73.6 74.7

Total 73.4 71.5 72.2

Notes :

Score: Low = 0-59, Moderate = 60-79, High = 80-100

It’s obvious, that the purpose of the implementation of this quality management is to achieve bigger

and better goals and more beneficial, which is the best way to compete and excel by producing the

best quality (Tjiptono and Diana 2003: 10). Despite it’s being the weakest condition of the focus on

the customer, but this orientation became an obsession to be realized by the board members of the mosque, where they were all with one goal in giving their excellent services for the worshippers.

Process of sub variable improvement is further stage from the implementation of quality management of the mosque. It showed some of the ideal process activities improvement are; where the board members of the mosque are able to identified several issues about the work process, they can perform a continuing improvement to processes evaluation, they also are able to identify, to analyze and to reduce all kind of variations (different types of activities) related in the work process, the board members of the mosque discovered an improved method in a work process, the board members of the mosque are able to select and determine the critical processes related to the corrective action that is suitable for further improvement as well, they should create a map of work processes to facilitate decision-making, they also are able to reorganizing work processes to reach out the better achievement. Generally, some of these activities are difficult to realize, not only where the concept is still unfamiliar, but also difficult to apply in a neighborhood of the mosque that traditionally managed in average.

b Analysis of the influence of environmental leadership and social environmental support to the implementation of quality management of the mosque

The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the leadership of the chairman of the mosque (X1) and the social environmental support (X2) gives a real positive influence on the implementation of quality management of the mosque (Y). The factor structural equation can be written as follows:

Y = 0,142X1 + 0,483X2 + € 0.684 … (1)

R2 = 0,316 … (2)

The equation shows that the implementation of quality management of the mosque influenced jointly by the leadership of the chairman of the mosque variable with the coefficient score reached is 0,142 and variable of social environmental support with the coefficient score reached is 0,483. The complete results of the regression analysis of the influence of the leadership of the chairman of the mosque as well as social environmental support to the implementation of quality management of the mosque can be seen in table 4.

There is the real positive effect from the leadership of the chairman of the mosque (X1) on the implementation of quality management of the mosque (Y) at α 0.05. It means that the higher the leadership of the chairman of the mosque, it can lead the increasing to the implementation of the quality management of the mosque. With the leadership of the chairman of the mosque increasingly clear vision for the mosque that achieved the missions in the work program. The chairman of the mosque has an opportunity to lead the forefront of the action and achievement of his great goals. The biggest opportunity for him is to direct the other board members to achieve the objectives that have been planned in the implementation of quality management together. This is why the real effect of the positive leadership of the chairman of the mosque affected well to the implementation of quality management of the mosque.

Table 4. Results of Regression Analysis Implementation of Quality Management of the Mosque

No Independent Variable Coefficient Value t Value of α

1 Leadership of the chairman of the mosque (X1) 0,142* 2,219 0,028

2 Social environmental support (X2) 0,483** 7,572 0,000

Notes :

Statistic Analysis with N = 215; α = 0.05 - 0.01 ; R2

= 0.316

*) It could be found that t value was much bigger than t table with significant value that was smaller than α 0.05 (real influence)

**) Could be found that t value was much bigger than t table with significant value that was smaller or the same as α 0.05 (The most real influence)

These findings reinforce the results of previous research conducted by Alharbi and Yusoff (2012: 64) who found that the presence of a real relationship between the leadership behavior with the implementation of quality management. As well as the support from the top management is one of a key factor in obtaining the successfulness for the implementation of TQM (Clement and Michele 2010: 75). Here, the role of leadership is so crucial to reach out the successfulness of TQM implementation (Ulle and Kumar 2014: 152; Sallis 1993: 86).

increased. According to the respondents, the board members of the mosque usually filled by many public figures. Some of them take their role as an advisor, where they fill a particular field as well. Although a lesser role happened, but access to get some information on various matters related to the management of the mosque had been contributing to the improvement of the implementation of the quality management of the mosque. Although the institutional support community is still not yet active in its proper role, but in using the facilities of the mosque has become a reminder factor for user needs that it should be served with the best quality services as a part of the implementation of quality management of the mosque. Therefore, it proofs that there is a connection between the presence of the influence of social environmental support and the implementation of quality management of the mosque. This finding is consistent with several previous studies such as Adeoti held (2011: 22) which states that environmental factors significantly affect to the TQM implementation. Similar to the findings in one aspect of quality management that the quality assurance successfulness relies on the support of its stakeholders (Avvinen and Mariasingam 2012: 5).

7

Conclusion

Based on the discussion of the research results above, it can be concluded some of the following: 1. The leadership of the chairman of the mosque was in the moderate category with the highest

score is in the ability to relate to others, while, the social environmental support including in the medium category as well with the support of community leaders perceived by the respondents had a higher score than the other sub variable and the implementation of quality management of the mosque sub variable was in the medium category either, where the involvement of all members of the organization had the highest score.

2. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis showed that the leadership of the chairman of the mosque and social environmental support gave positive significant effect on the implementation of quality management of the mosque.

Acknowledgements

Researchers would like to thank to all those who have helped this research, especially for the ones in the Center for Research and Publishing (PUSLITPEN), LP2M Islamic State University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatulloh Jakarta, which has provided financial support to the publication of this research.

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