Vol-7, Special Issue3-April, 2016, pp352-358 http://www.bipublication.com
Research Article
The impact of the reorganization plan of leaving the forest dwellers from
the forest in the dynamics and the revitalization of the forest areas of
Guilan
1
Nabiollah Ashoori Vanghah, 1Iraj Hasanzadeh Navroudi
and 2Kambiz Taheri Abkenari
1
M.A of Natural Resources and Watershed of Guilan 2
Faculty member of Natural Resources University of Guilan University
ABSTRACT
One of the factors influencing the regeneration of the forest is the forest dwellers animal and animal husbandry that lead to reduces and even to the destruction of natural regeneration. The projects that can eliminate this social problem is the reorganization plan to leave livestock and forest dwellers farmer that comes into force in four northern areas such as Guilan, Noshahr, Gholestan and Sari. This study that has been carried out in the Series 7 Jafroud watershed (city of Rezvanshahr) seeks to answer the question that how the quantity and quality regeneration in the evacuated areas of livestock and farmer has changed with the implementation of the reorganization plan and what significant difference in the regeneration occurs away from the centers of villages. For this purpose, elements of forest regeneration on 100m2 162 plot related to 18 villages out of 31 villages of research area in two organized and not organized levels were comparatively studied. It was concluded that the number, health and quality of revitalization factors was significantly higher in the organized sector and away from the centers of villages have also accelerated the situation.
Keywords: Guilan, Jafroud, Watershed, Reorganization plan, Forest revitalization, livestock and forest dwellers farmer, Forest dwellers concentration, Prevent overgrazing in forests.
INTRODUCTION
Forest, the green gold is one of the largest and most unique God's Gifts for humanity and the entire cosmos. This live and dynamic resource in terms of capable of regeneration and other advantages in the field of ecological balance, oxygen production, soil conservation, purifying and weather modification, feeding the aquifers and regulate the flow of surface water as infrastructure and agricultural support, supply wood raw material in market consumption and cellulose industry, creating jobs and providing green space appropriate for people and wildlife is superior of other natural resources. Accordingly, direct and indirect values of forest in the economic and environmental progress, its role as the recreational forest, healthy, clean and beautiful green spaces, National parks, hunting,
the forest-based environment and ecosystems [23]. Research on ecological restoration of natural forests of Caledonian, Scotland, "The natural regeneration of the forest with long-term goals" states: Always out of the reach of grazing, the possibility arises that plants, particularly seed seedling of trees can flourish in fresher and freer outlook (Alan, Watson, 2000). Thus, with the leaving of livestock and forest dwellers farmer from the forest, the state of nature will be improve [24]. In research on the forests of Guilan, a special mention is the fact that Guilans' forest areas residents for feeding their livestock raped the forests (Nezami, 2001). Scientific forestry draws and adjusts the correct principles of planning, estimated inventory, compatible methods of exploitation and good revitalization strategies for a variety of broadleaf and conifer forests of natural and mountain hand planted, semi mountainous and plain according to the environmental and socio-economic considerations [23]. In order to establish resurgence, maintaining forest and separate the agricultural and livestock activity from forest resources, in recent years, a project entitled "Organizational plan of leaving livestock from the forest and aggregation of forest dwellers" put on the agenda of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed in the country. In fact, one of the central projects of the last decade that was performing in order to manage the forests in four northern area including Guilan, Noshahr, Gholestan and Sari that operate in matters relating to the preservation, protection, improvement, development, restoration and replenishment of the northern forests was the plan to leaving livestock from the forest and to organize forest dwellers farmer. The key project is primarily aimed at the liberalization and modernization of the forest quality and quantity or prevention of factors that hinder their healthy and natural regeneration, with the intention that the conservation and sustainability of the northern forests was in attention of government, northern Iran people, the Iranian people and even international authorities that was created within the legal framework and the specific model. Since in the determination and strategies
for forestry, silviculture, preservation, conservation and sustainable development of natural resources marks the most striking outcome of the fate of the forest and forest revitalization, it must establish solution to prevent from destruction regeneration and successful revitalization and put in place some plans in accordance with the situation in the region until the reparation of Natural Resources at the request of a popular demand to be compensated. The present study sought to meet that need or problem that how the quantity and quality regeneration in the evacuated areas of livestock and farmer has changed with the implementation of the reorganization plan and what is its effect on ecology. In order to evaluate the quality and quantity of forest revitalization in the evacuated areas of livestock and forest dwellers farmer and comparing it with the no organization zones, the following hypothesis or problems is used.
MATERIALS and methods: Geographical Location
at a height of about 40 to 50 percent the volume of rainfall descends as snow that its effects on the provision of surface runoff by increasing the moisture of surface material is not less than 1000 mm rainfall in lower height rainfall. In general, a relatively uniform regime of precipitation is governing in the area. The trajectory of translocation rainfall center in April is concentrated from the coastline toward the highlands and then in May concentrated on the coastal plain. During the months of June and July, this center will be establish on the coastal plain and then from August onwards based at the nearby coastline. Type of mixing masses of resurgence with respect to the present species is as follows: Date plum, Ironwood, Ash, Hornbeam, cradles, Alder, Maple, Gall apple, etc. Quality of forest stands according the estimation of 10 years ago was not satisfactory due to human and livestock interference and forest landscapes changed in the effect of these interventions and empty spaces and housing in most areas allocated significant levels and forest become as half-destroyed since the area is considered as winter resorts for foresters and ranchers. The work of destruction is seen everywhere in the region due to the more density of livestock and the long-term stay in the forest.
Analysis method
Text of the general and corrective instructions of the organizing project for Forestry, the executive plans to organize livestock exit and focus areas of forest dwellers in Series 7 Jafroud, ten-year report on the performance plan to leave livestock from the forest in Guilan province (Organizational Assistance in the northern forests, 2002), Forestry plan and two revision plan of the first and second forestry Series 7 Jafroud (years1973, 1983 and 2003) with the help of local guides and using the topographic maps, the studied forest area and its span was identified and forest tourism activities was began until the relevant research carried out in a systematic random sample design. For this purpose, among the area of 31 villages, a total of 18 villages were randomly divided equally into two organized and not organized levels. For the
survey from every village, after determining the center of the village on the north-south direction, some plots with an area of 100 m2 in diameter were taken. In addition, the plots due to slope changes and the main directions (at 25 m) were amended by the slope correction tables. Statistical profile, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the revitalization elements such as the number of seedlings, plant health, the type and number of species, plant height, diameter at breast height diameter in three diameter classes and one height classes along with the percentage of forest canopy, the height of slop of the areas was measured at 162 plots.
Quantitative and qualitative criteria
Plant health: healthy seedlings, no twisting, multi-dimensional, decay, dieback and fracture. Unhealthy seedlings with twisting, multi-dimensional, decay, dieback, fractures, pests and disease.
Seedlings vegetative stages: seedlings, breast sub-height (less than 1.30 meters), Shell with a diameter at breast height (2.5 to 0 cm)
Mole, with a diameter at breast height (7.5 to 2.5 cm), tip with a diameter at breast height (12.5 to 7.5 cm) with the number (10-30) seedlings,
The regeneration degree in 1 R plot : No regeneration with (0-10) seedlings, bad, muddle with the number (30-50) seedlings, good with the number (50-100) seedlings, high with the number (more than 100) seedlings.
Canopy
Thinning with the density (0-40) percent, semi-mass with the density (40-70) percent, semi-mass with the density (70-100) percent
RESULTS
revitalization structure in the various stages of the plants is reduced to the pole in the not organized area. But in the organized area, at first is increasing in the shell and thereafter is decreasing. Statistics of revitalization of the villages both studied areas in various groups of desirable, undesirable, endangered and garden are given below: desirable species of the organized area 29.44%, 24.8% not organized, undesirable species of the organized area 52.63 %, 53.72% endangered species in organized area 4.6%, no organized 4.1%, horticultural species in organized sector 13.33% and in no organized was 17.37%. In other words, regulating areas not increase species diversity. In the test, because the calculated K is larger than table K, there is rational relationship between frequency of species diversity in various category and organization situation with 99% probability. It means the reorganization plan could be effective in increasing the diversity of species abundances. The highest frequency of regeneration is observed in the north orientation of two villages called "Vare Chale Jieyh" and "Tiro" with 5550 trees. The lowest rate of revitalization is estimated in the south of village "Lepat" with 675 trees and to the north village "Tandooreh" with 960 trees in not organized region.
Assessment of regeneration area in the local area
Research sites were divided into two local areas LOWLAND (up to 500 m) and the MIDLAND (500 to 800 m). About 50.3 % of the organized area and 30.4% of non-organized sector were located in the MIDLAND local situation. Seedlings frequency in the organized area in the LOWLAND was 3931 trees and MIDLAND with 3405 trees and seedlings frequency in the not organized area in the LOWLAND was 1630 trees and MIDLAND with 1504 trees.
Assessment of regeneration area in terms of regeneration degree
In the organized area, 3.6% regeneration with 10300 trees/ha consist excellent revival. 34.7% regeneration with 6580 trees/ha is good, 40.3% with 3472 trees/ha is middle and 21% with 2384 trees/ha is bad. Excellent and good regeneration in organized area is zero. 83% regeneration in this part is bad regeneration.
Forest canopy in terms of density
Canopy cover percent in the not organized area is zero. More than 71% of rest canopy cover in this sector is sparse. But mass canopy in the organized sector and semi-mass was estimated by 24% and 62.2%. Since the calculated X=74.19 is larger than table K, so there are significant differences in canopy of organized and not organized areas at 99% probability level. It means the canopy is a function of the reorganization plan.
Revitalization in terms of health Table1. Evaluation of the revitalization in terms of health in the organized village
Plant health
healthy
Unhealthy searcher Two branches
Number/ ha
2864 427 135 220
%
78.6 11.7 3.7 6
Table2. Evaluation of the revitalization in terms of health in not organized village Plant health
ealthy
Unhealthy searcher Two branches
Number/ ha
53 301 93 140
%
0 19 12.2 8.8
Revitalization was divided into four groups: healthy, unhealthy, searcher and two branches. According to Table 1 and 2, out of the total 3646 regeneration trees in the area of organized, 2864 trees are healthy that equivalent to 78.3% . The
organized area was 6% and in non-organized, 8.8% were obtained.
Evaluation of the revitalization in terms of vegetative stages in different villages levels (middle, first, second and third)
To study the quantitative and qualitative changes at renewal away from the center of the village area of research, plots located in the center of villages called middle row plots and the plot of the first row of the right and left near the center of villages called the first row plots as well as the plot second row and the plot of the third row from both sided were considered as the second and third plots. The total base frequency of regeneration vegetative stages, shell, moles and pole in the middle row, first, second and third organized villages were respectively, in 1555 trees, 2706 trees, 3693 and 4287 trees, and no-organized villages were 710 trees, 1399 trees, 1440 and 1874 trees. Seedlings percent-shell in the organized village was %54.3-27.9, %41.1-36.1, %41.7-28.5, %42.4-31.6 and seedlings percent-shell in the no-organized village was %26.5-57.1, %32.5-47.2, 27.8-52.2 and %23.1-46.3, respectively. Moles and pole percent in the organized village was %4.6-11.4, %3.7-19.1, %5.3-24.5 and %6.7-19.3, but in no-organized village was %6.3-9.4, %4-16.3, %7.3-12.7 and %5.7-24.9, respectively. Revitalization frequency in both study areas away from the center of the village is increasingly. Seedlings frequency in different regeneration classes from downstairs toward higher diameter classes is reducing. Only in the organized sector, from seedlings to shell, the general rule is contrary. According to the statistical results and the test K, because calculated K with the probability of 99% is larger than the table K, so always whether in organized and non-organized sector with the away from the centers of villages, there is a significant relationship between the quantity of vegetative steps of the regeneration. Here, because calculated K by probably 99% is larger than table K, so there is a significant difference or logical connection between vegetative steps of the regeneration and organizing situation with away from the centers of villages.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
The main problem of the north forests is related to socio-economic issues of the dwellers of forest villages that living with the scattered living culture and pastoralists throughout the forest in very simple and traditional way. While this Woodman and Livestock (contrasting with growth and sustainable development of national resources) is totally obsolete in the developed world. The damages that livestock impose on forest revitalization bring the head of the astronomical figures, Hence it is devastating forest revitalization. On the other hand, only the fuel consumption of Guilanin forest dwellers from forest resources is about 2 million m3. This figure in itself, especially if the allowable level of legal exploitation and trafficking of wood added to it, is much more than the annual growth rate of permitted forest harvesting, so that instead of tapping the growth (or capital gains), permanently stored (forest inventory) will be taken.
way that the open spaces, residential areas, agricultural lands and, colonial orchards allocated significant levels and almost half the forest had been destroyed. But after implementing the plan, currently given to considerable repair of cover districts in different organized regions and reduce the human population and livestock in different parts of the series have been met with the hopeful increasing quantitative and qualitative on the reconstruction and regeneration of forest. In fact, we can say that organization plan of forest animals and gathering of forest dwellers households as a protection, rehabilitation and development strategy aiming to free up the village and upgrade the quality and quantity of natural resources enter into action plans, until to free forest of the factors that hinder the natural regeneration, prevent further damage to forest areas. The effect of the reorganization plan is expected to improve the regeneration. With the example of the generalization that the number of revitalization base should be decreasing usually in different diameter classes from downstairs to upstairs (Due to the increased diameter and seedlings size and occupy more competitive environment), but the organized area, the number of the shell is significantly higher than the number of seedlings. Since constitute 41% of the total regeneration, it can be said that with devastating factor of livestock and farmer (of course, not the effects of indiscriminately cutting and clean operations resulting from legal operation), young forests were becoming mass relative to peers. This situation as will come later, in several levels of villages also away from the centers of villages also true in the organized sector. Although the maximum frequency of date plum species, ironwood, ash and hornbeam in both area is seems somewhat similar. However, due to the significant increase in trade and endangered species and reducing commercial and garden species in the organized area, future forest structure enjoys a positive mixture. It is noteworthy that despite more than twice the overall regeneration of the area organized, the frequency of maple, beech, oak and linden and hackberry became 3, 4, 2.5 and
10 times in organized area, respectively which can reflect the predominance of commercial elements in the renewal in the organized area. In north of some organized villages, the basic ceiling of revitalization can be developed up to two times the real average and 4 times the real average in no-organized area which reflects the positive impact of the reorganization plan. On the other hand, the frequency of regeneration at southward in no-organized sector is less than North. However that in some villages of the region organized such as villages "Khadje khale" and Cheleh Khar", frequency ceiling of revitalization base, in the south direction is more than north. However, the general superiority of regeneration frequency in both areas is in the north direction. Distribution percent of the organized revitalization sector in two local area of low and middle strap is close to each other that show that legal ceilings operational focus in both the local area is nearly equal. The rate of lacking regeneration in the organized sector is estimated doubled and bad regeneration was four times in the non-organized area. Not-organized area was lacking good and excellent regeneration, while the organized sector has % 38.3 good and excellent regeneration that shows a positive impact of the reorganization plan on the frequency of regeneration degrees. The results show that implementation of the reorganization plan has positive impact on forest canopy density. Canopy of organized villages has semi-dense and mass density; however, this is not in another area of canopy and over 80 percent of canopy cover is tight. So we can say that forest organized areas on the Series 7 Jafroud by eliminating factors such as prune, cutting crowns, shoulder cutting, uncontrolled exploitation and reduced physiological weakness has been find a good opportunity to improve the canopy.
unhealthy plants is more than twice the area of organized.
Given the significant differences that exist between its reorganization plan and bifurcation, the increase of bifurcation in revitalization of the forest can attributed to livestock. In either case, whether the removal of animal and animal husbandry with implementation of the reorganization plan or for reducing the turning radius of livestock and farmer away from the center of forest village, the chances of increasing the quantity of forest revitalization increased.
The best way to revive the region's forests is natural regeneration. In order to strengthen and reform this process the plantation, scarification and seeding can be well-used. However, the precondition for its success is prevent the arrival of livestock into the area and continues to husbandry in forest areas. Ways to prevent or rape cattle are fencing, protected patrolling using forest warden, participation and cooperation of people in order to establish mutual trust and respect for the provisions of the Forest Department. Finally, full cooperation with the organization plan of leaving livestock and forest dwellers is considered. Continuous monitoring and control of future activity like cattle and dairy farmers return to their fields is the functions necessary precautions are taken into account.
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