Inglês
Inglês
Fascículo 03
Fascículo 03
José Olavo de Amorim
José Olavo de Amorim
Índice
Índice
Clauses Clauses Resumo teórico ...1 Resumo teórico ...1 Exercícios... 4 Exercícios... 4 Gabarito ...6 Gabarito ...6Clauses
Clauses
Na aula 3, vamos fazer uma revisão da estrutura de perguntas (uma das melhores formas de obter Na aula 3, vamos fazer uma revisão da estrutura de perguntas (uma das melhores formas de obter informação), assim como do uso dos relativos como ligação de duas
informação), assim como do uso dos relativos como ligação de duas clauses.clauses. LembrLembre-se de-se de que e que umauma clause
clause contém sujeito e verbo, mas é dependente de uma outra para que tenha sentido.contém sujeito e verbo, mas é dependente de uma outra para que tenha sentido.
Asking / Making Questions
Asking / Making Questions
•
• Yes / No Yes / No
Vão começar sempre por um verbo auxiliar (lembra-se da aula 1?), de acordo com o tempo verbal. Vão começar sempre por um verbo auxiliar (lembra-se da aula 1?), de acordo com o tempo verbal. Simple Present (do / does):
Simple Present (do / does): Do you work here? Yes, I do. Do you work here? Yes, I do. Does Pete come to
Does Pete come to schooschool l by subway? No, he by subway? No, he doesndoesn’t. He ’t. He comes to school on comes to school on footfoot.. Simple Past (did):
Simple Past (did):
Did you see “American Beauty?” No, I didn’t. Did you see “American Beauty?” No, I didn’t. Simple Future (will):
Simple Future (will):
Will the speaker tackle issues like
Will the speaker tackle issues like corrucorruption and briberption and bribery? Yes, y? Yes, he will he will / No, / No, he won’t.he won’t. Present Perfect (has, have):
Present Perfect (has, have):
Have you ever been to Norway? No, never / No, I never have. Have you ever been to Norway? No, never / No, I never have.
Has the principal announced changes in the admission process? Yes, he has. Has the principal announced changes in the admission process? Yes, he has. Modals:
Modals:
Can you give some information on the bus schedule? Of course, I can. Can you give some information on the bus schedule? Of course, I can. May I come in? Yes, you may.
May I come in? Yes, you may.
•
•PerguPerguntas começandntas começando o com uma com uma palavrpalavra a interinterrogatrogativa; cada iva; cada uma tem uma tem uma funçãouma função
especí
específica. Abaixo a fica. Abaixo a lista das lista das chamadchamadas as “ques“question words” e tion words” e sua função correspondsua função correspondente:ente: 01. who
01. who→→ people (subject / object)people (subject / object)
subject:
subject: They They left for Warsaw, Poland last night.left for Warsaw, Poland last night. Who
Who left for Warsaw, Poland last night?left for Warsaw, Poland last night? object:
object: Patricia boughtPatricia bought her mother her mother a golden bracelet.a golden bracelet. Who
Who did Patricia buy a golden bracelet?did Patricia buy a golden bracelet? 02. what
02. what→→ things in general (subject / object)things in general (subject / object)
subject:
subject: ViolenceViolenceworries me.worries me. What
What worries you?worries you? object:
object: I finished readingI finished reading the daily newspaper.the daily newspaper. What
What did you finish reading?did you finish reading? 03. which
03. which→→ choice (subject / object)choice (subject / object)
subject:
subject: This silk This silk bloublouse will se will look great on grandma.look great on grandma. Which shirt
Which shirt will look great on grandma?will look great on grandma? object:
object: I’ll buy I’ll buy that striped shirt.that striped shirt. Which shirt
Which shirt will you buy?will you buy?
1 1
04. when
04. when→→ timetime
A:
A: WhenWhen will the project be implemented?will the project be implemented? B: Next summer.
B: Next summer. 05. where
05. where→→ placeplace
A:
A: WhereWheredid the plane crash happen?did the plane crash happen? B: Haven’t you heard? In France.
B: Haven’t you heard? In France. 06. why
06. why→→ reasonreason
A:
A: Why Why didn’t you hand in your paper yesterday?didn’t you hand in your paper yesterday? B: Because my printer was out of order (=broken). B: Because my printer was out of order (=broken). 07. whose
07. whose→→ possession (ownership)possession (ownership)
A:
A: WhoseWhosefather has just left hospital?father has just left hospital? B: Jane’s. That’s why she
B: Jane’s. That’s why she looks so relieved.looks so relieved. 08. how
08. how→→ manner, way, physical / mental statemanner, way, physical / mental state
A:
A: How How did your sister perform last night?did your sister perform last night? B: She danced beautifully.
B: She danced beautifully. A: You must be proud of her A: You must be proud of her .. 09. how old
09. how old→→ ageage
A:
A: How How old is your grandfather?old is your grandfather?
B: He’s seventy-five, but still young at heart. B: He’s seventy-five, but still young at heart. 10. how many
10. how many→→ numbernumber
A:
A: How many How many runners participated in the race last Sunday?runners participated in the race last Sunday? B: I’m not sure, but I think there were over 50.
B: I’m not sure, but I think there were over 50. 11. how much
11. how much→→ quantityquantity
A:
A: How muchHow much(money) will you invest in stocks?(money) will you invest in stocks?
B: Not much really. You know, stocks are considered long-term and risky investments B: Not much really. You know, stocks are considered long-term and risky investments.. 12. how long
12. how long→→ lengthlength
A:
A: How longHow longhave you been studying English?have you been studying English?
B: I’ve had English lessons since I was in middle school B: I’ve had English lessons since I was in middle school .. A:
A: How longHow longare the sessions?are the sessions? B: Each session is an hour long. B: Each session is an hour long. A:
A: How longHow longis the Nile?is the Nile?
B: It’s 6,650 kilometers long. Isn’t it amazing? B: It’s 6,650 kilometers long. Isn’t it amazing? 13. how far
13. how far→→ distancedistance
A:
A: How How far is it from Australia to New Zealand?far is it from Australia to New Zealand? B: Honestly speaking, I don’t have the slightest idea. B: Honestly speaking, I don’t have the slightest idea. 14. how deep
14. how deep→→depthdepth
A:
A: How deepHow deepshoulshould I d I drill the holes?drill the holes? B: Drill five holes, each 10 cm deep. B: Drill five holes, each 10 cm deep. 15. how big
15. how big→→ sizesize
A:
A:How bigHow big are your shoes?are your shoes? B: My size is 6 ½.
B: My size is 6 ½. 16. how heavy
16. how heavy→→ heightheight
A:
A:How heavy How heavy is the box you’re carrying?is the box you’re carrying?
B: I’ve heard someone saying it is 10 kilos heavy. B: I’ve heard someone saying it is 10 kilos heavy. 17. how often
17. how often→→ frequencyfrequency
A:
18. how tall
18. how tall→→ heightheight
A:
A:How tall How tall are you?are you? B: I’m five feet tall. B: I’m five feet tall. 19. how high
19. how high→→ heightheight
A:
A:How highHow high is Mount Everest, Kathmandu, Nepal?is Mount Everest, Kathmandu, Nepal? B: It’s 8,848 meters (29,028 feet) high.
B: It’s 8,848 meters (29,028 feet) high. As mesmas palavras interrogativas aparecem em
As mesmas palavras interrogativas aparecem em perguntas indiretasperguntas indiretas (chamadas “embedded(chamadas “embedded questions”) como palavras de ligação entre as duas partes; a ordem das palavras a seguir será a de questions”) como palavras de ligação entre as duas partes; a ordem das palavras a seguir será a de uma sentença afirmativa; portanto, será diferente daquela usada na pergunta.
uma sentença afirmativa; portanto, será diferente daquela usada na pergunta. Leia os seguintes exemplos:
Leia os seguintes exemplos:
Pergunta direta: How many children
Pergunta direta: How many children does the new secretary havedoes the new secretary have?? Pergunta indireta: Everybody in the office wants to know
Pergunta indireta: Everybody in the office wants to know how many children the new secretary hashow many children the new secretary has.. Pergunta direta: What time
Pergunta direta: What time is itis it??
Pergunta indireta: The cook wants to know
Pergunta indireta: The cook wants to know what time it iswhat time it is.. Pergunta direta: How many countries
Pergunta direta: How many countries did you visitdid you visit last year?last year? Pergunta indireta: The reporter wants to know
Pergunta indireta: The reporter wants to know how many countries I visited how many countries I visited last year.last year. Pergunta direta: What pleases you?
Pergunta direta: What pleases you?
Pergunta indireta: The teacher is asking what pleases me. Pergunta indireta: The teacher is asking what pleases me.
Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses
AsAs relative clausesrelative clauses são dependentes de uma idéia principal e são introduzidas basicamente pelossão dependentes de uma idéia principal e são introduzidas basicamente pelos pronomes
pronomes who, that, which,who, that, which, ee whose.whose.Eles vão fazer referência a um termo anteriormenteEles vão fazer referência a um termo anteriormente mencionado. Isto é muito importante na compreensão de textos.
mencionado. Isto é muito importante na compreensão de textos. Há dois tipos de relative clauses:
Há dois tipos de relative clauses:
•
•definingdefining
Significa que essa
Significa que essa clauseclause é fundamental para identificar o termo antecedente.é fundamental para identificar o termo antecedente. Exemplos:
Exemplos: 01.
01. The boy who is being examined now is her son.The boy who is being examined now is her son. Sem a clause
Sem a clause who is being examined now who is being examined now não é possível identificar qual menino é o filho dela.não é possível identificar qual menino é o filho dela. 02.
02. The lesson which was explained yesterday will be checked in a quiz tomorrow.The lesson which was explained yesterday will be checked in a quiz tomorrow. Sem a clause
Sem a clause which was explained yesterday which was explained yesterday não é possível identificar qual lição fará parte danão é possível identificar qual lição fará parte da provinha amanhã.
provinha amanhã. 03
03. The girl whose doll is broken is crying a lot.. The girl whose doll is broken is crying a lot. Sem a clause
Sem a clause whose doll is brokenwhose doll is broken não se identifica qual menina está chorando muito.não se identifica qual menina está chorando muito.
3 3
•
•non-definingnon-defining
Essa clause irá apenas acrescentar alguma informação e, portanto, pode ser retirada ou omitida, sem Essa clause irá apenas acrescentar alguma informação e, portanto, pode ser retirada ou omitida, sem prejuízo de compreensão. Como características fundamentais, virá sempre entre vírgulas e nunca prejuízo de compreensão. Como características fundamentais, virá sempre entre vírgulas e nunca poderá começar com o pronome
poderá começar com o pronome thatthat.. Exemplos:
Exemplos: 01.
01.Edson Arantes do Nascimento, who was born in Três Corações, is regarded as the athlete of theEdson Arantes do Nascimento, who was born in Três Corações, is regarded as the athlete of the century.
century. 02.
02.São Paulo, which is São Paulo, which is one of the one of the largeslargest cities t cities in the in the worlworld, attracts people from all over.d, attracts people from all over. 03
03. Dave, whose ancestors came from Scotland, lives next-door.. Dave, whose ancestors came from Scotland, lives next-door.
Referência e Função sintática dos pronomes relativos
Referência e Função sintática dos pronomes relativos
01. referência: pessoa – função: sujeito
01. referência: pessoa – função: sujeito →→ whowho ouou thatthat
O pronome
O pronome nuncanuncapode ser omitido.pode ser omitido. Exemplo:
Exemplo:
{The nurse is at the door. She wants to see the patient. {The nurse is at the door. She wants to see the patient.
→
→ The nurse who (that) is at the door wants to see the patient.The nurse who (that) is at the door wants to see the patient.
02. referência: pessoa – função: objeto
02. referência: pessoa – função: objeto →→ whowho ouou thatthat
O pronome pode ser omitido. O pronome pode ser omitido. Exemplo:
Exemplo:
{The man is my father. The manager is talking to him. {The man is my father. The manager is talking to him.
→
→ The man (who, that)The man (who, that) the manager is talking to is my father.the manager is talking to is my father.
03. referência: coisas – função: sujeito
03. referência: coisas – função: sujeito →→ whichwhichouou thatthat
O pronome não pode ser omitido. O pronome não pode ser omitido. Exemplo:
Exemplo:
{The dictionary belongs to the teacher. It is lying on the desk. {The dictionary belongs to the teacher. It is lying on the desk.
→
→ The dictionary which (that) is lying on the desk belongs to the teacher.The dictionary which (that) is lying on the desk belongs to the teacher.
04. referência: coisas – função: objeto
04. referência: coisas – função: objeto →→ whichwhich ouou thatthat
O pronome pode ser omitido. O pronome pode ser omitido. Exemplo:
Exemplo:
{The chair is in the TV room. You bought the chair. {The chair is in the TV room. You bought the chair.
→
→ The chair ( The chair ( which, that) you bought is in the TV room.which, that) you bought is in the TV room.
Exercícios
Exercícios
01.
01. _______________ do voters rate the candidates?_______________ do voters rate the candidates? a. What a. What b. How b. How c. Where c. Where d. Who d. Who → → → → → → → →
02. For a guy ________ had his first heart attack at age 37 – and two more before his 48
02. For a guy ________ had his first heart attack at age 37 – and two more before his 48 ththbirthday – Dick birthday – Dick Cheney has been pretty lucky. (TIME Magazine – August 7, 2000)
Cheney has been pretty lucky. (TIME Magazine – August 7, 2000) a. which
a. which b. whose b. whose c.
c. omisomission of the pronosion of the pronounun d. who
d. who e. ,who e. ,who
03. This is the
03. This is the new laptop _____new laptop ____________________ low cost will make it attractive to anyone _________ low cost will make it attractive to anyone _________________ ___ isis nuts about computers.
nuts about computers. a. which - that a. which - that b. who - which b. who - which c. that - who c. that - who
d. omissão dos pronomes d. omissão dos pronomes e. whose - who
e. whose - who
04. _______________ has your father been working here? I see that he is still the store manager! 04. _______________ has your father been working here? I see that he is still the store manager!
a. How often a. How often b. How far b. How far c. When c. When
d. How much time d. How much time e. How long
e. How long
05. Believe it or not, the man to ________________ you have just given the prize is my uncle. 05. Believe it or not, the man to ________________ you have just given the prize is my uncle.
a. whom a. whom b. who b. who c. which c. which d. whose d. whose
e. omission of the pronoun e. omission of the pronoun
06. The question in the mini-dialog has been omitted. Based on the answer, what was asked? 06. The question in the mini-dialog has been omitted. Based on the answer, what was asked?
A:
A: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________?_________________? B: He’s been sick. His doctor insisted that he stay in bed for three days at least.
B: He’s been sick. His doctor insisted that he stay in bed for three days at least. a. Where’s George?
a. Where’s George?
b. Why didn’t George attend classes this morning? b. Why didn’t George attend classes this morning? c. Has George been sick?
c. Has George been sick?
d. When didn’t George attend classes? d. When didn’t George attend classes?
e. Who stayed in bed for three days at least? e. Who stayed in bed for three days at least?
07. “The soccer player sprained his left ankle” is an answer to 07. “The soccer player sprained his left ankle” is an answer to
a. What does the soccer player sprain? a. What does the soccer player sprain? b. What has the soccer player sprained? b. What has the soccer player sprained? c. What did the soccer player sprain? c. What did the soccer player sprain?
d. When did the soccer player sprain his left ankle? d. When did the soccer player sprain his left ankle? e. How did the soccer player sprain his left ankle? e. How did the soccer player sprain his left ankle?
5 5
08. (FUVEST 1999) Choose the question for the statement: “
08. (FUVEST 1999) Choose the question for the statement: “The spirit lives onThe spirit lives on.”.” a. Where does the spirit live?
a. Where does the spirit live? b. What does the spirit live on? b. What does the spirit live on? c. Which lives on?
c. Which lives on?
d. Who lives on the spirit? d. Who lives on the spirit? e. What lives on?
e. What lives on?
09. Assinale a alternativa que apresente a ordem correta das palavras: 09. Assinale a alternativa que apresente a ordem correta das palavras:
a. The passenger wants to know what time does the bus leave. a. The passenger wants to know what time does the bus leave. b. The supervisor said, “What time it is?”
b. The supervisor said, “What time it is?” c. I have no idea why is the girl yelling. c. I have no idea why is the girl yelling.
d. Could you please tell me what time the secretary arrives? d. Could you please tell me what time the secretary arrives?
e. Do you know how many children does the new Physics teacher have? e. Do you know how many children does the new Physics teacher have?
10. The question in the mini-dialog has been omitted. Based on the answer, what was asked? 10. The question in the mini-dialog has been omitted. Based on the answer, what was asked?
A:
A: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________?________________? B: To increase alertness, lower blood pressure and sharpen eyesight.
B: To increase alertness, lower blood pressure and sharpen eyesight. a. What scientists think that tea drinking is good for?
a. What scientists think that tea drinking is good for? b. What is tea drinking believed to do?
b. What is tea drinking believed to do? c. When should you drink tea?
c. When should you drink tea? d. How often should you drink tea? d. How often should you drink tea? e. Why people drink tea?
e. Why people drink tea?
Gabarito
Gabarito
01. Answer 01. Answer bb..
Lembre-se das funções de cada
Lembre-se das funções de cada ‘question word’ ‘question word’ . Na sentença dada, a pergunta feita é sobre a forma. Na sentença dada, a pergunta feita é sobre a forma que os eleitores avaliam os candidatos; daí, a question word correta deve ser
que os eleitores avaliam os candidatos; daí, a question word correta deve ser how how ..
02. Answer 02. Answer dd..
O termo antecedente é
O termo antecedente é guy guy (=man) e a função sintática é a de sujeito; daí, o uso de(=man) e a função sintática é a de sujeito; daí, o uso de whowho. O pronome. O pronome nunca pode ser omitido quando for sujeito. A alternativa
nunca pode ser omitido quando for sujeito. A alternativa eeestá errada pois há necessidade deestá errada pois há necessidade de identificação de quem é esse
identificação de quem é esse guy guy de que a sentença fala, portanto não pode haver vírgulas.de que a sentença fala, portanto não pode haver vírgulas.
03. Answer 03. Answer ee..
O novo laptop tem custo baixo e seu custo baixo vai torná-lo atrativo a qualquer pessoa que seja O novo laptop tem custo baixo e seu custo baixo vai torná-lo atrativo a qualquer pessoa que seja “louca” por computadores. Daí, o uso de
“louca” por computadores. Daí, o uso de whosewhose (=cujo) no primeiro espaço (idéia do que pertence a(=cujo) no primeiro espaço (idéia do que pertence a alguém ou alguma coisa) e
alguém ou alguma coisa) e whowho como sujeito da segunda clause.como sujeito da segunda clause.
04. Answer 04. Answer ee..
O foco da pergunta está na extensão do tempo da ação (que é a de trabalhar neste lugar). O uso do O foco da pergunta está na extensão do tempo da ação (que é a de trabalhar neste lugar). O uso do
05. Answer 05. Answer aa..
O pronome
O pronome ‘whom‘whom‘ deve ser usado sempre depois de preposição:‘ deve ser usado sempre depois de preposição: to whom, about whom, for to whom, about whom, for whwhom,om, to whom, with whom.
to whom, with whom. A sentença acima poderia também apresentar uma outra estruturação, com aA sentença acima poderia também apresentar uma outra estruturação, com a preposição sendo colocada depois do objeto direto e a consequente omissão do pronome:
preposição sendo colocada depois do objeto direto e a consequente omissão do pronome: The manThe man you have just given the parcel to is my uncle.
you have just given the parcel to is my uncle.
06. Answer 06. Answerbb..
Apesar da resposta não começar pela palavra ‘
Apesar da resposta não começar pela palavra ‘becausebecause‘, está claro que a resposta apresenta uma‘, está claro que a resposta apresenta uma justificativa ou motivo.
justificativa ou motivo. A pergunta apresA pergunta apresentada pela alternentada pela alternativaativa cc não pode ser feita por exigir que anão pode ser feita por exigir que a resposta seja
resposta seja YesYes ouou NoNo..
07. Answer 07. Answercc..
A resposta não está centrada nem em
A resposta não está centrada nem em quando (when)quando (when) nem emnem em como (how)como (how) o jogador de futebolo jogador de futebol torceu seu tornozelo esquerdo, mas o que ele torceu. Daí, a alternativa
torceu seu tornozelo esquerdo, mas o que ele torceu. Daí, a alternativa cc, usando adequadamente o, usando adequadamente o auxiliar
auxiliar did did para indicar tempo passado.para indicar tempo passado.
08. Answer 08. Answeree..
A pergunta é feita sobre o sujeito da resposta; como não se refere a uma pessoa, usa-se
A pergunta é feita sobre o sujeito da resposta; como não se refere a uma pessoa, usa-se ‘what‘what‘.‘. Perguntas sobre o sujeito (
Perguntas sobre o sujeito (whowho ouou whatwhat) são sempre feitas na 3.a pessoa do singular.) são sempre feitas na 3.a pessoa do singular. Exemplos:
Exemplos:
They know the answer to question 5.
They know the answer to question 5. →→ Who knows the answer to question 5?Who knows the answer to question 5?
Finances always worry me.
Finances always worry me.→→ What always worries you?What always worries you?
My friends visited France last year.
My friends visited France last year. →→ Who visited France last year?Who visited France last year?
09. Answer 09. Answerdd..
Como há a pergunta introdutória, a segunda pergunta tem que manter a ordem de uma sentença Como há a pergunta introdutória, a segunda pergunta tem que manter a ordem de uma sentença afirmativa.
afirmativa.
Para corrigir as demais sentenças, você dirá: Para corrigir as demais sentenças, você dirá:
The passenger wants to know what time the bus leaves. The passenger wants to know what time the bus leaves. The superv
The supervisor said, “What time isor said, “What time is it?” is it?”
I have no idea why the girl is yelling (=shouting). I have no idea why the girl is yelling (=shouting).
Do you know how many children the new Physics teacher has? Do you know how many children the new Physics teacher has?
10. Answer 10. Answerbb..
As perguntas
As perguntas aa ee eeestão gramaticalmente erradas. Para corrigí-las, você dirá:estão gramaticalmente erradas. Para corrigí-las, você dirá: What do scientists think that tea drinking is good for?
What do scientists think that tea drinking is good for? Why do
Why do peoppeople drink tea?le drink tea? A pergunta
A pergunta cc quer saber sobre tempo, o que não faz sentido com a resposta.quer saber sobre tempo, o que não faz sentido com a resposta. A pergunta
A pergunta dd quer saber sobre frequência enquanto a resposta lista três benefícios de se tomar chá.quer saber sobre frequência enquanto a resposta lista três benefícios de se tomar chá.
7 7
