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,'C'G'J' 1.. $ 1 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' DF, 3. THE ROLE OF PAST RELATIONSHIPS IN ADAPTATION: ATTACHMENT ... 189 .*+* " ' " ************************************************************************************+23 C'D'D' 0 & K)1 $ #" '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' DFJ C'D',' 0 "K . &1 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,-, C'D'C' " 0" 1 ! " 7 ". $ 7 # '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,D, .*)*4 " " ' ' " **********************************)+5 .*.* ' *****************************************************************************************************).) C'C'D' ". $1 ! " . "''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,CC C'C',' ". $1 ! " 3 "'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,EI C'C','D' % . . 1 . ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,GC C'C',',' " & $% $ ) 3 ". . 1 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,HE C'C','C' " ) ". " $ # ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' C-F .*-* '' " ********************************************************************************************.+2 4. WHEN PAST AND PRESENT MEET: LINKS BETWEEN ATTACHMENT AND

SOCIAL SUPPORT ... 335 -*+* '' " ******************************************************************************************* *.--5. OVERVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL STUDY ... 347 6. METHOD... 353 5*+* " ********************************************************************************************************************.6. 5*)% " *************************************************************************************************************************.66 H','D' 1 ! " LB '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CGG H','D'D' # $$ % . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CGG H','D',' " . . " 1 . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CGH H',',' $1 ". ! " L '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CH-H',','D' # $$ % . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CH-H',',',' " . . " 1 . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CHD H','C' " B ) ". $ 1 ! " ML B ''''''''''''' CHJ H','C'D' # $$ % . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CHJ H','C',' " . . " 1 . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' CID H','E' ! " '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E--H','E'D' # $$ % . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E--H','E'D' " . . " 1 . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E-D H'H'D' 1 ) ! " ; ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E-G H'H'D'D' # $$ % . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E-G H','G',' " . . " 1 . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E-H H','H' # # ! " * '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E-J H','H'D' # $$ % . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E-J H','H',' " . . " 1 . ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ED-H','I' % $ # % . ! " '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' EDH H','I'D' # $$ % . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' EDH H','I',' " . . " 1 . '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' EDJ 5*.* " " ***********************************************************************************************************************-)) H'C'D' $ 1 . ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E,, H'C',' 2 #$ 0 % '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E,C H'C'C' 1 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E,I H'C'E' $ ) )N1 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E,F H'C'G' 3 . )$)) ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' E,F 5*-* '' " ********************************************************************************************-)3 7 . RESULTS... 433 7*+* " " " " ( **********************************************************************-.. 7*)* " " ( ' *************************************************************-.5 7*. ' ***************************************************************************************--3 7*-* " " ( *******************************************************************-6+ 7*6*% ( " ' ***********************************-6) 7*5* " " " " ************************************-67 7*7* " " ( ******************************************************************************** *-5-7*2 " ' *********************************************************-55 7*3*% " " " *****************************************************************************-52 7*+1 '' " *******************************************************************************************-7) 8. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS... 475 9. REFERENCES ... 479 10. APPENDICES ... 543

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Q

S

13 7 1 //N'< 2 & 2 < 2 & * + H 2 I 2 2 2 * 2) 6 ' & 6-M !!?+ & * 2B . !!"+ 2 ' % 2 & / 0 2 2 < ' % 2 * 2 , 2 1 8 * !! + J K J K 2

1$ + & / 2 2 0 2 2 2 * + * + 9 @ 2 * !! + 2 , & . F * !!!+ * + 2 ) 2 A 2 2 , 2 2 , 2 * 2' + * + 2 *F B < !!>- A B / !! -< B F

!!$-1% / &B 2 !!"-/ B 8 !#?+ 2 2 * -C B G !!>+ ' , 2 , ' 2 2 2 A . * !#>+ 2 2 *' 1#+ ( 2 , , 7 = . * !#3+ , & = * !#$+ , I , 2 *G !#$-7 G 4 2 B G !#$-C 8 H !!%-/ B 4 2 !##+ % A 2 2 2 % % ) *F !!!-= !#$-= B . !#3+ *4 H / !#% / -/ 2

1# !#>-/ 2 B 8 !#?-= !#$+> 2 & *. !#$-F !!!-/ 2 !#>+ * ** + F * !!!+ / 2 * !#>+ = * !#$+ , , 2 / *= !#$-= B . !#3+ * **= !#$-= B . !#3+ % *C 8 H !!%-4 H / !#% / -/ 2 !#>?+ + ,*C 8 H !!%+ % % *= !#$+ % % * % **/ 2 B 8 !#?+ % *= !#$+ % - *= !#$+ , % % % % % 2 / = *= !#$-= B . !#3+ 9 @ 2 * !! + . * !#"+ C 8 H * !!%+ > / *G !#$-. !#$-F !!!+ 2 & 2 ? ,

1! M . * !%!+ 2 *= !#$-= B . !#3+ % 6 2 2 6* - 2B . !!" 13>+ 2 7 2 * + 2 A I 2 4 2 , * + * -. B / !#>+ A 2 / 2 . * !#"+ ' 6 6* $%+ 2 2 2

>" 4 *4 H / !#% / -= B . !#3+ O */ 2 !#>-= !#$+ / 2 8 * !#?+ 2 G 2 2 2 , / / 2 2 ' *4 2 B / !%!-4 & !#1-. H B @ & !#1-H 8 ( B G !#?-/ F 7 B F !#$-/ F F G B ( 2 !#%-E 2 F B I !#?+ G 2 2 ,

> 2 & & & I 2 , 2 . , & * ' / & !!1 + 7 4 2 / * !%!+ >" ?! 1 # 2 *4 2 B / !%!-. !#1+3 I 4 2 / * !%!+ * + . . * !#1+ * + / 04 2 / * !%!+ 3 C 2 * #!%D !>"+

>1 -4 & * !#1+ , -E 2 * !#?+ * + I / * !#$+ . * !#1+ & * -4 2 B / !%!+ 3" * & B 7 2 !#? #' !+ $" * -/ !#%+ * + *H !#?+ $" */ !#$+ !%" !#" 2 ' . 2 * ' + & * ' ' + *4 < B !#!-. !#$-@ C = C = F B !#?-@ !#>+ < G C 2 '/ / * !!>+ 8 * !# 2 & +

>> H @ F F ( . = < H G * !!%+ . =' G ' 2 2 @ 2 & GC?P D ' * . = + #' GC?P * + 2 & # * Q 1$+ @ GC?P 2 & H * + 2 & 2 $ , *< !!" + , 2 2 2 2 ' $ * B 8 !!#+

>? ' , 2 & ' *4 !#!-7 I2 4 E B H !#!-. @ 7 @ 8 B / !#!+ ' *. !#$-@ B . !#>- ( / !#>%+ * ( / !#%+ , *4 H / !#%+ 2 * ( / !#>+ I 2 & *7 B @ !#%- ( / !#> !#%-/ B G !#!+ *4 H / !#%- ( / !#> !#%+ *4 H / !#%- ( / !#%+ * ( / !#>+ * ( / !#> !#%+ *4 B @ N !#!-G !#$-4 H / !#%- ( / !#%+ 2* ( / !#>+ *4 H / !#%+ *7 B @ !#%-@ B . !#>+ ' * /C+ *F !!#+ / 2 & *7 B @ !#%+ *@ B . !#>+ 2 & /C *F !!#+ I 2 * 1" ?"+ , % H //N * + * +

>3 *< G !!>-G !#$-F !!!-/ B G !#!+ 2 & *@ !#>-H 2 !#?-/ B 4 !#?+ < 4 @ N * !#!+ . * !#!+ 8 * !# + * + 7 2 & 0/ 4 * !#?+ 2 & , * ' + 2 9 2 & I * B / !#$+ % * 2 & ' + , * + ( . * !#!+ ' 7 * !#$+ I G * !#$+ , F < * !!>+ J 2K , % 2 04 H / * !#%+

>$ 2 -G * !#$+ 2 * +-F * !!!+ ' < ' < 2 ' < ' . 7 ' . 4 ( * !#%+ !' ' ' H , , H 2 * !#?+ ' * ' + 4 @ N * !#!+ 4 H / * !#%+ 2 7 4 @ N * !#!+ 4 H / * !#%+ * !#!+ , '

>% . * !#"+ * + ' 2 ' / & * !!1+ #" " & $" !>$ >? Q ' >? Q % & * + * Q ' "%+ >#R & & * + 7 & * + * 2+ * + 7 / & * !!1+ # " %>3 Q ' "% !#R 8

># & 2 & G / *4 2 B / !%!- >"+ Q ' "% ( 4 2 / * !%!+ , 2 2D * H !!" & + ' * ' + & * Q ' "%+ 7 2 & 2 * ' + * + 2 * B 4 & !!?+ . H @ F * !!%+ . =' 0 < 2 & , 2 , ( * 2

>! + & , 2 2 H 2# * + L 2 & 2 * + L 2 @ ' , & / * !!$+ * & + C 2 ' # , , < & 2 / * !!? "?+ J , K , 2 & ' '

?" . * !#"+ 8 2 H 2 2 . * !!"+ . 8 * !#3+ 2 2 2 , G 2 2 2 *. B 8 !#3- !#3+ & 2 2 2 /

2.3.2. Exchanged support

2 / 2 7 = * !## $#- / 2 B 4 !#?+ JL/ L / * : ( ;/ !#>+ H D 2* . / !#>+ K 2 J K

? *9 !#%+ G 2 & * , + * + -* + , 2 ' *9 !#$-/ !#?+-* + 2 * - @ B @ !%#+-* + 2 * + *( H / B / !!1+ & ' 7 0* + , * + * +

?1 2 * J K + * + ' * + ) ' 2 * + , * + * + ' I , , 0 S @ , , J K *G B 4 !!"+ 2 *@ !!%+ * G A B / !!"+ I 2 2 * 2 2 + * L L + & * 2 L +

?> 2 ! . 4 E 2 F *1"""+ ' ' , , * B !#$+07 $3R 8 ??R * 6 6+ 2 ' * 6 6 , + * + 2 * + 2 I ! * / 2 B 4 !!!+

?? 0* + ' -* + 2 ' -* + 2 - * + 2 & ' 2 * + * + 2 * + ' * ' + &

?3 @ @ * !%#+ 2 2 7 * !#$+ , & , G * !#!+ 6 6 * >?%+ , 2 * + 2 * + ' 2 , ' 2 * 2 " I ' 2 H 2 * 4 ( B G !!"-7 ( < B G 2 !##-( !%#+

?$ + , * + ' 2 , ' ' 2 I ' ' 2 ' 2 ' 2

!"

I F * !$3+ 6 6 . 2 2 ' 2 2 2 2 H 2 * + * + '

?% F 2 @ 2 9 * !!"+ 2 ' 2 * + . ' * 2 + / ' . / 2 /4 L /4 4

! #$

' * + * 2 + 2 I @ F 2 * !!>+ 2 2 2 * 2 , + < ' 2 ?# 2

?# 2 H , I ' * H B 9 1"""+ * + * + H 2 2 2 * 2 + 8 ' 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 * + 2 *1"""+ 9 8 2 * !#! !!%+

?! ' 2 ' * + ' 7 2 4 * !#$+ 2 / 2 , ' * + , ' / 7 2 G / * !!"+ / 4 2 * !!?+ 2 & ' ' * + H ' ' ' . 7 2 2 4 * !#$+ 6 6

3" 2 I 2 ' * 1 > 1 ! + I ' ' ' , * ( / B / !#$+ , 2 J K J K / D * , + 2 *//N'<+ L * ' 2+

3

!%

4 2 * !#?+ 2 2 7 * + 7 I , . * + * + / C ( 7 * !!%+ , * + , /A@ 2 . * !##+ ' 2 * J

31 K 2 B . !## # ? + , 2 * //'7 . !#> + ' 0 2 ' 2 . * !#> / >+ 2 ' ' H I ' 8 ' 2 2 < 0 2 2 7 0 4 ( * !#$+ '

3> , 2 2 ' * 1 > 1 1 + '

&

F . * !#!+ L L 0 -L , , @ * !#!+ 0

3? * + H * + * + * + . 0/ * L + * /A/+ ' / ' × × / 1 * /A/ +

33 * + / 7

'

' , 2 @ G 4 F 2 * !#$+ , ' * + , H * ' + , 2 ) 2 8 9 * !!!+ 0 * ' + * + H L "' ' '

3$ 2 ' *A B F 2 !!!+ / ' C @ . * !!1+ , 0 / 6* + * + * 2+ * + ' : ;* 2+6 *C B @ . !!1 133+ ' ' ' < ' * / / 4 //4 4 !# / / 7 //'7 / / 7 //'7 . !#>+ 8 ) ) )

3% * 3"R + C . ( A C * !!#+ ?1 ' 2 *44/+ *!% !R+ 1 R ' 3$R >%R >R * + 7 , , 2 6 6*C !!# 1!$+ 8 2 2 2 & * 9 C / % 1"" + 0 J * 2' + : ; K* 9 C / % 1"" + 2

3#

(

I)4 C C * !!%+ , 1" I 2 * + 2 8 < A / G , * + / G 2 / * !!$+ 2 L L 2 ' * J

3! L K+ *J K+ 2 * D + M L L 2 3?R 1%R 7 , ' ' ' * ' ' + ' 7 ' 7 , * + , * + * + * + , '

$" ' M ' ,

)

G G * !!"+ 2 0 * , + * , + * 2 -L 2 + * + , H L , ' , T 0@

$ < * + * + , ' , 0 , 08 H / , / @ 0 8 , ' 08 2

$1 , 2

* +

,

C 2 '/ * !#?+ , , ' 2 * J K + * + / *# R+ *? R 1+ $R * + 8 *?$R + J 2 K *C 2 '/ !#? #?+ *1!R+ *1$R+ I 0A M 2 0 2 1 ""R L '

$> * 2 J K+ L H ' , & J & K J K*C 2 '/ !#? #$+ H , 2 07 * ' + L * + * + * + A 8 * !#$+ * + %>R $1R * >R + * 1R+ * "R+ * "R+ *!R+ *!R+ *#R+

$? *11R+ *1 R+ 2 * , $R+ & * "R+ *#R+ *#R+ 0 ?R 7 G < * !#$+ 8 2 , , J K 2 & A ?R *3?R+ * %R+ *#R+ C 2 * !!"+ , * , + H & 1

$3 I D I & , 7 I 0 * + 7 2 , L , % 0<

$$ . ! " + % , / 0 + % ,/ 0 % % /1 2 . &!3340 / I 7 , ' G < @ >3 1! ! " ? " " A >> ?" >" $ $ 1? G >" > 1> ? " " % 1" 1? 1? % 1 " # I 1" 3 > ! " 1% D ! % $ 3 13 ># $ ( ? " " 3 1 " 1 / " " 1 " 1% " " G " " " " " 1% ! 2 " " " " " 1 # G 1" > # ? 1 % 1 @ & > # ! ! ? > ? 8 D > ! > 1" " % 3 2 ! 1 1 1 $ " " % ? " " " " " " " " ? 1" H D " " 1 > 1 3 ! " " " " 1> " " " " " " " 13 1

$% ' 4 * !!?+ 4 L 2 . ' 0= 2 * + 2 , ' ' 4 2 G H * !3 + 4 2 4 * !!?+ ' ' 4 * !!? 1+ J 2 K * + ' * + ' * + ' * + * + * + ' ' '

$# & 2 2 7 4 , ' & / 4 & 2 ' C 9 ( @ C *1"""+ , 0 . * %3 !#+ 7 K K*C 9 ( 1""" >%1+ ( * + , 2 , * //4 4 !# ,

$! + * = 2 / B G !#%+ * H 2 !#?+ 2 , & * 4 7 = 2 B < !!$+ * !#!+ ( & , * + 2 / * , + , / 2 *1 > + 2 / , * . G !#?-G !##- 2 B G !!" / + I 7 . * !##+ 6 6* + . * !!>+ . , ' / = 2 * !#%+

%" 2 7 & F 2 *1"""+ * ?1+ , //4 *4 B !#>-/ 2 B 8 !#?+ , * @ !!! + 2 , , , * D + 7 4 H / * !#% / + 2 = 2 & * 1 1+ //4 % 2 0A >! >"

% 2 / * 2 B G !!" / + / 4 H / * !#% / + C 2 '/ 7 2 & * !#%+ ' ' & / * !#!+ ' . " 5 % % % % 6 &!378&. H / /& 7 //N'< ? * ( " //N'7 > >> &) * //N'/ ) 1" 1 //4' *) > " "# //4'A ( >! "1 ' "1 //4' ( ' 3 >" //4' )( 3 "" //4'( )* ' "# "> "! 7A/'G & >1 >! /< '/& ' "> ) ' 1% /< 'R H "% ' "% ' > ) /< 'R G ' ' " ( /< 'C "! "% " /< '/ "$ )) "? ' "$

%1 . G * !#?+ = 2 B H * !!>+ @ * !#$+ 2 ', < G @ . * !#>+ ' G * !!!+ 7 & *1"""+ / * 2 B G !!" / -< B F !!$+ 2 2 2 , *4 !!$-. G !#?-F H 2 H 8 B . !!%-= 2 !#%+ I 0/ @ 2 & * !##+ ' /C C 4 * !! + / @ . * !#>+ 0H @ & * !!"+ *G F 8 B ( !#%+ 6 6

%> * . !!>-. B !##+ % 0 2 / H @ &* !!"+ 4 * !!$+ . 7 / 8 * !!%+ ' H @ F * !!%+ . =' F < * !!$+ G G * !#%+ G * !##+ C 2 '/ * !#%+ 7 @ @ * !%#+ 4 & I / 4 * !#?+ I * -< G !!>-8 !# + I / 8 8 * !!$+

%? / / C / */ C/+ & 2 G 2 2 , , 2 ) 2 A 2 2 2 # 2 I D * !!!+ 4 C / * !!$+ H 8 2* !##+ ' H 8 2 * !##+ < G * !!>+ ) / 7 H 2 * !#?+ ' H G C 4 2 B 4 2 * !! + @ . * !#>+

%3 ' 7 = 2 H * !!>+ ' 2 , * / G / !!$+ I ' , 7 @ * !#?+ 2 2 ) . * !!>+ M * + C 2 '/ * !#?+ / 4 * !#?+ 8 2 7 . * !##+ * , + *G !##-G !#%-@ B / !#?-/ B 2 !#1+ * //4+ '

%$ * !#?+ 0 * + * + G * !!!+ * !#?+ 4 * !!?+ 8 * @ + ' A *@ G + > 8 2 * + 2 8 A A @ . * !#>+ C 2 '/ * !#%+ ' ' > G L * !!!+ . 'F

%% . 4 07 & *1"""+ * + * ' + * + & & 7 2 , *. B !##-4 H / !#%+ @ 2 ,

%# < 2 *C ( B 7 !!%-C !!#-F B . !#!- 2 B . !##-@ !##-@ !#$-8 !# + *F B < !!1-/ B 4 !#?+ *4 B 4 !!"-C B @ . !!1-7 !#$- !#!-= 2 B = H !!>+ ? & * A 2 B ( !# -. !!"-( !#3-9 !#%- 2 !#!-@ B / !#$-/ &B 2 !!"-/ !#?+ I * !!$-@ B F 2 !!>- 2 B 4 !#$- 2 !!"-/ !!?+ *4 !!$- 2 B . !##-@ !#$-H B 8 2 !##-8 B 9 !!!+ *. !!%-F !!%-@ B . !#>+ *4 !!$-/ G 2B / !!$+ ' , *4 !!$- . G !#?-C B 4 !! -C 2 '/ !#?-C 2 '/ !#%-F !!%-/ ? ' / & * !!1+ 1 && & *!%R & +

%! = 2 !#%+ * !#1+ I 2 *G !#%+ *F G B @ !#3+ *4 2 B !#?- C ( B 7 !!%- / 8 B G !!" ' + 0@ * -/ !#1- !!1+ * + , * -= !!"+ I 2 & 2 ' 2 2) *4 !!$-C ( B 7 !!%-C 2 '/ !#?-C 2 '/ !#%-C !!#-. !!%-@ B @ !%#-< B F !!$-H B @ & !!"+ 7 4 2 . 2 8 * !!3+ 3 3 H G C * !!%+ 0/ & ,

#" */ G 2 B / !!$-C 2 '/ !#?-. !#$-@ !#?- !!%+ *@ B F 2 !!>- 2 B 4 !#$- 2 !!"-/ !!?+ ' ' 2 , * + *G B !#!+ 2* ( / B / !#$+ *4 !!$-C B 4 !! + ' D 2 * F B < !!% + 2 *@ !##+ & * + 4 I

# * ?1+ ' *F 2 !!"+ . , */ G 2B / !!$- !!%+ * , G !!"+ 2 *@ B F 2 !!>- 2 B 4 !#$-2 !!"-/ !!?+ 2 * !!%+ 2 2 *. B !##+ *G !#%-G !#?-/ B 2 !#1+ 7 2 4 * 2 -C 2 '/ !#?+ *H !!%-H B @ & !!"+ * , -G !!"+ @

#1 *H !!%-H B 8 2 !##+ < G * !!>+ 2 , , * + 2 *4 2 B !#?+ *4 !!$-/ G 2 B / !!$+ I 2 0A 2 , *G !!"-C 2 '/ !#?- !#$+ *C 2 '/ !#%+ *F B < !!1-4 H / !#%+ $

2.3.3. Perceived support

( !#" 4 * + - 2 $

#> L -, * ' , , //4+ 2 & ' / & > J K * J K+ % J K* J K-/ & B !! 1+ *@ !#$+ A

-6 6 2 * + *@ B / !#$+ ' *F !!1+ 2 6 6*C G B 7 2 !3!+ * ' + & ,

#? , , , 2 , & 2 *4 2 !%$+ % 4 @ . / *1"""+ ) * -. / B H !! - 2 B G !!"+ *F !!%- H B ( !!% F !!1 + , ) * G !%$-/ G B / !#3-( !#3+ # % , ' A 2 , , / G * !#!+ * + # ' @ * !%!+ @ = C * !%!+

#3 *G B 4 !!"-G !!"+ 0* + ) 2 * ?1+ * + * + *( !#3+ * + * + 2 )* )+ 2 *( !#3+ , * + 2 7 ) 0 *G B C !#$-. !## > ?-4 B / 2 !#? ?+ 4 2

#$ * + * , - @ !##-< !!" + */ G !!1-. B / 2 !##- !!3+ *8 B G !!$+ * -C ' B @ !!$-( B & 1"""-. A ' C 4 B . !!"-@ !#>- B / !!%-/ 8 @ B 4 !!%-= !#3+ * 2 B . !##+ I *( H / / 9 B . !!$-/ !#? / 2 B 4 !#?+ 6 * + 2 -* + , - * + 2 & ' 6*( !#3 >$3+ I * + ' *M !#%+ /

#% *H 2 B !#%+ ' * / B H !# + ' 2 ' ) ' ' 8 2 I , / * + ), * + *G !#$-/ !#?+ 2 * ( / B / !!"+

.

G * < G !!>-F !!%-@ G 2 / B 8 2 !#%-4 H /

## !#%-= !#$-%# ! + * 7 !#$-. !!>- 2 B G !!"-F B < !!1-F !!#-4 H / !#%- 4 !#$ C 2 '/ B 4 !!"+ ' ' "# & 2 ?# 7 I2 H * !!!+0 ' > ' 3 , ' %1 ' 1! ' >3? I 2 I *. / B C !#$+ ' * . G !#?-7 !#$-F B < !!1- 2 B G !!" / -< B F !!$-= 2 !#%+ / */ B / !%!+ 2 ! A , * = 2 !#%+ & '

#! *F B !#>- < B !!>-H B G !!3+ I ' / *= 2 !#%+ * ' + * 2 B G !!"+ / ' * + 7 4 * !!"+ 2 H & 2 * !!!+ 2 G * !!"+ 2 ' @ 2 2 8 * !!$ !!%+ 0 * J K J K+ * 2 , + ' * 2 2 +

!" ) * + * + . ' L * + L * + L 2 G * !!"+ @ 2 2 8 * !!$+ 2 G * !!"+ , 2 2 G * !!"+ @ 2 2 8 * !!$+ 2 G * !!"+ @ 2 2 8 * !!$+

! ' 2 G * !!"+ I 2 2 G * !!"+ L * + 2 G * !!"+ , G I L , & 4 * !!%+ @ 2 2 8 * !!$ !!%+ L * 4 !!1+ J K @ 2 2 8 * !!$ !!%+ * !!%+ * ' +

!1 * + & , 4 * !!#+ . */ &B G !!$+ / & , ' * B 4 !!#+ @ 2 2 8 * !!$ !!%+ 2 ' , ' 1" * + ' ' 1" 2 = 2 * !#%+

!> * + J K ( / * !#$+ & * 2 B & !!$+ 4 ' I ' * + ' ' ' M , I I 2 '2 0 * + * + * +

!? *H 4 B !#>+ *G !!" 1"%+ 0 *( H !!%+ ' 0 4 2 * !#?+ , / I *@ !#$+ *4 A G 1"" + J K *4 1"""+ J K 07 I , 2 * = 2 !#%+ * 4 B ( !!"+ A * +

!3 * + / G * !#!+ ) * + ' ' * ' + ' ' L ' ' I , % ' J K 2 @ G 7 B C * !!$+ , 2 ( & & * + . 9"

& & &

: /!33;0

/ * + 1"R #R ?>R

/ 1 */ + 1R "R 3#R

/ > *= + >#R %R 1 R

!$ D * <I= - / B 8 !! + 1 > 2 * + 0 * + 2 2 * + 0/ * + ' I

!% ( 2 2 , L & 2 *1"" + 2 * !!$+0 4 7 *9 B / !!!+ 2 0* + < H * + * + * + * + , * + 0 2 2 2 I

!#

.

$

2 7 I ' * @ 4 G B / !#$+ * ( / / !#3+ * G !#?-F B < !!1-/ B 4 !#?- !!>-8 B G !!$+ , 2 / G 8 * !#3+ , 1 7 . H G 7 8 G * !!$+ & = 2 * !#%+ . 1 . 2 & , * B 4 !#%-= !#%-8 !#3+

!! 4 *1"""+ * !! + & % * + ( * !!3+ & * + ' / 2 ' 2 2 *F !!#-8 B G !!$+ ' 4 * !!#+ , 0 *@ !#>+ M 2 , & *@ !##+ ' I

"" 4 04 7 < * !!" + H & * . B / !#> +11 *G B H !#%-C 2 !#?-7 !!!- ( / !#>+ G . / * !!%+ 0 * + 4 / * !!%+ < * + G * !!%+ 11 C 2 , 8 * !!#+

" I 7 C 2 * !#?+ . * !#!+ 2 , 2 , I ' * 2 B G !!"-( / !#>+ ' ' * B C !!3+ ' ' ' . < * !!" + ' 2 4 2 4 * !!3+ * + ' ' I ? 4 ( * !!"+ 0* + * + * + 2 @ ,

"1 4 ' . G . 2 * !!%+ * + 2 ' L * 1 > 1 " %3 ' + H G * !#%+ * + * D + & , * + H I 7 G * !##+ < * + G

"> G * !##+ H */ / + G * !!!+ ' ' G * !!!+ & * 4 !!? %$+ 08 2 G * !!!+ , D & 0 H ' * 2 + & , * + *H B G !#%+ *G !##+

-H ' * %"+ C

"? , * + 7 G H * !!"+ & * + ' * & + * + 2 G H * !!"+ !!" 7 * !!$+ 08 . * !!>+

"3 4 H / * !#%+ I 7 , 4 2 4 * !##+ /A / ' 4 2 / G H * !#%+ / / A ' , < G * !#!+ * + . & , 0G * + 2 *@ / @ & 4 B + / / ' ' ' *@ !!! -E 2B = !#$+ , H ( I < / H 8 J )

"$ ), , 8 * !%>+ U 2 L* + L L ' ' K*@ / + 1 ? * + * +1> C '9 * !# + < * !!" + * + * + 1> G H * !#% >+ ' . <" % 5 % & = / 0 / 7 7 1 ) % / 1# () H ( >? H 8 1" )& ( )' ! I '& 1$

"% , I , C

& /

< G * !#!+ * !!1+ 7 . * !#>+ 1? = * !#$+ 31 3? 7 ' I 2 * !!$ !3+ × ( H / / * !! + , N H *NH + / * + C * + G * + H ,

"# , , H ' 1"R ' 13R C G / ' @ . C @ F * !!#+ */ /+ ' 0 * Q >?+ * Q 1!+ * Q 1+ * Q ""+ ( * + ' ' ' 2 ' I 0

"! ' , ' ' 2 0 2 ' , ' , / ( 4 / ' ( H / / * !!1+ * L 2+ H * ' + ( , ( H / / / 2 '4 & < * !!%+

" ' ' , L G * !#3+ , 0I , J K J K J K C / J K 7 , J K J K A J K J K 4 J K 2 ' , , * J K + ' J K 2 && 2 *1" + ' * G !#!-G G G B H !!?+ * + 2 ' 2 ( 2 * !!%+ , '

C 0 / L ' 2 7 2 2 ' ' 2 *< G !!>-C 2 '/ !#?+ 2 G / 2* !!"+ & 2 , J K* 2 + 0 < 2 G / 2* !!"+ , 7 < * !!" + , * + 4 & * + *

1 + , / 4 2 / / ( * !!#+ J ' K*4 2 !!# $+ A & ' , ' ' ' , / & & 2 ( *1"" + 2 * ) + ' H / * !##+ ' & L ' L 2 L *H !!"- @ B 1""

> + / 2 * !#$+ 2 L 2 G . H * !!%+ ' . L L 1? H 7 2 * !!?+ 2 0 , * ' 2 2 + H 2 2 2 , H * !3 + , H M 1? , J K L L '

? & , * G !#$ + I ) 2 , ' 2 , * 2 B !!% + , *G B C !#$-@ !#$-< & 2 H ( B / '9 1""1+ * < G !!>-H B @ & !!"+ C F 8 * !!"+ 2 / ( 8 4 4 V . * !%3+ I 0 ?1R >3R ?R 2 13 @ , 13 , 2 < & 2 *1""1+

3 ) *ILG B 4 !#?+ 4 6 6* ?1+ ) *G !!%+ / , 7 * !!%+ J K * 8 & 2 4 B 9 2 !$% 1 >+ I / C 2*4 B C 2 !!?- B C 2 !!"- C 2 !!?+ 7 C 2* !!" + 6 2 W : ; ' 6 6 6* B C 2 !!" $+ 4 C 2* !!?+ 2 2 0* + ' 2 ) ' ) ) * + C ' * + = ' * + * + C ' 2

$ ' 6 6 *4 B C 2 !!? #3+ 2 * + ' 2 6 2 ) 6*4 B C 2 !!? #3+ 2 ) ) * + H ' ' 2 , A 2 , ) A 6 * 2 W + 8 ) & ) 6* B C 2 !!" % + , . * !!1 %>+ ' *J 2' K+ J : ; *) ' )+6 F @ H * !!?+

% 6 6 , 2 2 @ & 4 A G *1"" + J K 7 J :; :; ' % :; % 2 , K* >31 + L 0J4 W 4 KJ8 4 2 K J. K*4 A G 1"" >?$+ / 4 L 2 2 G X J K , //N * , +

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2.3.4. The other side of support: Negative support

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2.3.5. Mechanisms of social support action

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3. The role of past relationships in adaptation: Attachment

3.1. The roots of attachment theory

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3.1.1. Bowlby's foundational insights

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