Effect of Bacillus sphaericus Neide on Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) and associated insect fauna in fish ponds in the Amazon

ww w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m

REVISTA

BRASILEIRA

DE

Entomologia

Medical

and

Veterinary

Entomology

Effect

of

Bacillus

sphaericus

Neide

on

Anopheles

(Diptera:

Culicidae)

and

associated

insect

fauna

in

fish

ponds

in

the

Amazon

Francisco

Augusto

da

Silva

Ferreira

_,

_Adriano

_Nobre

_Arcos

_,

_Raquel

_Telles

_de

_Moreira

_Sampaio

_,

Ilea

Brandão

Rodrigues

_,

_Wanderli

_Pedro

_Tadei

a_{ProgramadePósGraduac¸ãoemEntomologia,InstitutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazônia(INPA),Manaus,AM,Brazil}

b_{ProgramadePósGraduac¸ãoemBiotecnologiaeRecursosNaturaisdaAmazônia,UniversidadedoEstadodoAmazonas,Manaus,AM,Brazil} c_{LaboratóriodeMaláriaeDengue,InstitutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazônia(INPA),Manaus,AM,Brazil}

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Articlehistory:

Received25October2014 Accepted18March2015 Availableonline2July2015

AssociateEditor:MariaAniceM.Sallum Keywords:

Anophelesdarlingi Biologicalcontrol Chironomidae

a

b

s

t

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a

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WeanalyzedtheeffectsofBacillussphaericusonAnopheleslarvaeandontheassociatedinsectfaunainfish farmingponds.Fivebreedingsitesintheperi-urbanareaofthecityofManaus,AM,Brazil,werestudied. SevensampleswerecollectedfromeachbreedingsiteandB.sphaericuswasappliedandreappliedafter 15days.Thesamplesweremadeat24hbeforeapplication,24hpost-applicationand5and15days post-application.Wedeterminedabundance,larvalreductionandlarvaldensityforAnopheles,andabundance, richness,Shannondiversityindexandclassifiedaccordingtothefunctionaltrophicgroupsforassociated insectfauna.Atotalof904Anopheleslarvaewerecollectedanddistributedintofivespecies.Density dataandlarvalreductiondemonstratedtherapideffectofthebiolarvicide24hafterapplication.Atotal of4874associatedaquaticinsectsbelongingtosixordersand23familieswerecollected.Regression analysisofdiversityandrichnessindicatedthattheapplicationofthebiolarvicidehadnoinfluenceon theseindicesandthusnoeffectontheassociatedinsectfaunaforaperiodof30days.B.sphaericuswas foundtobehighlyeffectiveagainstthelarvaeofAnopheles,eliminatingthelarvaeinthefirstdaysafter application,withnoeffectontheassociatedinsectfaunapresentinthefishpondsanalyzed.

©2015SociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisisanopen accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction

TheAmazonenvironmentisrichinwaterresources,very com-monmostlyduetotheexistingmeshofrivers,thusenablingthe formationofnumerousbreedingsitesformanygroupsofaquatic organisms (Sioli, 1984). These organisms particularly include insects,wheresomeofthemarevectorsofpathogensthatcause humantropicaldiseases.Accordingly,mosquitoesoccupyacentral rolebecauseoftheirplasticityincolonizingdifferentaquatic envi-ronments,highdensityinthisenvironmentandfoodpreference forhumanblood(TadeiandThatcher,2000;Forattini,2002).

Controlofthedisease,accordingtotheNationalProgramfor Pre-ventionandControlofMalariaBrazil,hasamongothermeasures, earlydiagnosisandtreatmentofpatients,majorstepsforliftingthe movementofparasite.Theyarealsorecommendedvectorcontrol measures:indoorresidualinsecticideapplication,thetreatmentof breedingsiteswithbiolarvicides,theuseofimpregnatedmosquito

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail:fcoaugusto.bio@gmail.com(F.A.d.S.Ferreira).

netsandlongterm,inspecialsituations,spatialfoggingof insecti-cides(MinistériodaSaúde/SVS,2003;Oliveira-Ferreiraetal.,2010). Breeding sites play an essential role in themaintenance of thedisease,sinceadultsemergereadyfortheirdailybloodmeal

(Rodriguesetal.,2008).Thecontrolofimmatureformscanbe

per-formedusingchemicallarvicides,butthis techniqueisnotused duetotheriskofdevelopmentofresistanceand environmental contamination,and therefore, theuseof biologicallarvicides is increasing.Themainrepresentativesoftheselarvicidesaretoxic crystal-producingbacteria of thegenus Bacillus (Galardo et al., 2013).TheuseofthespeciesBacillussphaericusNeide,1904for mosquito control was advocatedin 1985by the World Health Organization.Sincethen,larvicideshavebeenproducedwiththis bacteriumduetoitsrecognizedtoxicitytothegeneraAnopheles andCulex(Habib,1989;DeBarjac,1990).

The application of biological larvicides to control immature Anopheles sp. is carried out directly at the breeding sites (De

Barjac,1990).However,these environmentsalsohave an

asso-ciatedinsectfauna,whichis formedbyseveralothergroupsof aquaticinsectsthatsharethesamehabitatasthesemosquitoes

(Lang andReymond, 1994).About13ordersof insects havean

aquaticphase,andinsomebiotopes,theymaycomprisearound

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2015.03.013

0085-5626/© 2015 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

95%ofthemacroinvertebratecommunity.Theseinvertebratesplay akeyroleinthehealthofthewaterbody,byparticipatinginthe cyclingofnutrientsandthetransformationoforganicmatter, con-tributingtotheflowofenergy(Brasiletal.,2014).

TheeffectofB.sphaericusontheassociatedinsectfaunaunder laboratoryandfieldconditionshasbeeninvestigatedoverthepast decades,andmostoftheseorganismshavenotshownany suscepti-bilitytothebacteria(Mullaetal.,1984;AlyandMulla,1987;Karch

etal.,1991;Rodcharoenetal.,1991;Brownetal.,2004;Merritt

etal.,2005).

Rodriguesetal.(2008)conductedfieldtestsinManaus,Brazil,

applyingB.sphaericusinfishpondsandstandingwaterinpottery, andobservedtheeliminationoflarvaeatbreedingsites48hafter application.Rodriguesetal.(2013)investigatedtheeffectsofB. sphaericusinapplicationsontheNegroandSolimõesRivers,where itwasfoundmoreeffectiveintheblackwaterriverthanthewhite water,whichhasahigheramountofsuspendedmaterial.

Studiesoftheeffectof B.sphaericusagainst Anopheleslarvae havebeenconductedinBrazil,butthereisagapinourknowledgeof itsactionontheassociatedinsectfauna,particularlyintheAmazon environment.ThisstudyaimedtoanalyzetheeffectsofB.sphaericus onAnophelesandtheassociatedinsectfaunainfishfarmingponds intheperi-urbanareaofthecityofManaus,Amazonas.

Materialandmethods

Bioassaysinfield

The sampling sites are located in the peri-urban region of Manaus, Central Amazonia in northern Brazil. Five arti-ficial breeding sites of Anopheles, namely fish culture ponds, were selected: C1 (S03◦0432.2, W59◦5307.4); C2 (S03◦0207.6,W59◦5330.2);C3(S03◦0345.8,W59◦5111.3); C4 (S03◦0244.4, W59◦5309.0) and C5 (S03◦0243.9, W59◦5309.0)(Fig.1).ThelarvicideusedwasVECTOLEXCG®, for-mulatedgranules(ValentBioSciencesCorporation),concentrated driedserotypeH5a5bat7.5%withapowerofapproximately670 Bsinternationaltoxinunits(ITU),containingcornoilandcorncob granules.Weusedthedoserecommendedbythemanufacturer, i.e.,11kg/ha.

Theapplicationsweredonemanuallybyreachingacrossthe edge andover a perimeter of3mofthe breedingcenter.Field bioassayslasted30daysateachpondandtwoapplications (appli-cationandreapplication)ofbiolarvicidewereperformedwithan interval of15 days betweenthem.Samplesof Anopheleslarvae andassociatedinsectfaunawereobtainedatthefollowingtimes: pre-application–samplingperformedbeforeapplication;andafter applicationofbiolarvicide –threepost-applicationsamplesand threepost-reapplicationsamplesatthefollowing times:24h,5 days and 15 days. The period of larvicide application began in December2011andlasteduntilApril2012,wheretherewere9 fieldtripsateachbreedingsite,totaling45forthewholebioassay.

Sampledofinsects

Anopheleslarvaewerecollectedfor20minatthreerandomly selectedpointsontheedgeofeachbreedingsiteusingan ento-mologicalscoopwithvolumetriccapacityofabout350mL,11cm apertureandcapableofhandlinga meter.Duringsampling,the 4th instarlarvaeof Anopheleswere separatedand takentothe MalariaandDengueLaboratoryoftheNationalInstituteof Amazo-nianResearch,maintainedunderlaboratoryconditionsandgrown toadulthoodtofacilitatespeciesidentification.Theidentification ofAnopheleswasperformedusingthedichotomouskeyproposed

byConsoliandOliveira(1994).

Aquaticinsects werecollectedusinganaquaticinsectnet,at fourrandompointsfor30sateachpoint(Merrittetal.,2005). Sub-sequently,thematerialwasfixedin70%alcoholandbroughtto thelaboratorywhereitwasscreenedwiththeaidofa stereomi-croscope.Theinsectsfoundwereidentifiedtothelowestpossible taxonomiclevelusingdichotomouskeys(MerrittandCummins,

1996;Pesetal.,2005;Pereiraetal.,2007).Subsequently,the

indi-vidualswereclassifiedaccordingtothefunctionaltrophicgroups separated intoshredders,scrapers, collectors,filter feedersand predators,followingrecommendationsbyMerrittand Cummins

(1996)andCumminsetal.(2005).

Dataanalysis

Tocharacterizetheinsectfauna,therelativeabundance(%)of aquaticinsectsandspeciesofAnopheles(Magurran,1988)was cal-culated.ToevaluatetheeffectofB.sphaericusonAnopheles,larval reduction(%)wasobtainedbyusingthethreepost-applicationand post-reapplicationdata.Theindexusesthenumberoflarvaebefore andafterapplicationofbiolarvicide,obtainingthepercent reduc-tionofAnopheleslarvaeduringtheexperiment(Mullaetal.,1986). Larvaldensity(LNMH)wasdeterminedbeforeandafterapplication ofbiolarvicideatbreedingsitesLNMHwasobtainedaccordingto theformuladescribedbyTadeietal.(2007)andwassuperimposed onabundancedataovertimeinsectfaunaassociatedtocheckthe behaviorofthesepopulationsduringthebiolarvicideactionperiod. ToevaluatetheeffectofB.sphaericusoninsectfauna associ-atedvectors,richnessanddiversitydatawereanalyzedbylinear regressionanalysis,withtheaidoftheStatisticaStatsoft10.0 pro-gram.TheindependentvariablewastheapplicationofB.sphaericus anddependentwastherichnessanddiversityofassociatedinsect fauna.Therelationshipbetweenrichness/diversityandtheuseof biolarvicidewasassessedbyregressionmodelsthatbestfitthedata distribution.Thevaluesobtainedaftertwobiolarvicideapplication cyclesatthefiveartificialbreedingsitesweretakenintoaccount.

Results

Atotalof905larvaeofAnopheleswerecollectedidentifiedinfive species:Anophelesdarlingi,Anophelesalbitarsis,Anopheles brazilien-sis,AnophelestriannulatusandAnophelesnuneztovari.Therelative abundanceshowedthatA.darlingi(54%)wasthemostabundant speciesandA.albitarsis(1%)theleast.Consideringtheassociated insectfauna,4874specimensbelongingto6ordersand23families werecollected.Chironomidaewasthemostabundantfamilywith 51%,followedbyCeratopogonidae(14%)andCoenagrionidae(11%), andtheleastabundantwasGerridae(0.02%)(Table1).Amongthe functionaltrophicgroups,thecollectorswerethemostabundantin threeofthefivebreedingsitesanalyzed(C2:85%,C3:45.5%andC4: 60%);intheothertwo,thepredatorswerethemostabundant(C1: 73.5%andC5:68%).Thegroupofshredderswastheleastabundant (C4:0.2%)inallbreedingsitesanalyzed.

EffectsonAnopheles

Atthreeofthefivetreatedbreedingsites(C1,C2andC5),the larvaewereeliminatedat24h(100%)andupto5daysafterthe applicationofbiolarvicide,andatC4,thereductionwas98%.After reapplication,thelarvalreductionratewashighintheinitial read-ingsbutdecreased15daysafterre-application.Atbreedingsite C3,24hafterB.sphaericusapplication,larvalreductionwas56%, andatfivedays,negativevalueswereobtainedforlarval reduc-tion,becausetherewasanincreaseinlarvae.Afterreapplication, 100%reductioninlarvaewasobservedafter24handalsoafter15

61º0'0.000''W N S W E 60º0'0.000''W C2 C4 C3 C1 C5 60º0'0.000''W 61º0'0.000''W 2º0 '0.000 ''S 3º0 '0.000 ''S 2º0 '0.000 ''S 3º0 '0.000 ''S

Fig.1.LocationofbreedingsitesforapplicationsofB.sphaericus,Manaus,Amazonas,Brazil.

Table1

Relativeabundance(%)ofaquaticinsectfaunaassociatedwithanophelinesfoundinfishpondsduringapplicationsofBacillussphaericus,Manaus,Amazonas.

Order Family Fishponds n R.A.%

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Diptera Ceratopogonidae 8 186 43 211 238 686 14 Chironomidae 325 1341 143 528 169 2506 51 Culicidae 8 11 12 1 2 34 0.6 Odonata Libellulidae 294 13 31 9 3 350 7.1 Coenagrionidae 520 6 22 22 13 583 11 Corduliidae – 2 2 2 1 7 0.1 Hemiptera Belostomatidae 84 – 21 45 97 247 5 Notonectidae 23 14 4 – 7 48 0.9 Veliidae 16 1 1 2 5 25 0.5 Pleidae 8 – – – – 8 0.1 Nepidae 8 – – 4 5 17 0.3 Corixidae 4 – 33 23 6 66 1.3 Micronectidae – – 1 1 5 7 0.14 Gerridae – – – – 1 1 0.02 Coleoptera Noteridae – 2 1 30 5 38 0.7 Hydrophilidae 47 2 – 5 17 71 1.4 Elmidae 9 1 – 1 – 11 0.2 Dytiscidae 25 7 6 3 3 44 0.9 Ephemeroptera Caenidae 33 11 6 5 3 58 1.1 Baetidae – 29 4 13 1 47 0.9 Polymitarcyidae – 1 – 4 7 12 0.2 Trichoptera Hydroptilidae – – 6 – – 6 0.1 Leptoceridae – – – 2 – 2 0.04 Total 4874

100 C1 90 Relative abundance (%) 80 70 60 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pre 24h 5th Chironomidae Coenagrionidae LNMH 15th Readings 24th 5th 15th 100 C2 90 Relative abundance (%) 80 70 60 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pre 24h 5th 15th Readings 24th 5th 15th Chironomidae LNMH LNMH LNMH

Fig.2.AbundanceovertimeofaquaticinsectsandvaluesLNMHatC1andC2,Manaus,Amazonas,Brazil.

100 C3 90 Relative abundance (%) 80 70 60 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pre 24h 5th Chironomidae Coenagrionidae LNMH 15th Readings 24th 5th 15th 100 C4 90 Relative abundance (%) 80 70 60 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pre 24h 5th 15th Readings 24th 5th 15th Chironomidae LNMH LNMH LNMH

Fig.3.AbundanceovertimeofaquaticinsectsandvaluesLNMHatC3andC4,Manaus,Amazonas,Brazil.

ThelarvalreductiondatademonstratedtheeffectivenessofB. sphaericus,whicheliminatedlarval breedinginthreeof thefive sitesanalyzed24hafterapplication.However,recolonizationwas observedat15daysaftertheapplication,indicatingtheshort per-sistenceofbiolarvicideintheseenvironments(Table2).

Evaluationofassociatedinsectfauna

AsaparameteroftheeffectsofB.sphaericusonbreeding,larval densityvaluesofAnophelessp.(LNMH)weresuperimposed.There wasvariationintheabundanceofspecimensofChironomidaeand CoenagrionidaeatC1,but24hafterapplicationofbiolarvicide,the familieswerefoundexceedingthepre-implementationcollection number.AtC224haftertheapplicationofbiolarvicide,the abun-danceofChironomidaeincreasedcomparedtothevaluesfoundin pre-sampling(Fig.2).

AtC3,thepopulationofchironomidschanged inabundance, which accompaniedthe larvaldensity of Anopheles.At C4,two familiesweredominant,ChironomidaeandCeratopogonidae,both

Table2

Larvalreduction(%)foundinthebreedingofAnophelesafterapplicationand reap-plicationofBacillussphaericus,Manaus,Amazonas,Brazil.

Fishpond Applicationofreadings Reapplicationofreadings 24h 5days 15days 24h 5days 15days

C1 100 100 88 100 100 85

C2 100 98 23 98 98 78

C3 56 −23 22 100 40 100

C4 98 89 65 100 93 100

C5 100 81 69 100 97 100

demonstratingvariabilityinrelativeabundanceduringthe exper-iment,butattheend,bothshowedhighlevels(Fig.3).

AtC5,chironomidsalsovariedintheirpopulationthroughout theexperiment,buttheabundancefoundbeforeapplying biolarvi-cidewaslessthanthatfoundattheendoftheexperiment,withno eliminationoftheseindividualsthroughouttheexperiment(Fig.4). Themodelthatbestfitwasa2ndorderpolynomialregression, described by thefollowing equations.y=a+b*x, where a=0.54, b=0. 001 (r2_{=0.002), for diversity, y=a+b*x, where a=12.21,}

b=0.21(r2_{=0.047),forrichness(Fig.5).Thelinedoesnotindicate}

anegativevariationofthevariablesanalyzed,diversityfollowed aconstantandtherichnessindexshowedaslightincrease, possi-blybecauseofthelargevariationinthedatabetweenthepoints.

100 C5 90 Relative abundance (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pre 24h 5th 15th 24th 5th 15th Readings Chironomidae LNMH 4 3.5 3 2.5 1.5 0.5 0 1 2 LNMH

Fig.4.AbundanceovertimeofChironomidaeandvaluesLNMHatC5,Manaus, Amazonas,Brazil.

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 5 Readings Diversity 10 15 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 Readings Richness 10 15

Fig.5. RegressionanalysisofdiversityandrichnessdatacomparedtoapplicationofBacillussphaericus.

ThisdatashowsthattherehasbeennoeffectofB.sphaericusonthe insectfaunaassociatedwiththisstudy.

Discussion

Theproximityoftheurbanareaispossiblythebiggestfactorthat determinestheabundanceofA.darlingi,sincethisspecieshashigh anthropophily(Tadeietal.,1998).TheorderDipterawasthemost abundantatfourofthefivebreedingsitesanalyzed;itiscommonly dominantinbothloticandlenticenvironmentsduetoitstolerance toextremeconditionssuchashypoxiaandalsobecauseofitsstrong competitiveability(Nessimian,1995;Callistoetal.,2001).

According to Amorim and Castillo (2009), chironomids showgeneralistand opportunistic feedinghabits, mainlybeing collectors-gatherers, which most often utilize periphyton orga-nismsasfood,afactthatexplainsthedominanceofthisgroupover theothertaxa,atmostbreedingsites.

Alargenumberofcollectorsareassociatedwiththepresence ofwetlandandriparianvegetationatbreedingsites,andaccording

KoetsierandMcArthur(2000),macrophytesplayanimportantrole

intheretentionof organicmatter,favoringthepresenceof this trophicgroup.Datafromthepresentstudycorroboratethoseof

Merrittetal.(2005)instudiesontheapplicationofB.sphaericus

ontheassociatedinsectfauna,whofoundthatofthetotalaquatic insectssampled,themajoritybelongedtothecollectorgroup.

Thelow frequencyofscrapersand shreddersinthe environ-mentsstudiedgroupswasinfluencedbythehighabundanceof Chironomidae,whichaccordingtotheliterature,competeforfood (fineparticulateorganicmatter)andspaceforshelterand

protec-tion(AmorimandCastillo,2009).

Wilson(1991)andPeterson(1992)statedthatinnatural

envi-ronments, the greater the presence of predators, the less the competitionisbetweenorganisms,resultinginincreaseddiversity. However,inthefishpondsstudied,thegreaterabundanceof preda-torsdidnotincreasethediversity,possiblybecauseitisanisolated environmentwithalimitednumberofnichestobeoccupied.

TheLNMHvaluesfoundpriortosamplingsinthisstudywere lowcomparedtothosefoundbyRodriguesetal.(2008)inB. sphaer-icusapplicationsinfishponds(mean13.7).However,ourfindings corroboratethoseregardingthedecreaseindensityoflarvae24h afterlarvacideapplication.

ConsideringtheresultsoflarvalreductionatbreedingsiteC3,no highmortalitywasobservedinthefirstdayspost-application.The marginalvegetationinfluencedthelarvicidalactivitysinceallthe breedingsitemarginwascoveredbyBrachiariasp.,thus increas-ingtheamountoforganicmatter.Thisfindingcorroboratesthe resultsobtainedbyAlvesetal.(2006)whoreportedlowactivity forVECTOLEX®larvicideatorganicallyenrichedbreedingsitesof Culexsp.

ThevariablesstudiedherereinforcethespecificityofB. sphaer-icusforAnophelesandCulex,asobservedbyMullaetal.(1984),Aly

andMulla(1987),Laceyand Mulla(1990),Becker(1997),Lacey

andSiegel(2000)andLaceyandMerritt(2003),whoalsofoundno

effectofB.sphaericusonchironomids,otherDipterafamiliesand predatorsofmosquitoesinthefield.ThefamilyChironomidaewas possiblynotaffectedduetothebenthichabitataslarvae,causing ittohavenocontactwiththeVECTOLEXthatwhenappliedonthe surfaceofthewaterisduetoitscompositionofcorncobs.

Finally,thefishpondbreedinghabitatwasalsoassociatedwith insectfaunathatwasnotaffectedbytheapplicationofB. sphaeri-cusover30days.However,studiesmonitoringwaterbodiesfora longerperiod,withrepeatedapplicationsandotherformulations ofbiolarvicide, shouldbeconductedtoobservethebehavior of aquaticpopulations.

Conflictsofinterest

Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest.

Acknowledgments

TheauthorsthankAugustoLeãoforhishelpwithstatistical anal-ysis,theGervilaneRibeiroandCarlosPraiaoftheNationalInstitute ofAmazonianResearch,whocontributedtotheidentificationof theindividuals ofAnophelessp.collectedand RaimundoNonato whoassistedin fieldsampling.WethankCNPqforthe scholar-shipgrantedtothestudentFerreira,F.A.S.Dr.A.Leyvahelpedwith Englisheditingofthemanuscript.

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