❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡
❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✿
♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡①❛t♦s
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s
❝♦♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✿
♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡①❛t♦s
✶▼❛r✐❛ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛ ❙t❡✈❛♥❛t♦ ❋✉rt❛❞♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘❡✐♥❛❧❞♦ ▼♦r❛❜✐t♦ ◆❡t♦
❈♦✲❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❡❞r♦ ❆✉❣✉st♦ ▼✉♥❛r✐ ❏✉♥✐♦r
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦✳
❯❋❙❈❛r ✲ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ▼❛✐♦✴✷✵✶✻
✶❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♠♣❛r♦ à P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❋❆P❊❙P✮
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo DePT da Biblioteca Comunitária UFSCar Processamento Técnico
com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a)
F992p
Furtado, Maria Gabriela Stevanato
O problema de roteamento e programação de navios com coleta e entrega na indústria de petróleo : modelagem e métodos de solução exatos / Maria Gabriela Stevanato Furtado. -- São Carlos : UFSCar, 2016.
189 p.
Tese (Doutorado) -- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016.
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠❛❞♦s ♣❛✐s ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❡ ❈r✐st✐♥❛✱
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
➱ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❡♠ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ s✐♥t♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡s q✉❛tr♦ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ◆ã♦ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ♦✉ ❥á ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ ♦ q✉ã♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ é ♦❜t❡r ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐③ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ✏♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❢á❝✐❧✑✱ ❡ ❡st❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢á❝✐❧✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ❛ s❡r ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ é ✏♥ã♦ ♣✐r❛r✑✱ r❡s♣✐r❛r ❢✉♥❞♦ ❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❡♠ ❢r❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡ ❞❛rá ❝♦♠ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘❛✉❧ ❙❡✐①❛s✿ ✏◗✉❡✐r❛✱ ❜❛st❛ s❡r s✐♥❝❡r♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛r ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦✱ ✈♦❝ê s❡rá ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❛❝✉❞✐r ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ✈❛✐✳✳✳❚❡♥t❡ ♦✉tr❛ ✈❡③✑✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ s❛í❛ ❞❡s❛♥✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧ ♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦✱ ❡r❛ ❡st❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❡s❝✉t❛✈❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❢❛③✐❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣r❡❝✐s❛✈❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r t❡♥t❛♥❞♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞✐❛ ❡✉ ✐r✐❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✳ P♦✐s ❜❡♠✱ ❞❡ t❛♥t♦ t❡♥t❛r ❡✉ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✦ ❊ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐ ❡✉ t✐✈❡ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡st❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦ ❡ ❡✉ ❡s♣❡r♦ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❡❧❛s s❡ s✐♥t❛♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✐①♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦✳
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡✉ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ❢♦rç❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐ ❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❝❛❞❛ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✳ ➱ ❛ ❢é q✉❡ ♠❡ ❢❡③ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ t✉❞♦ ❞❛r✐❛ ❝❡rt♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❡ ❈r✐st✐♥❛✱ ❡❧❡s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛♠❡♥t❡ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐✱ s❡❥❛ r❡③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✱ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡❧❛s✱ ✈✐♥❞♦ ❛❧♠♦ç❛r ❛♦s ❞♦♠✐♥❣♦s ♥♦s ♠✉✐t♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ✜q✉❡✐ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡ ❛♠❛r ❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ ❡✉ ❡r❛ ❝❛♣❛③✳ ❙❡✐ q✉❡ é ❝❧✐❝❤ê ❢❛❧❛r q✉❡ t❡♥❤♦ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♣❛✐s✱ ♠❛s é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❡✉ t❡♥❤♦✳ ❖ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ❛q✉✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡✉ ❛♠♦ ✈♦❝ês ❡ s♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛t❛ ♣♦r t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳
❢♦rt♦ q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✱ t✉❞♦ ❡st❛✈❛ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✜❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r✳ ❱♦❝ê s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s s❛í❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❱♦❝ê é ✉♠ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❡✉ t✐✈❡ ♦ ♣r❛③❡r ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r✳ P❡❞r✐♥❤♦✱ ❡✉ s❡r❡✐ ❡t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛t❛ ♣♦r t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ✈♦❝ê ❢❡③ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳ ❙ó ❡✉ s❡✐ ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ✈♦❝ê ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ♥❡st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❱♦❝ê q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛ ❛❝❛❜❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ♥❛ ❯❋❙❈❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♠❡ ❛❝❡✐t♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ❛❧✉♥❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♥t✐❞ã♦✱ s❡♠ s❛❜❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ♦ q✉❡ t❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✈❛ ✭❛❝r❡❞✐t❡✱ ❡✉ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ s❛❜✐❛✦✮✳ ❙ó ❡✉ s❡✐✱ ❛s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠♦s ❥✉♥t♦s ♥❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ♦✉ às ✈❡③❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❢✉✐ ❛té ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝❛s❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈♦❝ê ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ P❡❞r✐♥❤♦✱ ✈♦❝ê ♥ã♦ t✐♥❤❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ♦ q✉❡ ❢❡③✱ ♠❛s ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❡st❛✈❛ ❧á✱ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦✳ ❱♦❝ê ✈✐❜r♦✉ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ❞❡st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ✜❝♦✉ ❢❡❧✐③ ♦✉ tr✐st❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳ ❊s♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❛ ♣❛r❝❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês ❞♦✐s✱ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊s♣❡r♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡✱ ✉♠ ❞✐❛✱ ❡✉ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ tã♦ ❜♦❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ✈♦❝ês ❢♦r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✳ ❊✉ s✐♥t♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦r❣✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ s❡r ❛❧✉♥❛ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r t✉❞♦✦✦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛✈ós✱ ❉❡♦♥✐❞✐♦ ✭◆✐③✐♦✮ ❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ✭◆❡❣✉✐♥❤❛✮✳ ❊❧❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ t✐♥❤❛♠ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❢❛③✐❛✱ ♠❛s ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛♠ ❡ s❡♥t✐❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦r❣✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♠✳ ❊❧❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✈❛♠ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ s❡①t❛✲❢❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ✈♦❧t❛✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❇❛rr❛✱ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s♣❡❞✐❛♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝❛❢é ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✲❢❡✐r❛ ❜❡♠ ❝❡❞✐♥❤♦✳ ▲❡♠❜r♦ ❜❡♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ❞♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❡❧❡s ✜❝❛r❛♠ tã♦ ❢❡❧✐③❡s ♣♦r ♠✐♠ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣♦ ❛ ♠❡ ❡♠♦❝✐♦♥❛r✳ ❊✉ ♣❡r❞✐ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s t❡♥❤♦ ❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦♥❞❡ q✉❡r q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ✈✐❜r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ♠✐♥❤❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ à t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ t✐♦s✱ t✐❛s✱ ♣r✐♠♦s✱ ♣r✐♠❛s✱ ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❛✈ó ▼❛r✐❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛✱ ❡❧❛ q✉❡ é ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❣♦st♦✉ ❞❡ P❖✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ▼❛r②✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦rç❛✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥ã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦✳ ❊✉ t❡♥❤♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦r❣✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ s❡r s✉❛ ✐r♠ã✱ ✈♦❝ê ♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛ ❡ ❡✉ ❡s♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞✐❛ ❡✉ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❜❡♠✲s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈♦❝ê é✦
❆♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ P❡tr♦❜r❛s✱ ❉❡♥✐s❡✱ ❘♦❜❡rt♦✱ ❱✐tór✐❛✱ ❇r✉♥♦✱ ❆♠é❧✐❛✱ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❏♦♥❛s ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s✳ ❱✐♥✐✱ ✈♦❝ê é ✉♠ ❝❛r❛ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦r ❡ ✉♠ ót✐♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✐♠✳
q✉❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♠❡ ❞❡✉✱ ❈❧❛✉❞✐♥❤❛✱ ❱✐❝t♦r✱ ❈❤❡rr✐✱ ▼❛r❝ã♦✱ ▼❛r❝✐♥❤♦✱ ❇❡t✐♥❛✱ ❈❤✉❝❦ ✭❘♦✲ ❞r✐❣♦✮✱ ❆rt❤✉r✱ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✱ ❈❛r♦❧✐♥❡ ❡ ▼❛②❛r❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês t❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦r❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ♠❡str❛s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s✱ ❈❛♠✐❧❛ ❡ ●✐s❡❧❡✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❡✉✱ ❞❡ ❡①❛t❛s✱ ♠❛s ♥♦s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♥✐♥❣✉é♠✳ ❱♦❝ês q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❤á ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❛❞♠✐r♦ ❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛♠♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❡❞✐❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❝♦rr♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❡ ♣♦r ✜❝❛r❡♠ ❢❡❧✐③❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛✳ ❋♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ó❧❡♦ ❝r✉ ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r✲ ♠❛s ♦✛s❤♦r❡✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♦❝❡❛♥♦ ❡ ♦s tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛ ❛té ♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦st❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♠✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r❛s✳ ❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s✱ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛tr❛❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♥❛✈✐♦s✱ ❝❛✲ ❧❛❞♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❢r♦t❛ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s é ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ▲❖❆ ✭❧❡♥❣t❤ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧✮✱ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♥❛✈✐♦s ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à ❝❧❛ss❡ ◆P✲❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡ s✉❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r❛ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s✱ ❢♦✲ r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ 2 ❡ 3✲í♥❞✐❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❊ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛✳ ❊♠ sí♥t❡s❡✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ r❡❢❡r❡♠✲s❡ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦✲ ❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡①❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❢♦✐ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r❡s r❡❛✐s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡❢❡t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✐s t❤❡ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ✈❡ss❡❧s ✇✐t❤ ♣✐❝❦✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✐❧ ✐♥❞✉str②✳ ❆ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞② ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ♦✐❧ ✐♥❞✉str② t❤❛t ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ❝r✉❞❡ ♦✐❧ ✐♥ ♦✛s❤♦r❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✱ t❤❛t ✐s✱ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥✱ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rts t♦ t❤❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❝♦❛st✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✐t ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛ ♠✐①❡❞ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s✱ ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❧❧ ✐ts ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r s♦♠❡ s✐♠♣❧✐❢②✐♥❣ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t♦ t❤❡ ♣✐❝❦✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t✐♠❡ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡❞ ♦t❤❡r s♣❡❝✐✜❝ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞②✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❞❡♣♦ts✱ s❤✐♣ ♠♦♦r✐♥❣ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s✱ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❞r❛❢t ❛♥❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s t❤❛t✱ t❤❡ ✢❡❡t ✐s ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✱ ▲❖❆ ✭❧❡♥❣t❤ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧✮✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐t②✳ ■♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ ✈❡ss❡❧s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ t❤❡ ◆P✲❤❛r❞ ❝❧❛ss ❛♥❞ ✐ts s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❡①❛❝t ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇✐t❤ 2 ❛♥❞ 3✲✐♥❞❡① ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❢♦r r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ♣✐❝❦✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ♦✐❧ ✐♥❞✉str② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ❛❧❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ♦✐❧ ✐♥❞✉str②✳ ■♥ s✉♠♠❛r②✱ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❛r❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❡①❛❝t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ✐t✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ❛♥❞ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇❡r❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ r❡❛❧ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ♠❛② ❜❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡ s✐③❡ ✐♥ r❡❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷
✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸
✶✳✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹
✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♣✳ ✼
✷✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽
✷✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❊♥tr❡❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶
✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶
✷✳✷✳✷ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸
✸ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊①❛t♦s ♣✳ ✷✶
✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❜♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✸✳✶✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❜♦✉♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✸✳✶✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❞♦s ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✸✳✷✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✸✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✹ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛
♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛ ♣✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✹✳✹ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✸
✹✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❚❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✹✳✺✳✶ ❚♦② ▼♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✹✳✺✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r❡s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✹✳✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✺ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛ ♣✳ ✽✺
✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
✺✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✼
✺✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✷
✺✳✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✸
✺✳✶✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✻
✺✳✶✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✼
✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✼
✺✳✷✳✶ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ■♥❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✼
✺✳✷✳✷ ❘❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ Pr❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✵
✺✳✷✳✸ ❘❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✷
✺✳✷✳✸✳✶ ❇✉s❝❛ ❚❛❜✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✷
✺✳✷✳✸✳✷ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❈♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✼
✺✳✷✳✹ ❊❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜✲r♦t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✽
✺✳✷✳✺ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❖r❞❡♠ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✵
✺✳✷✳✼ ❘❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆❧❝❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✺
✺✳✸ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✽
✺✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✷
✺✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✸
✺✳✺✳✶ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✸
✺✳✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✹
✻ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛ ♣✳ ✶✸✶
✻✳✶ P❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✶
✻✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ▼í♥✐♠♦ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸
✻✳✷✳✶ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ▲❛❜❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✺
✻✳✷✳✷ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▲❛❜❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽
✻✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ■♥❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✾
✻✳✷✳✹ ❏✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✿ Pr♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛ ❡ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✶
✻✳✷✳✺ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❉♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✶
✻✳✸ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✸
✻✳✸✳✶ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣r❛ ❣❡r❛r r♦t❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✹
✻✳✸✳✷ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✻
✻✳✹ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❘❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✾
✻✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✵
✻✳✺✳✶ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✵
✻✳✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✶
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ♣✳ ✶✻✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ♣✳ ✶✻✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✷ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✸ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✹ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✵
✺ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✵
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✶
✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷
✽ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✸
✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✺
✶✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✻
✶✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ C2N25✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✽
✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✸
✶✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✹
✶✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✻
✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✼
✶✻ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✾
✶✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛s♦ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✻✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ∈ S✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✻
✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✶✼✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✶✽✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✶✾✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻
✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s U✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✷✷✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✷✸✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✷✹✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘♦♣❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✷✼✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘♦♣❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ♣✳ ✹✷
✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❡q✉❛çã♦ ✭✸✳✷✽✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘♦♣❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❛✈✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✶✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♥❛✈✐♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♦✛s❤♦r❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈✉❧t✉r❛♠✐① ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✶✹ ❚❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❙❡❜❛st✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✶✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✜①❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✶✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✶✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✶✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✶✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✜①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✷✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✷✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✷✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 4✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✷✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✷✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 6✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✷✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 7✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✷✼ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 8✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✷✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 9✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✷✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 10✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✸✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t♦② ♠♦❞❡❧ 11✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✽
✸✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
✸✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♥❛✈✐♦s é tr❛t❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à
❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝✉st♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✽
✸✸ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s vi ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s r♦t❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✹
✸✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠ s✉♣❡r ♥ós✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✶
✸✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✹
✸✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✺
✸✼ ●rá✜❝♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ C2N25♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼é✲
t♦❞♦4✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✾
✸✽ ❘♦t❛s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♥❛✈✐♦s ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ C2N25✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✾
✸✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❜❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✻
✹✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❜❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✼
✹✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✷
✹✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ r❡❣r❡ss✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✸
✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❡❞✐✉ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❧♦❜❛✲ ❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❛ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♥❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥ã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡♠ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈♦s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✭❈❍❘■❙❚■❆◆❙❊◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s✱ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ é ❢❛t♦r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✭❇❆▲▲❖❯✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❖ s❡t♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♠❛rí✲
t✐♠♦ ♥ã♦ é ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡❀ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s s❡❥❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❣❛st♦s ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳
❖ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♠❛rít✐♠♦ ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡25%❞❡s❞❡1980❡ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♠❛rít✐♠❛ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ t❡r ♦ ♠♦♥♦♣ó❧✐♦ ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❡s ✭❈❍❘■❙❚■❆◆❙❊◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊♠ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ✐rá ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ s❡ ✉♥✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ P♦r s❡r ✉♠ s❡t♦r ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♠❛rí✲ t✐♠♦ s❡❥❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r s✉❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✭❈❍❘■❙❚■✲ ❆◆❙❊◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❡ s❡t♦r
tê♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛t❡♥çã♦ ✭❍❖❋❋ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♠❛rít✐♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ três ❝❧❛ss❡s✿ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✱ tát✐❝♦s ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❱❆❚◆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛s tê♠
❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♥❛✈✐♦✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r s♦❜r❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ✭♣❛r❛ ❝✉rt❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✮✳
❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s❡t♦r ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r♦✱ ❡st❡ t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ é ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡2,1♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛rr✐s ❞✐ár✐♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ■♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ ❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❊①t❡r✐♦r ✭▼❉■❈✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❛s ❡①♣♦rt❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ❜r✉t♦ ❡♠ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ 2011 s♦♠❛r❛♠ 3,54♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ t♦♥❡❧❛❞❛s✳ ❆s ♠❛✐♦r❡s r❡s❡r✈❛s ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❡stã♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ á❣✉❛s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ❡ ✉❧tr❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ P❡tr♦❜r❛s ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ 65% ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❜❧♦❝♦s ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦s ♦✛s❤♦r❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♦❝❡❛♥♦✱ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ 400 ♠❡tr♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ t❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛ ❡♠ á❣✉❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♥❛✈✐♦s q✉❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛♠ ♦ ó❧❡♦ ❝r✉ ❞❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♦✛s❤♦r❡ ❛té ♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❝♦st❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s s❡r❡♠ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉rt❛s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ✭❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s✮✱ ❝✉❥♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ tr❛♥s❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♣r❛③♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♠♣õ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ sã♦✿
• ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❡ss❡
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✱ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛❞❡✲ q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛ ó❧❡♦ ❝r✉ ❞❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❛té ♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡rã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ■❇▼ ■▲❖● ❈P▲❊❳ ✭■▲❖●✱ ✷✵✶✸✮❀
• P❡sq✉✐s❛r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ❡
❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡ ✭❉❊❙❘❖❙■❊❘❙❀ ▲Ü❇❇❊❈❑❊✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡♠✲ ♣r❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❊st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ tê♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ✭❈❖❘❉❊❆❯✱ ✷✵✵✻❀❘❖P❑❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❘❖P❑❊❀ ❈❖❘❉❊❆❯✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ◗❯❀ ❇❆❘❉✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛✲
r❡s r❡❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✳ Pr❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♠♦str❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ t❡s❡✳
✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s tê♠ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô✲ ♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐st♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❛ ❧✐✲ t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ss❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞❡ ó❧❡♦ ❝r✉ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ ❍á tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ t❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❝♦♠ ❢r♦t❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ♦✉ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❝♦♠ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ss❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✿ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s✱ ❢r♦t❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛✱ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛tr❛❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♥❛✈✐♦s✱ ❝❛❧❛❞♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧✱ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛✲ t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❝♦♠ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ❢r♦t❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ t♦❞❛s ❡st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✳
❯♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ é ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭♣✐❝❦✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t✐♠❡ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ✲ P❉P❚❲ ✮✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛
t❡s❡ s❡ ❞á ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ✈ár✐❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡✲ r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐sã♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳
✶✳✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛q✉✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ é ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✴s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ✭❇❊❘❚❘❆◆❉❀ ❋❘❆◆❙❖❖✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s
r❡❛✐s✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✈✐s❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡♠ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ♣r❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✭▼❖❘❆❇■❚❖❀ P❯❘❊❩❆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❊st❛ t❡s❡ s❡ ❞á ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❢r♦t❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛✱ ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❈P▲❊❳✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦rt❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❝❡rt❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ r❡❧❛①❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❢r❛❝❛✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❘♦♣❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ❊st❛s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♥s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝r❡s❝❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛s ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❆ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢❛t♦ é q✉❡ é ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥tr❛tá✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥á✲❧❛s ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t✳
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❜♦✉♥❞ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ✈✐♦❧❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❧❛①❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡
✭✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲ ❛♥❞✲❜♦✉♥❞ ♣❛r❛ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ ❘♦♣❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s t❡st❛♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♣r♦✲ ♣õ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❡s ❝♦rt❡s sã♦ t❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢r♦t❛ ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛ ❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ✜♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✳ ❊ss❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s sã♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛s ❛♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ 2✲í♥❞✐❝❡s é t❡st❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐✲ çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝r❡s❝❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋✉rt❛❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 5✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t é t❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ 3✲í♥❞✐❝❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦5✳
❆ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s❡ ✉s❛r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ é q✉❡ ❛ r❡❧❛✲ ①❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢r❛❝❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡s✳ ❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t ♣♦❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛①❛çõ❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❧✐♠✐✲ t❛♥t❡s✳ ❯♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛ é ❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛♥t③✐❣✲❲♦❧❢❡ ✭❉❆◆❚❩■●❀ ❲❖▲❋❊✱ ✶✾✻✵❀ ❱❆◆❉❊❘❇❊❈❑✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉✲
❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✿ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❡str❡ ✭❝♦♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛✮ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❞❡ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✭q✉❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❡str❡✮✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❡str❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ✭s❡t ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣✮✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❡str❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✳ ❆♦ s❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❜♦✉♥❞ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠é✲ t♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✱ ♦❜tê♠✲s❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✸✳✸ ✭P❊❙❙❖❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❀❘❖P❑❊❀ ❈❖❘❉❊❆❯✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❉❊❙❘❖❙■❊❘❙❀ ▲Ü❇❇❊❈❑❊✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♠ ❘♦♣❦❡ ❡ ❈♦r❞❡❛✉ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❊st❡ t❡①t♦ ❡stá ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 2 é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦3é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❛t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡st❛ t❡s❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈✐♦s ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦4✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 5 é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❝✉t✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦6♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲♣r✐❝❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❡tr♦❧í❢❡r❛ é ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 6✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ 7 sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢✉t✉r❛s✳
